CN110859966A - 一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN110859966A
CN110859966A CN201911330181.3A CN201911330181A CN110859966A CN 110859966 A CN110859966 A CN 110859966A CN 201911330181 A CN201911330181 A CN 201911330181A CN 110859966 A CN110859966 A CN 110859966A
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翁祖铨
汤强
黄达
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束及其制备方法和应用。本发明先将疏水性药物与可被高GSH切割的二硫键连接,然后通过两步RAFT聚合反应合成具有氧化还原响应性的两亲性超支化聚前药纳米胶束。本发明的氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束制备过程简单、具有良好的稳定性、延长的血液循环时间和提高药物的生物利用度等优点。并且该纳米胶束能够针对肿瘤细胞内高GSH浓度的还原环境下发生断裂,快速释放出疏水性药物,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。本发明的氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束为肿瘤治疗提供了一种新的选择。

Description

一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束及其制备方法和 应用
技术领域
本发明生物属于生物医用材料领域,主要涉及氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药单分子胶束及其制备方法和应用。
技术背景
现如今,临床上治疗癌症最常用的方法依然是化疗。化疗是利用化学药物阻止癌细胞的增殖、浸润、转移,直至最终杀灭癌细胞的一种治疗方式。但是常用的化疗药物如紫杉醇、喜树碱等大多为疏水小分子药物,其水溶性差导致临床上制剂困难,而且小分子药物无靶向性,生物利用度极低,临床上为了达到病灶部位的有效浓度不得不加大剂量,导致在杀灭癌细胞的同时也会不可避免地损伤人体正常的细胞,导致严重的毒副作用。因此,开发出一种提高疏水性小分子药物的水溶性、靶向性、生物利用度以提高疗效降低毒副作用是很有必要的。
利用纳米药物载体对疏水小分子药物进行包埋或键合可以提高其水溶性和血液循环时间,并且由于纳米粒子的增强渗透保留效应,纳米药物载体可以通过被动靶向在肿瘤组织富集,提高其生物利用度。目前常见的纳米载体有脂质体、无机纳米粒子、聚合物胶束(包括自组装胶束和单分子胶束)、囊泡等。这些纳米药物载体负载药物分子的方式包括两种:物理包埋和化学键合。物理包埋方式操作简便,但不可避免会存在药物的提前泄露,而且难以控制药物释放行为。相比较而言,将药物通过可解离的基团化学键合到纳米载体上制备成前药,可以完全避免药物的提前渗漏,因此受到广泛关注。
由聚合物前药制备的纳米胶束除具有纳米药物载体的通用优点外,还具有结构性能易于调控、载药量较高且可控等优点,因此成为研究最多的纳米前药。由于传统的线性聚合物仅具有有限的端基,这限制了其载药能力和进一步的官能化。与传统的线性聚合物相比,超支化聚合物具有更多用于封装小分子的内腔和用于进一步官能化的大量末端基团。而且与其线性对应物相比,超支化聚合物由于其链条柔韧性和变形能力提高而导致血液循环时间的急剧增加。此外,超支化聚前药在水溶液中形成的是单分子胶束,与传统的自组装胶束、囊泡、脂质体等纳米载体相比,其显著的优势是具有优越的稳定性,在到达作用部位之前不会发生解离,导致药物载体失效并引起对正常组织和器官的毒副作用。
当聚合物纳米粒子被细胞噬取后,希望其在肿瘤细胞内能够快速的将药物释放出来,以增强治疗效果并降低耐药性,于是科学家们开发出了各种刺激响应性聚合物纳米粒子。由于正常组织和细胞与肿瘤细胞内存在着明显的氧化还原环境差异,肿瘤细胞内高浓度还原物质谷胱甘肽(GSH )(~10mM)是正常组织和细胞(~2-20μM )的1000倍,使得肿瘤细胞的胞质保持强的还原性环境。所以凭借着肿瘤细胞与正常细胞明显的氧化还原环境的差异,开发出一种能针对肿瘤部位特殊的环境中才能快速释放出药物,大大降低对正常组织毒副作用的刺激响应性超支化聚前药纳米颗粒是很有应用前景的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,针对现有技术的缺陷,提供一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束及其制备方法和应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束为先将药物A与带有能被高浓度谷胱甘肽(GSH )切割的二硫键化合物1连接,得到前药单体A-SS-B;随后在RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B的作用下,通过RAFT聚合反应合成超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A);然后再通过一次RAFT聚合反应,使聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯(OEGMA)将聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)包裹,形成具有氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药纳米胶束Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA);其结构示意图图见图1。
一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将药物A与带有能被高浓度GSH切割的二硫键化合物1反应,合成具有氧化还原响应性的前药单体A-SS-B,药物A与化合物1的摩尔比为1:0.1~10;
(2)将前药单体A-SS-B、RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B和催化剂通过RAFT聚合反应形成氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)),前药单体A-SS-B、RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B和催化剂的摩尔比为10:0.1~10:0.001~0.2;
(3)将超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)、OEGMA和催化剂通过RAFT聚合反应形成具有氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA),聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)、OEGMA和催化剂的质量比为1:0.1~10:0.001~0.1;
(4)将超支化聚前药Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA)溶解在能与水互溶的有机溶剂中,透析两天,每4小时更换新鲜的去离子水,得到氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束。
上述步骤(1)中所述药物A为带有一个或多个羟基的药物,包括但不限于姜黄素、喜树碱和紫杉醇。
上述步骤(1)中所述的带有能被高浓度GSH切割的二硫键的化合物1的化学结构如下:
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
其中B的结构为:
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
,以及与其有类似结构但延长一个至多个碳链的同系物。
上述步骤(1)中所述前药单体A-SS-B的化学结构如下:
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
上述步骤(2)中RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B的化学结构如下:
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
其中C的结构为:
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
Figure 100002_DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
以及与其有类似结构但延长一个至多个碳链的同系物。
上述步骤(2)、(3)中所述催化剂为自由基聚合引发剂,包括偶氮类引发剂、过氧化物类引发剂、过硫酸盐类引发剂;偶氮类引发剂包括但不限于偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮二异庚腈、偶氮二异丁酸二甲酯;过氧化物类引发剂包括但不限于过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化苯甲酰叔丁酯、过氧化甲乙酮;过硫酸盐类引发剂包括但不限于过硫酸钠、过硫酸酸钾、过硫酸铵。
上述步骤(2)中超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)的化学结构示意图见图2。
上述步骤(2)、(3)中所述聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯OEGMA的分子量为100-5000。
上述步骤(4)所述能与水互溶的有机溶剂,包括但不限于二甲基亚砜、四氢呋喃、N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺、二氧六环、甲醇、乙醇、乙腈。
上述氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束为球形形貌,粒径为2-500 nm。
上述氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束在极端的环境变化(如高稀释度和温度,pH,离子强度等)具有良好的稳定性 。
上述一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束能够在肿瘤细胞内高GSH浓度的还原环境下断裂,释放出药物,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。
上述一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束应用于癌症或炎症性疾病的治疗中。
进一步的,以药物A为姜黄素,RAFT链转移剂为ACPP和催化剂为偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)作为其中一个实施例,所述的一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束的制备方法如下:
①将444 mg 化合物1、0.7 mL N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)和297 mg三光气溶解在50mL无水四氢呋喃(THF)中,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜。过夜后,将上述反应混合物加入到736 mg 姜黄素(CUR)和0.7 mL DIPEA溶解在10mL无水THF中的溶液中,将反应混合物在室温下搅拌过夜;得到前药单体CUR-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
②将259 mg前药单体 CUR-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯,19.64 mg RAFT链转移剂ACPP和1.37 mg催化剂AIBN(偶氮二异丁腈)加入到含有1 mL DMSO的圆底烧瓶中;然后将混合物在液氮中冻抽30 min,再解冻,通氩气(2-3min),再将其在液氮中冻抽30min,共重复3次上述冻抽过程,最后在70℃的油浴中反应30小时,得到超支化聚前药疏水核心Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR);
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
③将50 mg Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR),250mg OEGMA和1.94mg 催化剂AIBN加入到含有1.5mLDMSO的圆底烧瓶中。 然后将混合物在液氮中冻抽30min,再解冻,通氩气(2-3min),再将其在液氮中冻抽30min,共重复3次上述冻抽过程;最后在70℃的油浴中反应30小时后,得到氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米粒子Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)。
④ 将20 mg Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)溶解在1 mL DMSO中,透析两天,每4小时更换新鲜的去离子水,得到氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束。制备的纳米胶粒径为37 nm,具有均匀的尺寸分布。
与现有技术相比,本发明优点如下:
本发明提供的纳米胶束为先将带有一个或多个羟基的药物与能被高GSH切割的二硫键连接,然后通过两步RAFT聚合反应合成具有氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药纳米胶束Poly(CP-SS-A-OEGMA),该纳米胶束能在肿瘤细胞内特殊的强还原条件(高浓度还原物质谷胱甘肽)下实现药物的快速释放,而对正常细胞只具有较低细胞毒性。
本发明提供的纳米药物是由化学键连接而成,与通过物理包埋所形成的纳米药物相比,具有更好的稳定性、血液循环时间更长,提高了药物的生物利用度和稳定性。
本发明提供的纳米药物的其制备方法,具有成本低和易于制备的优点。
附图说明
图1氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药纳米胶束Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA)的结构示意图。其中
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
为药物A ;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
为OEGMA;
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
为超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)。
图2超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)的化学结构示意图。其中Poly(C-SS-A),其中
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
为药物A。
图3是实施例中合成前药单体CUR-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯的核磁共振氢谱图。
图4是实施例中合成超支化聚前药核心Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR)的核磁共振氢谱图。
图5氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的结构示意图。其中
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
为CUR,
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE020
为OEGMA,
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
为 Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR)。
图6是实施例中合成氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米粒子Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的核磁共振氢谱图。
图7是实施例中纳米胶束Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)通过粒度仪测得的粒径分布图。
图8是实施例中纳米胶束Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的TEM图。
图9是实施例中纳米胶束Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)对肺癌细胞A549的毒性结果图。
具体实施方案
为了使本发明所述的内容更加便于理解,下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步的说明,但是本发明不仅限于此。
本发明公开的一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束,是通过RAFT聚合反应形成具有氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药PolY(C-SS-A-OEGMA),具有良好的稳定性、延长的血液循环时间、能够针对肿瘤细胞内强还原环境进行可控的快速药物释放和提高了药物的生物利用度等优点。
药物A为带有一个或多个羟基的药物,例如姜黄素、喜树碱和紫杉醇等。
本发明所述的超支化聚前药纳米胶束为球形形貌,具有均匀的尺寸分布,粒径为5-200 nm。
下面进一步例举实施例(疏水性药物以姜黄素、RAFT链转移剂为ACPP和催化剂为偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)作为举例以详细说明本发明。同样应理解,以下实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,本领域的技术人员根据本发明的上述内容作出的一些非本质的改进和调整均属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1:姜黄素-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯的合成
取444 mg化合物1(2 mmol)和0.7 mL N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA,4 mmol)溶于50 mL的无水四氢呋喃(THF)中。取297 mg三光气溶于5 mL的无水THF 中,在冰浴中滴加到上述溶液中,反应3h后,抽滤除去不溶物。取736mg姜黄素(2 mmol)和0.7 mL DIPEA溶于10 mL无水THF中,将上述抽滤后的溶液在冰浴中滴加到该溶液中,反应过夜。反应完后,先将THF旋干,加乙酸乙酯溶解后,先用0.1M的稀盐酸洗两到三遍,然后用水洗两到三遍,取上层有机相,加无水硫酸镁除水,过滤,然后将乙酸乙酯旋干,得到粗产物。将粗产物用流动相为三氯甲烷:乙酸乙酯 = 10:1过硅胶柱,对产物进行纯化,得到前药单体姜黄素-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯。
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
前药单体CUR-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯的核磁共振氢谱图见图3。图3中所有谱峰均能与产物结构上的H一一对应,表明前药单体CUR-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯合成成功。
实施例2:Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR)的合成
取259mg 姜黄素-SS-甲基丙烯酸酯(0.42 mmol)、19.64mg ACPP(2-((2-(丙烯酰氧基)-乙基)-二硫烷基)乙基4-氰基-4-(((丙硫基羰基硫代羰基)-硫代)戊酸酯))(0.042mmol)和1.37mg AIBN(偶氮二异丁腈, 0.0084 mmol)到圆底烧瓶中,加1mL DMSO溶液溶解,然后在液氮中冻抽30min,再解冻,通氩气2-3min,再将其在液氮中冻抽30min;共重复3次上述冻抽过程;将溶液在90℃油浴中反应30h后,冷却。将上述溶液滴加到乙醚中沉淀,离心,取其沉淀物。再加2-3mL的四氢呋喃使其溶解,再使其在乙醚中沉淀,反复沉淀三次,取沉淀物。将纯化沉淀物真空干燥24 h,得到氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR)。
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
超支化聚前药核心Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR)的核磁共振氢谱图见图4,图中所有谱峰都能与产物结构中的H一一对应,表明poly(ACPP-SS-CUR)合成成功。
实施例3:Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的合成
取50mg 实施例2制备的ACPP-SS-CUR、250mg OEGMA和1.95mg AIBN溶于1.5mL DMSO中。然后在液氮中冻抽30min,再解冻,通氩气(2-3min),再将其在液氮中冻抽30 min,共重复3次上述冻抽过程;将溶液在90℃油浴中反应30h后,冷却。将上述溶液滴加到乙醚中沉淀,离心,取其沉淀物。再加少量的二氯甲烷使其溶解,再使其在乙醚中沉淀,反复沉淀三次,取沉淀物。将纯化沉淀物真空干燥24h,得到氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)。
氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的结构示意图见图5;核磁共振氢谱图见图6,图6中所有谱峰都能与产物结构中的H一一对应,表明目标产物Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)合成成功。
实施例4:氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的形成
将Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)以20.0 mg/mL的浓度溶解在DMSO中。 然后将溶液直接透析,每4小时更换新鲜的去离子水,透析两天,得到超支化聚前药纳米胶束。通过粒度仪和透射电镜对纳米粒子进行表征,具有均匀的尺寸分布,粒径为10-100 nm(图7)。纳米胶束Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)的TEM图见图8。
实施例5:氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)对肺癌细胞A549的细胞毒性实验
将肺癌细胞A549细胞以5×103细胞/孔的密度,与200μLDMEM 培养基接种在96孔板中孵育。孵育24小时后,除去培养基,加入200μL新鲜的DMEM培养基。再将配置好的Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)和CUR的一系列浓度(55、110、220、440、660、880和1100μg/mL),先在紫外下照射3h灭菌。然后向细胞孔板中加入20μL样品。加入完毕后,轻轻晃动孔板使溶液均匀,然后放到培养箱中培养48h。孵育48小时后,除去培养基,然后向每个孔中加入100μL新鲜DMEM和10μLCCK-8。将细胞再孵育2小时后,培养3小时后用酶标仪侧吸光值,检测波长为450nm。Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)对肺癌细胞A549细胞毒性结果如图9,随着胶束浓度的增加,Poly(ACPP-SS-CUR-OEGMA)胶束对A549癌细胞的细胞毒性增强。 结果表明,胶束中嵌入的CUR可以通过癌细胞的还原条件触发而有效释放,从而抑制细胞增殖。在相同的CUR浓度下,胶束对A549癌细胞的细胞毒性要高于游离CUR,这可能是因为亲水胶束比疏水CUR更容易被细胞吸收。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束,其特征在于:先将带有一个或多个羟基的药物A与带有可被高GSH切割的二硫键的化合物1反应,得到前药单体A-SS-B,随后在RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B和催化剂的作用下,通过RAFT聚合反应合成超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A),然后再通过一次RAFT聚合反应,使聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯OEGMA将超支化聚前药核心包裹,形成具有氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药纳米胶束Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA)。
2.一种如权利要求1所述的氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
将药物A与带有能被高浓度GSH切割的二硫键化合物1反应,合成具有氧化还原响应性的前药单体A-SS-B,药物A与化合物1的摩尔比为1:0.1~10;
(2)将前药单体A-SS-B、RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B和催化剂通过RAFT聚合反应形成氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A),前药单体A-SS-B、RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B和催化剂的摩尔比为10:0.1~10:0.001~0.2;
(3)将超支化聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)、OEGMA和催化剂通过RAFT聚合反应形成具有氧化还原响应性的超支化聚前药Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA),聚前药核心Poly(C-SS-A)、OEGMA和催化剂的质量比为1:0.1~10:0.001~0.1;
(4)将超支化聚前药Poly(C-SS-A-OEGMA)溶解在能与水互溶的有机溶剂中,透析除去有机溶剂,得到氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述的药物A为带有一个或多个羟基的药物,包括但不限于姜黄素、喜树碱和紫杉醇。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述的带有能被高GSH切割的二硫键的化合物1的化学结构如下:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
化合物1
其中B的结构为:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
,以及与其有类似结构但延长一个至多个碳链的同系物。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述前药单体A-SS-B的化学结构如下:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
6.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述的RAFT链转移剂化合物C-SS-B的化学结构如下:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
,其中C的结构为:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
,以及与其有类似结构但延长一个至多个碳链的同系物。
7.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)、(3)中所述的催化剂为自由基聚合引发剂,包括偶氮类引发剂、过氧化物类引发剂、过硫酸盐类引发剂;偶氮类引发剂包括但不限于偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮二异庚腈、偶氮二异丁酸二甲酯;过氧化物类引发剂包括但不限于过氧化二苯甲酰、过氧化苯甲酰叔丁酯、过氧化甲乙酮;过硫酸盐类引发剂包括但不限于过硫酸钠、过硫酸酸钾、过硫酸铵。
8.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯OEGMA的分子量为100-5000。
9.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)所述能与水互溶的有机溶剂,包括但不限于二甲基亚砜、四氢呋喃、N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺、二氧六环、甲醇、乙醇、乙腈。
10.如权利要求1所述的一种氧化还原响应性超支化聚前药纳米胶束的应用领域取决于所使用的药物A,包括但不限于癌症或炎症性疾病的治疗。
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