CN110852564A - Comprehensive performance evaluation method for movable internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger - Google Patents
Comprehensive performance evaluation method for movable internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive performance evaluation method for a movable internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger, which comprises the following steps of firstly, calculating the total heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger; then, the total pressure drop of the heat exchanger under the working condition is also obtained; then obtaining the total weight of the heat exchanger according to the usage amount of the materials; and finally, respectively concentrating the three factors into a physical quantity taking the power as a measurement according to models of thermal power conversion and power loss, namely defining the physical quantity as a comprehensive performance evaluation index of the heat exchanger. The index can be used for visually evaluating the comprehensive performance influence of heat exchangers in different forms or different strengthening modes on the whole mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, and simultaneously provides a unique objective function considering three influencing factors for subsequent type selection optimization, structure optimization and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of key components of a mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, and particularly relates to a method for obtaining comprehensive performance evaluation indexes of a flue gas heat exchanger in the mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system.
Background
In the world, the number of people is rapidly increased, the living standard of people is continuously improved, the industrialization process is rapidly developed and the like, so that the demand of numerous countries in the world on petroleum energy is increasingly strong. The occupied quantity of petroleum in per capita in China is only about 11% of the world level, and the problem of petroleum resource shortage is very severe. Mobile internal combustion engines are a major source of petroleum energy consumption as a product of the development of industrial civilization. However, it has been found from the heat balance calculation of a mobile internal combustion engine that the internal combustion engine generally converts only 30-45% of the total energy of fuel combustion into mechanical work, and the remaining over 60% of the energy is dissipated to the surrounding environment in the form of exhaust gas or cooling water. Therefore, a great number of scientific researchers are invested in the technical field of waste heat recovery of mobile internal combustion engines at present, and the aims of improving the fuel efficiency of the internal combustion engine and achieving the purposes of energy conservation and emission reduction are fulfilled by recovering and utilizing waste heat in flue gas and cooling water.
The flue gas heat exchanger is used as equipment for directly replacing flue gas waste heat in a waste heat recovery system, and performance changes of all aspects of the flue gas heat exchanger can bring great influence on the total recovery efficiency of the whole system. At present, three factors mainly considered in the stages of design, model selection, optimization and the like of a flue gas heat exchanger in a mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system are heat transfer, pressure drop and weight respectively. Firstly, the flue gas heat exchanger widely used in the mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, but the total recovery efficiency of the corresponding system is only about 30% due to low heat transfer efficiency. Therefore, many scholars adopt the means of strengthening heat exchange such as baffles, fins, metal foam and the like to strengthen the heat transfer of the heat exchanger. However, while performing enhanced heat exchange, a second consideration in designing the heat exchanger, pressure drop, is also involved. The addition of the baffle, the fin and other structures can certainly generate certain obstruction to the fluid flow, namely certain flow loss can be caused, further the back pressure of the flue gas passing through the heat exchanger can be increased, and extra power loss can be caused. Recent studies have shown that for a heat exchanger in a waste heat recovery system for a vehicle internal combustion engine, a pressure drop increase of 40kPa will result in a net power loss of the system of 0.5 kW. Finally, Ford company in the experimental report suggests that for a mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, the fuel consumption will increase by 0.3L for every 100kg of the weight of the flue gas heat exchanger, which puts a demand on the weight of the heat exchanger.
Therefore, when designing the flue gas heat exchanger in the mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, the overall action effect of the three (heat transfer, pressure drop and weight) influencing factors on the system must be considered at the same time. However, in the currently published literature or patents, most heat exchanger designs for this application have a single consideration of heat transfer or pressure drop, and both indices are analyzed as independent variables. When the mode is adopted to compare the flue gas heat exchangers with different forms and different heat exchange structures, the most accurate performance evaluation cannot be carried out. Like the existing A, B two flue gas heat exchangers, the heat transfer performance of the A heat exchanger is superior to that of the B heat exchanger, but the pressure drop of the flue gas side is also greatly higher than that of the B heat exchanger. At this time, if two independent variables are used to measure the performance of the heat exchanger, it is impossible to determine which heat exchanger is better, which increases the subjective factors of more users or designers in the design stage of the heat exchanger. In addition, in a traditional evaluation system, the influence caused by the weight factor of the heat exchanger is rarely considered, but the factor is very important for designing the flue gas heat exchanger in the waste heat recovery system of the mobile internal combustion engine. Therefore, when designing a flue gas heat exchanger in a mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, the traditional evaluation method is not applicable.
In summary, the invention provides a method for calculating the comprehensive performance evaluation index in the design stage of a flue gas heat exchanger in a mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, and the method can calculate a more intuitive index for evaluating the comprehensive performance of the flue gas heat exchanger. The index integrates three factors of heat transfer, pressure drop and weight, can be used as a scientific selection basis for an optimal heat exchanger in the comparison research of the heat exchanger, and can be used as a target function to be improved in the process of optimizing the parameters and optimizing the performance of the heat exchanger.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of the independent indexes in the selection and optimization of the heat exchanger in the field of mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery, the invention provides a comprehensive performance evaluation method for a mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger. The invention aims to centralize three main factors (heat transfer, pressure drop and weight) of the heat exchanger into a unified physical quantity according to a model of heat-work conversion and power loss, namely a comprehensive performance evaluation index. The index can be used as a selection basis of an optimal heat exchanger in the comparison research of the heat exchanger, and can be used for a target function to be improved in the process of optimizing the parameters and the performance of the heat exchanger.
In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the invention provides a comprehensive performance evaluation method for a mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger, which specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, calculating the total heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to simulate the temperature field of the flue gas heat exchanger under the actual working condition, the inlet and outlet flue gas temperatures of the heat exchanger are determined, and the heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger under the corresponding condition is calculated.
The specific calculation formula is as follows:
Q＝m·cp·(Tout-Tin) (1)
wherein: q is the total heat transfer capacity of the heat exchanger; m is the mass flow of the flue gas inlet; c. CpThe specific heat of the flue gas is; t isoutAnd TinRespectively the flue gas outlet and inlet temperatures.
Step two, calculating the total pressure drop of the exhaust side of the flue gas heat exchanger
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to simulate a pressure field of the flue gas heat exchanger under actual working conditions, and the total pressure drop of the heat exchanger under corresponding conditions is calculated by utilizing the pressure difference of flue gas at the inlet and the outlet of the flue gas.
The specific calculation formula is as follows:
Δp＝pin-pout(2)
wherein: delta p is the total pressure drop on the flue gas side of the heat exchanger; p is a radical ofinAnd poutRespectively the pressure of the flue gas inlet and outlet.
Step three, calculating the total weight of the flue gas heat exchanger
Determining the selected material of the heat exchanger in the manufacturing process, calculating the volume of the material used by the heat exchanger according to the geometric model size of the heat exchanger, and further calculating the weight of the whole heat exchanger.
The specific calculation formula is as follows:
w＝ρ·V (3)
wherein w is the total weight of the flue gas heat exchanger; rho represents the density of a material used for casting the heat exchanger; v represents the total volume of material used to make the heat exchanger.
Step four, calculating all the factors according to different conversion models to obtain comprehensive performance evaluation indexes
For the above three factors, they can be converted into physical quantity of "power" according to different conversion models.
4.1 the total heat exchange quantity is converted into positive work obtained by the system through a thermal power conversion model:
PQ＝Q·η (4)
wherein η represents the heat-power conversion efficiency, and the value is usually 10-30%.
4.2 the total pressure drop is converted into negative work consumed by the system through a "power loss" model:
PΔp＝Δp·A·v (5)
wherein A represents the cross-sectional area of the inlet of the heat exchanger; v represents the heat exchanger inlet flue gas flow rate.
4.3 weight negative work on the whole system:
in a mobile internal combustion engine waste heat recovery system, the weight-induced engine torque variation can be expressed as:
wherein f istire0.015 represents a tire rolling friction coefficient; g ═ g9.8m/s2Is the acceleration of gravity ηPT0.9 represents the average transmission efficiency; w is aWHRRepresenting the total weight of the waste heat recovery system.
To simplify the calculation, it is assumed that the vehicle travels at a constant speed on a flat road surface without inertial force and without gradient resistance, and the change in air resistance is ignored. Equation (6) is simplified as follows:
the power loss caused by the weight of the waste heat recovery system is
Where the velocity v is calculated by:
v＝0.5ωtire·Do＝0.5Do·ωe/(αg·αm) (9)
thus, the relationship between the increase in power loss Δ P and the increase in system weight Δ w can be derived as follows:
as can be seen from equation (10), the increase in vehicle weight is proportional to the power consumption, and therefore it is concluded that the negative work that would be brought about by the increase in heat exchanger weight is as follows:
4.4 As shown in the distribution diagram of the influence of the factors of FIG. 1 on the system power, the power effects of the three can be concentrated into a variable PNAnd defining the variable as the comprehensive performance evaluation index of the flue gas heat exchanger.
PN＝PQ-PΔp-Pw(12)
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that: the method is characterized in that three factors of the flue gas heat exchanger which have great influence on the efficiency of the waste heat recovery system of the mobile internal combustion engine are converted through a reasonable model and are concentrated in one physical quantity, and the comprehensive performance index of one flue gas heat exchanger is determined. The comprehensive performance evaluation index simultaneously considers three performance factors of the heat exchanger, including heat transfer, pressure drop and weight, and more intuitively reveals the influence of the heat exchanger on the power of the whole system; the index can be used as a selection basis of an optimal heat exchanger in the comparison research of the heat exchanger, and can be used for a target function to be improved in the process of optimizing the parameters and optimizing the performance of the heat exchanger.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the influence of various factors on the system power;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a shell and tube heat exchanger with porous baffles and porous fins;
FIG. 3 is a shell and tube heat exchange temperature profile with porous baffles and porous fins;
fig. 4 is a pressure profile of a shell and tube heat exchanger with porous baffles and porous fins.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific examples, and takes a shell-and-tube type flue gas heat exchanger in a laboratory-designed waste heat recovery system of a diesel engine for a vehicle as an example, and the technical scheme is characterized by comprising a porous baffle plate and porous fins, as shown in fig. 2.
The described embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention. Other data implementations not yet mentioned based on the basic structure, principles and procedures of this embodiment are within the scope of the invention.
The method mainly comprises the following steps:
step one, calculating the total heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger
The temperature field of the flue gas heat exchanger under actual working conditions was simulated by using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to obtain the side inlet and outlet temperatures of the flue gas, as shown in fig. 3. The total heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger is as follows:
Q＝m·cp·(Tout-Tin)＝0.1280·1.1205·(747.42-471.34)＝39.60kW
step two, calculating the total pressure drop of the exhaust side of the flue gas heat exchanger
The pressure field of the flue gas heat exchanger under actual working conditions was simulated by using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to obtain the pressure drop at the side inlet and the outlet of the flue gas, as shown in fig. 4. The total pressure drop of the flue gas heat exchanger is as follows:
Δp＝pin-pout＝3.56-0.72＝2.84kPa
step three, calculating the total weight of the flue gas heat exchanger
As shown in FIG. 1, the weight of the heat exchanger in this example can be divided into four parts, namely the weight of the shell, the weight of the heat exchanger tubes, the weight of the porous baffle and the weight of the porous fins. In the embodiment, the material adopted in the manufacture of the flue gas heat exchanger is nickel, and the density of the nickel is 8.902g/cm3And by combining the structural parameters of each part of the heat exchanger in the table 1, the detailed calculation process is as follows:
weight of the shell:
the weight of the heat exchange tube is as follows:
weight of porous baffle:
wbaffles＝ρ·Vbaffles＝ρ·(6Abaffles·δbaffles)·(1-ε)＝0.31kg
weight of the porous fin:
to sum up, the total weight of the flue gas heat exchanger is as follows:
wHX＝wshell+wtubes+wbaffles+wfins＝12.52+3.29+0.31+0.68＝16.8kg
step four, integrating the factors into comprehensive performance indexes according to different conversion mechanisms
PQ＝Q·η＝39.6·0.1＝3.96kW
PΔp＝Δp·A·v＝2.84·1000·3.14·0.032·94.5＝0.76kW
For gravimetric power loss, the application of the heat exchanger is a truck waste heat recovery system, and the diesel power of the heat exchanger is 246 kW. Selecting the conditions of 1300rpm of medium rotating speed and 50% of medium load as working points, and corresponding engine power Pengine86 kW. According to the size of the diesel engine, the corresponding weight of the truck is wtruck9600 kg. Therefore, the weight power loss brought by the flue gas heat exchanger is as follows:
in conclusion, the comprehensive performance of the flue gas heat exchanger is
PN＝PQ-PΔp-Pw＝3.96-0.76-0.15＝3.05kW。
TABLE 1 Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with porous baffles and porous fins
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A comprehensive performance evaluation method for a mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, calculating the total heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger;
step two, calculating the total pressure drop of the exhaust side of the flue gas heat exchanger;
step three, calculating the total weight of the flue gas heat exchanger;
and step four, calculating all the factors according to different conversion models to obtain comprehensive performance evaluation indexes.
2. The method for evaluating the comprehensive performance of the mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger according to claim 1,
in the first step, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to simulate the temperature field of the flue gas heat exchanger under the actual working condition, the inlet and outlet flue gas temperatures of the heat exchanger are determined, and the heat transfer capacity of the flue gas heat exchanger under the corresponding condition is calculated.
3. The method for evaluating the comprehensive performance of the mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger according to claim 1,
and step two, simulating a pressure field of the flue gas heat exchanger under the actual working condition by adopting a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, and calculating the total pressure drop of the heat exchanger under the corresponding condition by utilizing the pressure difference of the flue gas at the inlet and the outlet of the flue gas side.
4. The method for evaluating the comprehensive performance of the mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger according to claim 1,
and in the third step, determining the selected material in the manufacturing process of the heat exchanger, calculating the volume of the material used by the heat exchanger according to the geometric model size of the heat exchanger, and further calculating the weight of the whole heat exchanger.
5. The comprehensive performance evaluation method for the mobile internal combustion engine flue gas waste heat exchanger according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
the physical quantities corresponding to the total heat transfer quantity, the total pressure drop and the total weight of the three factors can be converted into the physical quantity of 'power' according to different conversion models;
wherein, the total heat exchange quantity of the flue gas heat exchanger can be converted into positive work obtained by the system through a heat-work conversion model; the influence of pressure drop and weight is not beneficial to the whole system, so that the pressure drop and the weight can be respectively converted into negative work of the system through the concept of power loss;
therefore, the comprehensive performance evaluation index of the heat exchanger can be defined as the sum of three parts of power.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112182842A (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2021-01-05 | 项家从 | Virtual detection method for heat transfer efficiency of heat exchanger |
| CN112539946A (en) * | 2020-11-23 | 2021-03-23 | 西安交通大学 | Quantitative evaluation method for energy efficiency of tubular air preheater |
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| CN102810128A (en) * | 2012-08-21 | 2012-12-05 | 张周卫 | Design calculation method for single-strand spiral wound heat exchanger |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112182842A (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2021-01-05 | 项家从 | Virtual detection method for heat transfer efficiency of heat exchanger |
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