CN110826265A - Heat stealth cloak designed based on heat radiation conversion and heat conduction theory - Google Patents
Heat stealth cloak designed based on heat radiation conversion and heat conduction theory Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of energy technology and infrared technology, and particularly relates to a thermal stealth cloak designed based on a heat radiation conversion and heat conduction theory. The thermal stealth cloak designed by the invention adopts a coordinate transformation method to establish the relation between space change and material change, namely, a circular area is compressed into an annular area from the circle center through the coordinate change, the space change is further converted into the material change, the material parameters of the thermal stealth cloak are determined, and the stealth cloak is obtained; the heat conduction and the heat radiation can be regulated and controlled simultaneously, and the heat stealth function is realized; the thermal radiation is processed by the Rosseland diffusion approximation and the thermal conduction is processed by the Fourier's law. The feasibility of the design of the invention is verified by finite element simulation. The invention provides a brand-new scheme for regulating and controlling heat radiation, and can be used in the fields of deception infrared detection, heat protection and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of energy and infrared, and particularly relates to a thermal stealth cloak designed based on a heat radiation conversion and heat conduction theory.
Background
There are three main ways of heat energy transport: thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. For heat conduction and heat convection, corresponding transformation theory has been developed in the last decade to control heat conduction and heat convection, but transformation theory for heat radiation has not been proposed at a later date. This greatly limits the practical application since any object with a non-zero temperature will emit thermal radiation. It can be said that there is thermal radiation everywhere in human life: the working principle of the night vision device is to detect heat radiation; thermal radiation is also utilized in military countermeasures, and thus practical application in these fields would be greatly facilitated if the thermal radiation could be freely regulated.
In order to solve the problem, realize the free regulation and control to the heat radiation and promote practical application, this patent proposes to utilize the method of coordinate transformation to realize the stealthy cloak of heat. The cloak is heated so that internal objects do not affect the temperature distribution outside the cloak, as if the intervening objects were not present. However, the existing thermal cloak is designed based on heat conduction, and lacks the regulation and control capability on heat radiation, and the invention aims to solve the problem, expands the transformation theory from simple heat conduction to heat radiation, and further designs the thermal cloak capable of treating the heat radiation problem. The method plays an important role in the field of high-temperature thermal protection. This is because heat radiation is the main heat energy transport means at high temperature, so if the heat radiation effect is not considered but only the heat conduction effect is considered, the device will fail at high temperature, thereby losing the ability of thermal protection. The scheme provided by the technology can simultaneously solve the problem of heat protection aiming at heat conduction and heat radiation, thereby having an important role in practical application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a thermal cloaking cloak designed based on the theory of converting thermal radiation and heat conduction, so that any object placed in the cloak cannot be detected by external infrared detection.
The invention provides a thermal stealth cloak designed based on a heat radiation conversion and heat conduction theory, which is characterized in that a coordinate conversion method is adopted to establish a relation between space change and material change, namely a circular area is compressed into an annular area from a circle center through coordinate change, the space change is further converted into the material change, the material parameters of the thermal stealth cloak are determined, the stealth cloak is obtained, and the thermal stealth function is realized, and any object placed in the cloak cannot be found by external infrared detection.
According to the invention, based on a coordinate transformation theory, heat conduction and heat radiation can be regulated and controlled simultaneously, and a heat stealth function is realized.
In the present invention, the thermal radiation is processed by the Rosseland diffusion approximation and the thermal conduction is processed by the Fourier law.
The thermal stealth cloak provided by the invention can be suitable for two-dimensional situations and also suitable for three-dimensional situations; can be applied to the steady state heat conduction condition and the transient state heat conduction condition.
The conditions for achieving thermal stealth of the thermal stealth cloak are further derived as follows:
the process of transient heat transport considering heat radiation and heat conduction, the thermodynamic evolution of which is determined by the following equation (1):
where ρ and C represent the density and heat capacity of the material, respectively, T represents the temperature, T represents the time,is the laplacian operator. J. the design is a squareradFor radiant heat flow, equation (2) is given by the Rosseland diffusion approximation:
where β is the Rosseland average extinction coefficient, n is the relative refractive index, and σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (value equal to 5.67X 10)-8Wm-2K-4)。JconFor conduction heat flow, equation (3) is given by Fourier's law:
wherein κ is the material thermal conductivity.
Considering the two-dimensional case, the coordinate from the virtual space (r, θ) to the physical space (r ', θ') varies, as shown in equation (4):
wherein r is1And r2Respectively the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the thermal stealth cloak, namely the thermal stealth cloak is formed by the radius r1And r2An annular region surrounded by two concentric circles; the physical meaning of equation (4) is to compress a circular region from the center of a circle into an annular region. The Jacobian transformation matrix A of the coordinate transformation is shown in formula (5):
by means of Jacobian variation matrix A, the corresponding material variation can be obtained. Since the relative refractive index range of natural materials is not wide, the invention assumes that the transformed relative refractive index n is unchanged, i.e. as shown in formula (6):
n′＝n， (6)
correspondingly, the Rosseland mean extinction coefficient β, thermal conductivity κ, density and heat capacity (ρ C) are transformed, specifically:
the transformed Rosseland mean extinction coefficient β' is determined by equation (7):
where detA is the determinant of the Jacobian transformation matrix, AτIs the transpose of the Jacobian transformation matrix.
The transformed thermal conductivity κ' is determined by equation (8):
the density and heat capacity (ρ C)' after conversion are determined by equation (9):
up to now, four key parameters regarding the design of thermal radiation cloaking have been determined, namely: formula (6) -formula (9). These parameters are expressed in a cylindrical coordinate system.
The invention can be generalized to three-dimensional situations, for a slave virtual spaceTo the physical space
The coordinate change of (2) is changed from formula (4) to formula (4-1):
wherein r is1And r2Respectively the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the thermal stealth cloak, namely the thermal stealth cloak is formed by the radius r1And r2The two concentric spherical surfaces of the spherical bearing are enclosed to form an annular area;
the Jacobian transformation matrix A of the formula (4-1) is directly transformed from the formula (5) to the formula (10)
The three-dimensional case differs from the two-dimensional case only by the Jacobian transformation matrix a, and the remaining and two-dimensional cases have the same algorithm, i.e., the transformation of the relative refractive index n, Rosseland mean extinction coefficient β, thermal conductivity κ, density and heat capacity (ρ C) is also shown in equations (6) - (9).
Due to the passing ofThe invention further designs a multilayer structure which is equivalent to the material of the thermal stealth cloak, wherein the multilayer structure is formed by adopting two materials which are alternately arranged in a ring shape, and the thermal stealth effect is equivalently realized, and particularly, the attribute of the material A is assumed to be that the extinction coefficient is βAThermal conductivity κAThe material B has the property of extinction coefficient βBThermal conductivity κBThe two materials are βAβB＝β2And κAκB＝κ2Two materials are alternately arranged in a ring shape into a layered structure (wherein the smaller the width of each layer of rings is, the better the effect is), whereby the function of achieving anisotropy using two uniformly isotropic materials can be achieved.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) the method provided by the invention has universality, and can flexibly regulate and control heat radiation through coordinate change;
(2) the method provided by the invention is suitable for two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions;
(3) the method provided by the invention is suitable for steady state and transient state.
The invention provides a brand-new scheme for regulating and controlling heat radiation, and can be used in the fields of deception infrared detection, heat protection and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a two-dimensional schematic view of a hot cloak. Wherein, the annular area corresponding to the inner and outer diameters is the cloak which is invisible, and any object can be placed in the middle white area.
Fig. 2 is a two-dimensional transient simulation of a thermal cloak. Wherein (a) - (d) are transient evolution processes mainly based on conduction in a low temperature range (300-320K). (e) And (h) a transient evolution process with equivalent radiation conduction in an intermediate temperature range (300-1000K). (i) The (I) is a transient evolution process mainly based on radiation in a high temperature range (300-4000K).
Fig. 3 is a structural and simulated view of a thermal cloak implemented using two homogeneous isotropic materials. Wherein, (a) is a schematic structural diagram, and (b) is a simulation result of the structure in a temperature range (300-1000K).
Fig. 4 is a three-dimensional steady state simulation of a thermal cloak. Wherein (a) is a steady state result mainly based on conduction in a low temperature range (300-320K). (b) Is a steady state result with equivalent radiation conduction in the middle temperature range (300-1000K). (c) The steady state result is mainly the radiation in the high temperature range (300-4000K).
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
A two-dimensional schematic view of a thermo-stealth cloak is shown in fig. 1, where the annular region between the inner and outer diameters is the thermo-stealth cloak, and any object can be placed in the middle white region. This stealthy cloak can handle heat-conduction and heat radiation problem simultaneously, consequently can realize the heat safeguard function under two kinds of heat energy transport forms.
In order to show the correctness of the theory, the invention utilizes finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics for verification. Therein, the results of the simulation of the two-dimensional transient are shown in fig. 2. In the simulation process, the left boundary and the right boundary are respectively set as a high-temperature heat source and a low-temperature cold source, and the upper boundary and the lower boundary are both heat-insulated. Wherein (a) - (d) are transient evolution processes mainly based on conduction in a low temperature range (300-320K). (e) And (h) a transient evolution process with equivalent radiation conduction in an intermediate temperature range (300-1000K). (i) The (I) is a transient evolution process mainly based on radiation in a high temperature range (300-4000K). The simulation size is 10 multiplied by 10cm2,r1＝2.4, r23.6 cm. Background parameter ρ C ═ 106Jm-3K-1,n＝1,β＝100m-1,κ＝1Wm-1K-1. The parameter settings of the thermal cloak are designed according to equations (6) - (9), wherein the Jacobian matrix is determined by equation (5). The white line represents the isotherm. The simulation result is observed to find that: in the process of temperature evolution, the isotherm of the background is always straight and not distorted, which indicates that external infrared detection cannot know any information of the middle white area, thereby achieving the stealth effect.
As the material designed by the transformation theory is non-uniform, anisotropic and even singular, in order to solve the problem, the invention designs a multilayer structure as shown in figure 3, wherein, (a) is a structural schematic diagram, (b) is a simulation result of the structure in a temperature range (300-1000K), and material A: βA＝1000m-1,κA＝0.1Wm-1K–1β as material BB＝10m-1,κB＝10Wm-1K–1. The figure shows a total of 20 layers of material, each layer having a thickness of 0.6 mm. The simulation results show that: the background isotherm is indeed not distorted, thereby achieving the stealth effect.
The present invention also performs a three-dimensional steady state simulation, where the thermal cloak is a three-dimensional shell, the results of which are shown in fig. 4. The left and right boundaries are respectively high temperature heat source and low temperature cold source, and the rest four surfaces are thermal insulation boundary conditions. In the figure, (a) is the steady state result mainly from conduction in the low temperature range (300-320K). (b) Is a steady state result with equivalent radiation conduction in the middle temperature range (300-1000K). (c) The steady state result is mainly the radiation in the high temperature range (300-4000K). The simulation size is 10 multiplied by 10cm3, r1＝2.4,r23.6 cm. Background parameter ρ C ═ 106Jm-3K-1,n＝1,β＝100m-1,κ＝1Wm-1K-1. The parameter settings of the thermal cloak are designed according to equations (6) - (9), wherein the Jacobian matrix is determined by equation (10). The white line represents the isotherm. For convenience of illustration, the present invention is viewed with a section taken from the very middle. Similar to the two-dimensional results, the background isotherm was still not distorted, exhibiting excellent stealth capability.
Claims (5)
1. A thermal stealth cloak designed based on a heat radiation conversion and heat conduction theory is characterized in that a coordinate conversion method is adopted to establish a relation between space change and material change, namely a circular area is compressed into an annular area from a circle center through coordinate change, the space change is further converted into the material change, the material parameters of the thermal stealth cloak are determined, and the stealth cloak is obtained; wherein, can regulate and control heat conduction and heat radiation simultaneously, realize the stealthy function of heat.
2. The hot cloak canopy according to claim 1, wherein:
radiant heat flow J of the thermal radiationradGiven by the Rosseland diffusion approximation equation (2):
the conductive heat flow J of heat conductionconGiven by equation (3) according to Fourier's law:
where ρ and C represent the density and heat capacity of the material, respectively, T represents the temperature, T represents the time,
is Laplace operator, β is the Rosseland average extinction coefficient, n is the relative refractive index, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and κ is the material thermal conductivity.
3. The cloak according to claim 2, wherein a circular area is compressed from the center of the circle to an annular area by coordinate changes as follows:
for the two-dimensional case, the coordinates from the virtual space (r, θ) to the physical space (r ', θ') change, as shown in equation (4):
wherein r is1And r2Respectively the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the thermal stealth cloak, namely the thermal stealth cloak is formed by the radius r1And r2Two are concentricAn annular region surrounded by a circle; the physical meaning of the formula (4) is to compress a circular area from the center of a circle into an annular area; the Jacobian transformation matrix A of the coordinate transformation is shown in formula (5):
for three-dimensional scenarios, from virtual space
To the physical space
As shown in equation (4-1):
wherein r is1And r2Respectively the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the thermal stealth cloak, namely the thermal stealth cloak is formed by the radius r1And r2The two concentric spherical surfaces of the spherical bearing are enclosed to form an annular area;
the Jacobian transformation matrix A of the coordinate transformation is shown in formula (10):
4. the cloak according to claim 3, wherein the material parameters of the cloak are determined by converting the spatial variation into the material variation, as follows:
the relative refractive index n is unchanged, i.e. as shown in equation (6):
n′＝n (6)
wherein n' is the transformed relative refractive index;
the thermal conductivity κ, density and heat capacity (ρ C) are transformed for the Rosseland mean extinction coefficient β, in particular:
the transformed Rosseland mean extinction coefficient β' is determined by equation (7):
where detA is the determinant of the Jacobian transformation matrix, AτTranspose for Jacobian transformation matrix;
the transformed thermal conductivity κ' is determined by equation (8):
the density and heat capacity (ρ C)' after conversion are determined by equation (9):
5. the cloak according to claim 4, wherein the cloak is obtained by alternately arranging two materials in a ring shape to form a multi-layer structure, and the cloak is obtained by equivalently realizing the cloak effect, wherein the property of the material A is defined as an extinction coefficient βAThermal conductivity κAThe material B has the property of extinction coefficient βBThermal conductivity κBThe two materials satisfy βAβB＝β2And κAκB＝κ2Wherein β and kappa are background extinction coefficients and thermal conductivities, and the two materials are alternately arranged in a ring shape to form a layered structure, namely, the two homogeneous isotropic materials can be utilized to realize the anisotropic function.
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| CN113656991A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-11-16 | 复旦大学 | Temperature-tunable thermoelectric cloak based on phase-change material and design method thereof |
| CN113656993A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-11-16 | 复旦大学 | Thermoelectric stealth cloak based on temperature-dependent conversion thermoelectric design |
| CN113688495A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-11-23 | 复旦大学 | Thermoelectric converter based on temperature-dependent transformation thermal electric field theory and design method thereof |
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Cited By (9)
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| CN113656991A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-11-16 | 复旦大学 | Temperature-tunable thermoelectric cloak based on phase-change material and design method thereof |
| CN113656993A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-11-16 | 复旦大学 | Thermoelectric stealth cloak based on temperature-dependent conversion thermoelectric design |
| CN113688495A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-11-23 | 复旦大学 | Thermoelectric converter based on temperature-dependent transformation thermal electric field theory and design method thereof |
| CN113656993B (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2023-10-03 | 复旦大学 | Thermoelectric stealth cloak based on temperature-dependent transformation thermophysics design |
| CN113688495B (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2024-04-26 | 复旦大学 | Thermoelectric converter based on temperature-dependent transformation thermoelectric field theory and design method thereof |
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