CN110845537B - 芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的合成及其应用 - Google Patents
芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的合成及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110845537B CN110845537B CN201911162466.0A CN201911162466A CN110845537B CN 110845537 B CN110845537 B CN 110845537B CN 201911162466 A CN201911162466 A CN 201911162466A CN 110845537 B CN110845537 B CN 110845537B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6568—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/65683—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being part of a phosphine
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1003—Carbocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1007—Non-condensed systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1096—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing other heteroatoms
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种芳基吖啶膦螺环双极性化合物的合成及其应用,属于有机化学领域。该类化合物通过加成、关环、氧化,取代等多步反应后合成,具体为:将2‑溴三芳基膦3与丁基锂反应进行卤锂交换后,与酮进行亲核加成,接着在酸存在下发生分子内关环反应,随后与双氧水在醋酸中氧化反应,最后与硫化试剂或硒试剂反应后得到芳基吖啶膦螺环双极性化合物。本方法合成过程简单,高效,得到的芳基吖啶膦螺环双极性化合物具有良好的光电性能,可应用于有机电致发光器件中。
Description
技术领域
本发明具体涉及芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的合成及其应用,属于有机合成中OLED技术领域。
背景技术
磷光有机发光二极管(PhOLEDs)使用Ir(III),Pt(II)或Os(II)作为磷光客体,通过重原子效应引起的系间窜越(ISC),利用单线态激子(25%)和三线态激子(75%),可以达到理论上100%的内量子效率,突破了传统荧光OLEDs分子内量子效率25%的理论极限。因此,PhOLEDs在全彩显示和白色固体照明领域有广泛的商业应用价值。然而,在高浓度掺杂下,由于磷光客体的存在,经常遇到浓度猝灭和三线态湮灭,影响器件的稳定性和发光效率。
为了解决这些问题,通常采用主客体掺杂体系,将客体材料掺杂到合适的主体材料中以提高器件的性能。一般来说,主体材料比客体材料具有更高的三线态能级(T1),以抑制主客体之间的能量反转,并有效地限制发射层中的三线态激子。此外,高的热稳定性和稳定的无定形态也是实现高效率器件的关键。例如,经典的空穴传输型主体材料4,4-N,N-二咔唑联苯(CBP),广泛应用于绿/红色磷光器件。但是,由于其玻璃化转变温度(Tg,62℃)较低,致使器件稳定性差,并且其三线态能级(T1,2.56eV)低于一般蓝色发光器件(T1,2.70eV),导致能量反转。经过结构修饰的分子1,3-N,N-间二咔唑苯(mCP)和DCDPA具有比CBP更高的三线态能级(T1,2.90eV),因此作为空穴传输型主体材料用于红、绿、蓝色发光器件比CBP具有更好的性能。
由于mCP和DCDPA的单极性特征,在空穴传输层(HTL)或电子输运层(ETL)附近往往会引起载流子复合,为了获得高性能的器件,扩大载流子复合区,减少三线态湮灭和激子扩散,采用同时可以传输空穴和电子的双极性主体材料,从而减少器件的加工步骤,获得高性能的PhOLEDs。例如,以mCP为核心结构合成的双极性分子SimCP,DCPPO,mCPPO1,mCPCN作为主体材料制成的蓝色PhOLEDs比mCP制成的器件具有更好的性能和结构。然而,这些化合物的合成步骤多、产品收率低、成本高,影响PhOLEDs在全彩色显示和固态照明中的商业化应用。
因此,探索简便的合成方法,获得高产率的双极性主体材料,对降低器件成本具有重要意义。然而,PhOLEDs由于使用重金属配合物作为客体发光材料,从而使得其成本较高;因此,采用廉价金属配合物或者纯有机发光材料以获得高性能发光器件当前OLEDs降低成本、迈向市场化的关键。近期,热延迟荧光(TADF)由于是一种纯有机发光材料,其HOMO-LUMO轨道有效分离,使其三线态激子通过热活化的方式跃迁到单线态轨道上,从而可以获得100%的内量子效率,因而受到广泛关注。然而,热延迟荧光材料与磷光有机发光材料类似,存在浓度猝灭、三线态湮灭等问题。同样需要将其掺杂到主体材料中,以解决上述难题。为了抑制磷光客体或热延迟荧光客体材料的高浓度猝灭和三线态湮灭,通常设计合成具有大体积空间位阻效应的已解决这一难题。螺环化合物不仅具有优良的溶解性、较高的荧光量子效率,而且由于芴9位通过sp3碳原子相连的两个近乎垂直的平面结构单元,因而具有很大的空间位阻效应和因有限的π-共轭结构而具有较高的三线态能级。
然而,具有高三线态能级的主体材料常因由于能量不匹配的而不能用于红、绿器件。只有少数单极性主体材料适用于红、绿、蓝三基色发光器件中,但由于激子复合区域窄而使得效率滚降较高。
发明内容
为了解决这一难题,设计合成能够同时传输空穴和电子的双极性材料,扩大激子复合区域,提高发光效率,本发明提供了一种发光材料的芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物;将5-芳基吖啶膦与芴或9,10-二羟基蒽、蒽酮、二苯并噻哌喃、10,10-二氧二苯并噻哌喃、10-苯基-9,9-二氢吖啶通过SP3杂化碳原子相连,并利用芳基上取代基的结构、位置、以及X和Y杂原子的不同来调控材料结构与性质使用该芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的发光器件;相应的合成方法经过简单操作,通过加成、关环、氧化,取代等步骤即可完成。
本发明所述的一种芳基吖啶膦螺环双极性化合物,该材料是将5-芳基吖啶膦与芴或9,10-二羟基蒽、蒽酮、二苯并噻哌喃、10,10-二氧二苯并噻哌喃、10-苯基-9,9-二氢吖啶通过SP3杂化碳原子相连,并利用芳基上取代基的结构、位置、以及X和Y杂原子的不同来调控材料结构与性质,其具有如下结构:
其中,X选自O、S或Se;Y选自C、CO、S、SO2或N;R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7各自独立选自H、吸电子基或供电子基。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,对于结构2:Y为C时,R6、R7为各自独立存在取代基;Y为N时,R6和R7其中之一存在取代基;Y为CO、S或SO2时,R6和R7无取代基。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述供电子基选自取代或未取代C1~30烷基、取代或未取代苯基以及芳基杂环化合物;芳香杂环化合物结构如下:
其中,X′为O或S;R1′、R2′、R3′为各自独立的氢、卤素、氨基、腈基、膦基、取代或未取代的C1~12烷基、环烷基、环烯基、炔基、巯基、烷巯基、芳硫醚基、杂环基、氯代烯烃基、酯基、醛基、羰基、羧基、氨基甲酰基、硝基、甲硅烷基、硅氧烷基、取代或未取代的C1~12烷氧基、取代或未取代的C6~12芳基、取代或未取代的C6~12芳氧基、与相邻取代基之间形成环形结构;所述式R-2、R-3、R-4、R-5、R-6、R-7、R-8、R-9、R-10或R-11所示基团中苯环上任意氢原子被取代或未被取代而形成的取代基。
单晶X-衍射、核磁共振(NMR)、色质联机(LC-MS)表征了复杂芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的结构,通过热重分析和差热分析测试了材料的热稳定性,通过紫外荧光光谱以及循环伏安方法表征了它们的光、电化学性质。
本发明中第二个目的为上述结构芳基吖啶膦螺环双极性化合物,提供一种制备方法。上述结构1或2,均通过加成、关环、氧化,取代等步骤完成。
一种芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物1的制备方法,反应步骤采用反应方程式表示如下:
一种芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物2的制备方法,反应步骤采用反应方程式表示如下:
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,第一步中,与丁基锂反应时,反应温度为-10至-120℃;第二步中,与酸反应时,反应温度为20-120℃;第三步,与双氧水反应时,在醋酸中进行,反应温度为回流温度。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,第二步中,酸选自浓硫酸、甲烷磺酸、三氟化硼乙醚或三氟甲烷磺酸。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述硫化试剂选自硫磺、五硫化二磷或劳森试剂。
作为优选,上述化合物1或2具体制备方法操作如下:
a.取2-溴三芳基膦3放入三口烧瓶中,用有机溶剂(如:四氢呋喃、乙醚)在惰性气体保护下以及低温情况下(-10至-120℃)下搅拌溶解,将正丁基锂加入到反应瓶中,并在低温情况下(-10至-120℃)下反应0.5-40小时。然后,相应羰基化合物4或7加入反应瓶中,低温情况下(-10至-120℃)下反应0.5-40小时。然后,自然升至温度,继续反应0.5-120小时;稀盐酸淬灭反应,二氯甲烷萃取,干燥,减压蒸馏,柱层析得化合物5或8。
b.依次5或8溶解在有机溶剂中(如:冰醋酸、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、氯仿)溶剂,以酸为催化剂(如:浓硫酸、甲烷磺酸、三氟化硼乙醚、三氟甲烷磺酸等),20-120℃反应2-120小时,然后冷却至室温,用氢氧化钠溶液中和至中性,用二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用无水硫酸镁干燥,减压抽滤浓缩,以乙酸乙酯和石油醚的混合物为洗脱剂,柱层析得高纯度化合物6或9;
c.取化合物6或9溶解在醋酸中,将双氧水在室温下加入反应瓶中。然后加热回流0.5-120小时,冷却至室温,用二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用无水硫酸镁干燥,减压抽滤浓缩,以乙酸乙酯和石油醚的混合物为洗脱剂,柱层析得高纯度化合物1a或2a;
d.取化合物1a或2a,将其溶解在有机溶剂中(如:二氯甲烷、甲苯、氯仿等),在室温下加入硫磺,反应0.5-120小时,二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压抽滤浓缩,以乙酸乙酯和石油醚的混合物为洗脱剂,柱层析得高纯度化合物1b或2b;
e.取化合物1a或2a将其溶解在有机溶剂中(如:二氯甲烷、氯苯、溴苯、四氢呋喃、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯仿等),在室温下加入五硫化二磷或者劳森试剂,在氮气或氩气的保护下,加热反应0.5-120小时,水洗,二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压抽滤浓缩,以乙酸乙酯和石油醚的混合物为洗脱剂,柱层析得高纯度化合物1b或者2b;
f.取化合物1a或2a,将其溶解在甲苯中,用液氮冷冻;并加入三氯化硅和三乙胺,在氮气或者氩气保护下加热50-150℃反应2-120小时;冷却到室温,加入饱和碳酸氢钠溶液,继续搅拌一段时间,用氧化铝过滤,蒸发浓缩,柱层析得到化合物6或9(或者直接使用b步骤里所合成的化合物6或9),将硒和化合物6或9一次性加入到反应瓶中,以甲苯为溶剂,在氮气或氩气保护下,反应2-120小时。加入饱和氯化铵,二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压抽滤浓缩,以乙酸乙酯和石油醚的混合物为洗脱剂,柱层析得高纯度化合物1c或2c;
本发明提供的第三个目的,提供了芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物在有机电致发光器件中的应用。
一种发光器件,包括阳极、阴极及设置于阳极和阴极之间至少一个有机层,所述有机层前述结构中所述芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物1或2。
通过理论计算对其轨道能级分布进行了表征;对其寿命以及发光器件相关性能作了表征。结果表明,这类材料可以广泛应用于有机发光二极管、有机激光、有机电存储器件、有机场效应管等。
发明有益效果:
化合物1或2结构的材料具有以下特点:
(1)刚性平面结构,具有双极性传输特征;(2)大的π-共轭体系及高的发光效率;(3)高的热分解温度和稳定的无定形态;保持了高热稳定性和玻璃化温度;(4)三维大体积空间位阻效应;(5)基于P=X(X=O、S、Se)的芳基吖啶膦螺环结构;(6)具有适当的三线态能级;具有合适的HOMO和LUMO能级;HOMO和LUMO能够有效分离;轨道能级可控。5-苯基吖啶膦环与芴或者其它替代物与之相连的单元之间构成近乎90°左右的二面角;三线态与单线态能级差(ΔEST)接近0eV。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中化合物1aa晶体结构图;
图2为实施例2中化合物1ba晶体结构图;
图3为化合物1aa和1ba紫外光谱图;
图4为化合物1aa和1ba TGA谱图;
图5为化合物1aa和1ba DSC图;
图6为化合物1aa和1ba单载流子器件图;
图7为化合物1aa和1ba主体材料的(客体DMAC-DPS)电致发光光谱图;
图8为化合物1aa和1ba热延迟荧光光谱图;
图9为含有化合物1aa和1ba主体材料时发光二极管器件结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例来进一步描述本发明的技术方案,但这些实施例并非限制本发明的实施方式。本发明具有多种不同的实施方式,并不只限于本说明书中所述内容。本领域的技术人员在不违背本申请发明精神的情况下,所完成的方案应在本发明的范围内。
实施例1:化合物1aa的合成:
将2-溴苯基二苯基膦3(2.0mmol,0.68g)溶解在四氢呋喃中,将1mL正丁基锂(2.0mmol,2.0M)加入到2-溴苯基二苯基膦3的四氢呋喃溶液中,然后将9-芴酮7a(2.0mmol,0.36g)的四氢呋喃溶液加入反应瓶中,在-70至-90℃反应2.5小时,得到化合物8a;将8a溶解到醋酸中,加入几滴浓硫酸,在加热回流可以得到化合物白固体9(0.093g,产率:11%)和1aa(0.537g,产率:61%);
将化合物9(2.0mmol,0.85g)溶解在四氢呋喃中,在溶解到醋酸和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂中(体积比为1:1),并加入30%的双氧水(10.0mmol,0.34mL)在室温下反应12h,用氢氧化钠淬灭反应,二氯甲烷萃取,柱层析后同样可以获得1aa(产率:92%)。
化合物1aa表征如下:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ7.91(d,J=7.60Hz,1H),7.84(m,3H),7.75(dd,J=6.33Hz,2H),7.50(m,4H),7.39(d,J=7.60Hz,1H),7.33(t,J=7.60Hz,1H),7.27(m,1H),7.24(m,2H),7.15(m,3H),7.00(d,J=7.60Hz,1H),6.55(t,J=6.80Hz,2H);MALDI-TOF(EI):m/z=440.758[M+].
实施例2:化合物1ba的合成:
方法一:氮气保护下,取化合物1aa(1.0mmol,0.44g)将其溶解在苯,在室温下加入五硫化二磷(2.0mmol,0.44g),加热到100℃反应5小时,水洗,二氯甲烷萃取,柱层析后得到化合物1ba,产率:88%。
方法二:将化合物9(2.0mmol,0.85g)溶解在四氢呋喃中,加入硫磺(10.0mmol,0.32g)。室温下反应24h,水洗、二氯甲烷萃取柱层析后得到化合物1ba,产:93%。
化合物1ba表征如下:1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3):δ7.916(m,3H),7.80(d,J=7.20Hz,2H),7.48(m,5H),7.32(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),7.16(s,1H),7.07(t,J=6.60Hz,2H),7.16(t,J=7.20Hz,2H),7.08(t,J=7.80Hz,2H),6.97(d,J=7.80Hz,1H),6.48(t,J=4.20Hz,2H);LC-MS(EI)m/z=457.1241[M+];
实施例3:化合物1ca的合成:
氮气保护下,将化合物1aa(1.0mmol,0.44g)和10mL甲苯混合,搅拌至完全溶解后,加入三氯硅烷(0.05mL,0.5mmol)和三乙胺(0.14mL,1.0mmol),加热至90℃反应120小时;TLC检测反应完毕,冷却到室温,加入饱和碳酸氢钠溶液,继续搅拌10分钟,采用氧化铝过滤,滤液蒸发浓缩,柱层析后得到化合物9;
氮气保护下,将硒(1.0mmol,0.079g)、化合物9和8mL甲苯混合,室温搅拌反应48小时。加入饱和氯化铵淬灭反应,二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压抽滤浓缩,以乙酸乙酯和石油醚的混合物为洗脱剂,柱层析得0.21g化合物1ca,产率:42%;
实施例4:化合物1aa和1ba在发光材料中的应用
采用实施例1得到的化合物1aa和实施例2得到的化合物1ba研究:
图3表明化合物1aa和1ba在二氯甲烷溶液的吸收光谱几乎完全一致,但是由于1ba用硫原子替代了1aa中P=O键中氧原子,其荧光光谱在380-500nm之间有弱拖尾。表明通过简易结构变化可以获得不同光谱性质。
图4表明1aa中氧原子被硫原子取代后产物1ba热稳定性得到明显提高;
图5表明1aa和1ba螺-磷氧或硫杂蒽芴具有稳定无定形态。
表1为化合物9、1aa和1ba轨道能级理论计算值,9、1aa和1ba HOMO能级分别为-5.64eV、-5.80eV和-5.69eV。同9相比,1aa和1ba中P分别被氧和硫氧化,因而氧化电势升高导致HOMO能级降低。由于硫原子给电子能力大于氧原子,从而使得1ba氧化电势比1aa小,其HOMO能级比1aa浅。同P=O键相比,由于P=S中硫原子的给电子特性使其具有σ*(P-C)-π*超共轭效应,从而使得其LUMO能级更加稳定。即1ba LUMO能级(-0.98eV)比1aa LUMO能级(-0.93eV)低。进而使得1ba能带宽度(-4.71eV)比1aa能带宽度(-4.87eV)窄,这种较窄能带宽度有利于制备高性能发光器件。以上数据说明,将P=O键中的氧原子替换成硫原子可以轻松调控其前线分子轨道能级。
表1 1aa与1ba HOMO和LUMO轨道能级理论计算值
图6中,1aa和1ba单载流子器件:(ITO/MoO3(6nm)/NPB(50nm)/mCP(5nm)/host(20nm)/mCP(5nm)/NPB(50nm)/MoO3(6nm)/Al(100nm)and ITO/LiF(1nm)/Bphen(40nm)/host(20nm)/Bphen(40nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(100nm),其中host为IV-1’或V-1’。上述两种化合物电子注入/传输能力均强于他们各自空穴注入/传输能力。此外,由于P=S具有σ*(P-C)-π*超共轭效应,而P=O具有较强的极化特性使其捕获电子的能力较强。因此,1aa电子注入/传输能力低于1ba,通过图6其单载流子器件结果得到证实。
图7中:A采用1aa为主体(Host)和电子注入层,B以1aa为主体(Host)、BPhen为电子注入层,C以1ba为主体(Host),BPhen为电子注入层时,制备的主体材料发光器件,关谱性质非常稳定。其中mCP、NPB、DMAC-DPS和BPhen结构如下:
结果表明:主体材料不同及器件结构其电致发光光谱几乎不变,这说明利用这列主体材料制备发光器件,其光谱非常稳定。
图8中为化合物1aa与1ba具备热延迟荧光特性,两者的寿命分别为5.29和6.39μs,这表明利用大体积的硫原子替换氧原子可以增加分子间的扭曲程度,进而抑制三线态淬灭,从而提高寿命。
采用该类材料制备常用的发光器件结构,见图9所示。
综合以上数据,表明该类化合物可以有效应用在发光材料器件领域,并能取得良好效果。
以上实施例描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征及优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明原理的范围下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进均落入本发明保护的范围内。
Claims (7)
3.根据权利要求2所述芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的制备方法,其特征在于:第一步中,与丁基锂反应时,反应温度为-10至-120℃;第二步中,与酸反应时,反应温度为20-120℃;第三步,与双氧水反应时,在醋酸中进行,反应温度为回流温度。
4.根据权利要求2所述芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的制备方法,其特征在于:第二步中,酸选自浓硫酸、甲烷磺酸、三氟化硼乙醚或三氟甲烷磺酸。
5.根据权利要求2所述芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物的制备方法,其特征在于:所述硫化试剂选自硫磺、五硫化二磷或劳森试剂。
6.一种如权利要求1所述芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物在有机电致发光器件中的应用。
7.一种发光器件,包括阳极、阴极及设置于阳极和阴极之间至少一个有机层,其特征在于:所述有机层包括权利要求1所述芳基吖啶膦螺环化合物。
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