CN110819382B - Heavy oil cracking gasification device and method - Google Patents
Heavy oil cracking gasification device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110819382B CN110819382B CN201911172741.7A CN201911172741A CN110819382B CN 110819382 B CN110819382 B CN 110819382B CN 201911172741 A CN201911172741 A CN 201911172741A CN 110819382 B CN110819382 B CN 110819382B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/54—Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels by the Winkler technique, i.e. by fluidisation
- C10J3/56—Apparatus; Plants
Abstract
The invention discloses a heavy oil cracking gasification device and a method. The heavy oil atomization feeding system designed by the invention reduces the local resistance when gas and liquid are mixed, increases the gas and liquid acting area, forms uniformly mixed gas and liquid two-phase flow, and is unstably crushed under the action of internal and external pressure difference after leaving a nozzle to form fog drops through a special structural form. The heavy oil entering the heavy oil cracking system is subjected to fast fluidized cracking coking under the condition of hydrogen enrichment, so that the yield of the heavy oil is improved by over 50 percent, and the generated petroleum coke is consumed in the gasification system to generate high-calorific-value synthesis gas. The invention provides a new technical route for heavy inferior oil treatment, not only improves the heavy oil conversion rate, but also does not generate petroleum coke, and converts the petroleum coke into high-calorific-value synthesis gas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a heavy oil cracking device and a heavy oil cracking method, in particular to a heavy oil cracking gasification device and a heavy oil cracking gasification method.
Background
With the rapid increase of national economy, on one hand, the yield of crude oil in China cannot meet the production requirement, so that the dependence of China on imported crude oil is larger and larger, which is more than 70% at present, and the shortage of petroleum resources becomes a major energy problem, on the other hand, the consumption of finished oil is increased rapidly, and the development of unconventional petroleum resources such as heavy oil, extra heavy oil, asphalt and the like is concerned by people, so that the deep processing and utilization of the petroleum resources are more important in China. How to efficiently and reasonably process inferior heavy oil resources to produce clean energy meeting international standards becomes a major technical problem for research and attention of domestic and foreign researchers.
The traditional heavy oil upgrading technology is divided into two routes of hydrogenation and decarburization. As for the hydrogenation process, most domestic and foreign hydrogenation technologies aim at distillate oil, a mature fixed bed process technology with high hydrogen pressure and high hydrogen consumption is adopted, the distillate oil is used for producing clean fuel oil through hydrofining and hydrogenation treatment, the pressure of a suspension bed hydrogenation process adopted for heavy oil hydrogenation is generally up to 20MPa, and the hydrogenation process has the defects of high requirements on equipment technology, poor equipment matching property, high investment, low benefit and the like.
For the decarburization process, because the inferior heavy oil has the characteristics of high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content, high C/H ratio, high viscosity and density, high heteroatom and heavy metal content, easy condensation and coke formation and the like, most of the existing heavy oil processing technologies are difficult to meet the requirements of high efficiency and clean processing, such as simple delayed coking process flow, strong adaptability to raw materials, low liquid yield, high inferior coke yield and the like when the inferior heavy oil with high carbon residue and high metal content is processed, and the further popularization and application of the process are limited; the fluid coking technology can reduce the cracking reaction temperature and improve the yield of light olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons, and compared with the delayed coking technology, the fluid coking technology has the advantages that the liquid yield is improved by 12-18 percent, the coke yield is reduced by about 50 percent, the product distribution is flexible, but the technology has strict requirements on catalysts, regeneration conditions, equipment and the like. The flexible coking is a better method for treating heavy oil, reduces the coke yield, generates hydrogen-rich and low-heat-value gas, solves the problem that high-sulfur petroleum coke is used as an advanced foreign technology, but has the problems of complex process, higher investment, low fuel gas heat value, higher engineering design difficulty and the like, and has lower popularization rate.
The coking process at home and abroad lacks a heavy oil treatment way which has strong raw material adaptability, high liquid yield, good flexibility, high decarburization rate, large treatment capacity, continuous operation and easy large-scale production, and the way can fully utilize hydrogen elements existing in heavy oil, quickly and deeply crack the heavy oil, reduce or not generate coke, utilize petroleum coke gasification to generate heat and hydrogen-rich gas, and further improve the conversion efficiency of the heavy oil.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a heavy oil cracking gasification device and a heavy oil cracking gasification method which combine hydrogenation and decarburization heavy oil treatment methods, have strong adaptability, not only improve the heavy oil conversion rate, but also convert petroleum coke into high-calorific-value synthesis gas.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention employs an apparatus comprising: the system comprises a heavy oil atomization feeding system, a heavy oil cracking system, a gasification system and a material returning system;
the heavy oil atomization feeding system comprises a heavy oil buffer tank with a feeding port and a discharging port, the discharging port of the heavy oil buffer tank is connected with an oil inlet of an atomizer of a heavy oil atomizer through a heavy oil pump, and an atomizer air inlet (19) of the heavy oil atomizer is connected with conveying gas with a conveying gas superheater;
the heavy oil cracking system comprises a heavy oil cracker and a gas-solid separator, wherein the heavy oil cracker comprises a rapid mixing zone, a rapid cracking zone and a fixed coking zone which are sequentially communicated through a necking short section from bottom to top, the lower end of the rapid mixing zone is communicated with an outlet of a heavy oil atomizer, the side wall of the rapid mixing zone is provided with a fluidizer inlet, the lower end of the rapid mixing zone is provided with a slag discharge port of the cracker, the top of the fixed coking zone is provided with a mixed gas outlet communicated with an inlet of the gas-solid separator, the top of the gas-solid separator is provided with a cracked oil gas outlet, and the bottom of the gas-;
the gasification system comprises a gasification furnace and a synthesis gas purifier, wherein the gasification furnace is provided with an online charging port, a gasification furnace slag discharge port, a gasification heat source supplement port, a gasification agent inlet and a synthesis gas outlet; the gasification furnace is connected with a solid particle outlet of the gas-solid separator through a short section, and is connected with an inlet of a synthesis gas purifier with a synthesis gas pipeline and a dust exhaust port through a synthesis gas outlet;
the material returning system comprises a conveyor connected with a solid particle outlet of the gasification furnace, an inlet of the conveyor is connected with the supercharger, and an outlet of the conveyor is connected with the heavy oil cracker through a conveying short section.
The outer side of the heavy oil buffer tank is also provided with a steam heat exchanger, the upper part of the heavy oil buffer tank is provided with a heavy buffer tank pressure and temperature measuring point, and the lower discharge hole is provided with a heavy oil meter.
The outlet of the heavy oil pump is provided with a heavy oil pressure and temperature measuring point, the outlet of the heavy oil pump is also connected with the charging opening of the heavy oil buffer tank through a pipeline, the inlet of the conveying gas superheater is connected with a gas meter, and the outlet pipeline is connected with a superheater outlet pressure and temperature measuring point.
The outlet oil path of the heavy oil atomizer is a quarter of a circular arc.
The lower quick mixing area of the heavy oil cracker is connected with a first pressure and temperature measuring point, the middle quick cracking area is provided with a second pressure and temperature measuring point and a third pressure and temperature measuring point, the upper fixed coking area is provided with a fourth pressure and temperature measuring point, the gas speed of the quick mixing area is 0.2-2 m/s, the retention time is 1-10 s, the gas speed of the quick cracking area is 1-10 m/s, the retention time is 2-20 s, the gas speed of the mixed gas outlet at the upper part of the fixed coking area is 1-10 m/s, the feeding temperature of the heavy oil cracker is 450-.
The gas-solid separator is provided with a pressure and temperature measuring point.
The gasification furnace is a dry powder gasification furnace, the gasification agent is one or a mixture of several of oxygen, air and saturated steam, the stable gasification temperature of the gasification furnace is 750-.
A conveying gas metering instrument is also arranged on a pipeline between the supercharger and the conveyor; the conveying short section is provided with a conveying gas pressure and temperature measuring point, and the conveying gas adopts one or a mixture of several of purified synthesis gas, steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and the like.
The outer walls of the gas-solid separator, the gasification furnace, the conveyor, the short section and the conveying short section are all provided with steam or electric heat tracing heat preservation devices which enable the temperature of the gas-solid separator, the gasification furnace, the conveyor, the short section and the conveying short section to be maintained above 350-500 ℃.
The heavy oil cracking and gasifying method comprises the following steps:
step one, adding a heat carrier into a gasification furnace through an online charging port in a heating fluidization stage, using the heat carrier as a heat transfer medium in the whole fluidization system to realize fluidization, feeding the heat transfer medium into a heat source from a fluidization gas inlet and a gasification heat source supplement port, and heating the heavy oil cracker and the gasification furnace to above 600 ℃ by the heat transfer medium through fluidization;
preheating heavy oil to 100-200 ℃ through a heavy oil buffer tank, heating by means of heat tracing, and feeding the heavy oil into a heavy oil atomizer after metering by a heavy oil meter; the atomized gas is metered by a gas meter, enters a conveying gas superheater for heating, and then enters a heavy oil atomizer; forming atomized oil gas after atomizing with heavy oil;
step three, the atomized oil gas enters a rapid mixing zone, contacts with a high-temperature heat carrier from a conveyor and is rapidly heated, a cracking reaction is carried out in a rapid cracking zone, so that a mixture of the high-temperature oil gas and carbon-containing particles is formed, the mixture enters a fixed coking zone to further coke the carbon-containing particles, and finally the mixture enters a gas-solid separator;
step four, gas-solid separation of oil gas and carbon-containing particles is realized in a gas-solid separator, the pyrolysis oil gas enters a subsequent cooling and collection through an upper pyrolysis oil gas outlet, and the carbon-containing particles can enter a gasification furnace through a short section;
step five, completing gasification reaction of carbon-containing particles from the short section and a gasification agent from a gasification agent inlet in a gasification furnace, purifying the generated synthesis gas in a synthesis gas purifier, then cooling and recovering the synthesis gas, and enabling the trapped solid to enter a conveyor;
and step six, under the action of conveying gas provided by the pressurizer, the conveyor returns the solid particles serving as a heat carrier to the heavy oil cracking unit.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: heavy oil is used as a raw material, local resistance during gas-liquid mixing is reduced through the structural form of a heavy oil atomizer, the gas-liquid acting area is increased due to large gas-liquid speed difference, speed difference is generated among liquids, gas-liquid two-phase flow which is uniformly mixed is formed, the diameter of the gas-liquid two-phase flow is suddenly changed when the gas-liquid two-phase flow reaches an outlet, the uniform liquid is rapidly spread into a film or a liquid filament, and after the uniform liquid leaves a nozzle, the uniform liquid is unstably crushed under the action of increasing the pressure difference inside and outside the outlet, fog drops are formed, and. Atomizing oil gas and high-heating-value synthesis gas generated in the cracking-gasification process of heavy oil. The invention provides a new technology for heavy inferior oil treatment, not only improves the conversion rate of heavy oil, but also does not generate petroleum coke, converts the petroleum coke into high-calorific-value synthesis gas, has strong adaptability, and has very good industrialization prospect and economic benefit.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic process flow diagram of the invention;
in the figure: 1. a heavy oil buffer tank; 2. a heavy oil pump; 3. a transport gas superheater; 4. a heavy oil atomizer; 5. a heavy oil cracker; 6. a gas-solid separator; 7. a gasification furnace; 8. a conveyor; 9. a gas purifier; 10. a supercharger; 11. a feed inlet; 12. a heat exchanger; 13. a syngas conduit; 14. a pressure measuring and temperature measuring point of the heavy buffer tank; 15. a heavy oil meter; 16. heavy oil pressure measurement and temperature measurement points; 17. a gas meter; 18. the pressure and temperature measuring point of the outlet of the superheater is measured; 19. an atomizer air inlet; 20. an atomizer oil inlet; 21. a rapid mixing zone; 22. a fast lysis zone; 23. a fixed coking zone; 24. a mixed gas outlet; 25. a first pressure measuring and temperature measuring point; 26. a second pressure measuring and temperature measuring point; 27. a third pressure measuring and temperature measuring point; 28. a fourth pressure measuring and temperature measuring point; 29. an inlet; 30. a pyrolysis oil gas outlet; 31. the gas-solid separator measures the pressure and temperature point; 32. a special short section; 33. a pressure and temperature measuring point of the gasification furnace; 34. a gasification agent inlet; 35. a slag discharge port of the gasification furnace; 36. a fluidization gas meter; 37. conveying short sections; 38. a slag discharge port of the cracker; 39. a syngas outlet; 40. conveying gas pressure measuring and temperature measuring points; 41. a fluidizing gas inlet; 42. a gasification heat source supplement port; 43. an online charging port; 44. a dust exhaust port; 45. a solid particle discharge port; 46. a purge port; 47. a fluidization gas meter.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, which are not intended to limit the invention thereto.
Referring to fig. 1, the coking wastewater purification treatment apparatus of the present invention comprises: the system comprises a heavy oil atomization feeding system, a heavy oil cracking system, a gasification system and a material returning system;
the heavy oil atomization feeding system comprises a heavy oil buffer tank 1, a heavy oil pump 2, a conveying gas superheater 3 and a heavy oil atomizer 4; a steam heat exchanger 12 is arranged on the outer side of the heavy oil buffer tank 1, and a charging opening 11 and a heavy buffer tank pressure measuring and temperature measuring point 14 are arranged at the upper part of the heavy oil buffer tank 1; an outlet at the lower part of the heavy oil buffer tank 1 is connected with a heavy oil pump 2 through a heavy oil metering instrument 15, and an outlet of the heavy oil pump 2 is provided with a heavy oil pressure and temperature measuring point 16 and is connected with a heavy oil charging hole 11 and an atomizer oil inlet 20 of a heavy oil atomizer 4; the inlet of the conveying gas superheater 3 is connected with a gas metering instrument 17, and the outlet of the conveying gas superheater is connected with a superheater outlet pressure measuring temperature measuring point 18 and an atomizer gas inlet 19 of the heavy oil atomizer 4; the oil way at the outlet of the oil atomizer 4 is a quarter of a circular arc;
the heavy oil cracking system comprises a heavy oil cracker 5 and a gas-solid separator 6; the heavy oil cracker 5 is divided into a rapid mixing zone 21, a rapid cracking zone 22 and a fixed coking zone 23 which are connected through a necking short joint; the lower quick mixing area 21 of the heavy oil cracker 5 is communicated with the outlet of the heavy oil atomizer 4, and the lower quick mixing area 21 is also connected with a first pressure measuring and temperature measuring point 25, a cracker slag discharging port 38 and a fluidized gas inlet 41; the middle quick cracking area 22 of the heavy oil cracker 5 is provided with a second pressure and temperature measuring point 26 and a third pressure and temperature measuring point 27; a fourth pressure and temperature measuring point 28 and a mixed gas outlet 24 are arranged in a fixed coking area 23 at the upper part of the heavy oil cracker 5; the heavy oil cracker 5 is connected with the inlet 29 of the gas-solid separator 6 through the mixed gas outlet 24; the gas-solid separator 6 is provided with a cracked oil gas outlet 30, a solid particle discharge port 45 and a gas-solid separator pressure measuring temperature measuring point 31;
the gasification system comprises a gasification furnace 7 and a synthesis gas purifier 9; the gasification furnace 7 is connected with a solid particle discharge port 45 of the gas-solid separator 6 through a short section 32, a blowing port 46 is arranged on the short section 32, and the gasification furnace 7 is also provided with a gasification furnace pressure measuring temperature measuring point 33, a gasification agent inlet 34, a gasification furnace slag discharge port 35, a synthetic gas outlet 39, a gasification heat source supplement inlet 42 and an online charging port 43; the gasification furnace is connected with the inlet of a synthesis gas purifier 9 with a synthesis gas pipeline 13 and a dust exhaust port 44 through a synthesis gas outlet 39;
the material returning system comprises a conveyor 8 and a supercharger 10; the conveyor 8 is connected with the rapid mixing zone 21 of the heavy oil cracker 5 through a conveying short section 37, the supercharger 10 is connected with the conveyor 8 through a conveying gas metering instrument 36, and a conveying gas pressure and temperature measuring point 40 is arranged on the conveying short section 37;
the heat preservation heat tracing and heavy oil pressure measuring and temperature measuring points 16 are arranged along the path from the heavy oil buffer tank 1 to the heavy oil atomizer 4, so that the temperature of the heavy oil is controlled to be 100-400 ℃, the conveying pressure is 0.01-4.00 MPa, and the feeding speed is 0.1-5.0 kg/min.
The outlet oil path of the heavy oil atomizer 4 is a quarter of arc, the gas-liquid contact area is increased, a uniformly mixed gas-liquid two-phase flow is formed, the internal and external pressure difference at the outlet of the nozzle is increased, and the nozzle is unstable and broken to form fog drops, so that the high-efficiency atomization of the heavy oil is realized.
The atomized oil gas enters the rapid mixing zone 21, is bonded with a high-temperature heat carrier conveyed by the conveying nipple 37, rapidly rises in temperature, is lifted to the rapid cracking zone 22 for rapid cracking, and is rapidly catalytically cracked under the action of a catalyst. Heavy oil is atomized and then enters a rapid mixing zone 21, a rapid cracking zone 22 and a fixed coking zone 23, the gas velocity and the residence time are adjusted through differential pressure, the gas velocity of the rapid mixing zone 21 is 0.2-2 m/s, the residence time is 1-10 s, the gas velocity of the rapid cracking zone 22 is 1-10 m/s, the residence time is 2-20 s, and the gas velocity of a mixed gas outlet 24 at the upper part of the fixed coking zone 23 is 1-10 m/s.
In the initial start-up stage of the heavy oil cracking system and the gasification system, start-up flue gas is provided to the device through the fluidizing gas inlet 41 and the gasification heat source supplement inlet 42, the feeding temperature of the heavy oil cracker 5 is 450-.
The bottom of the heavy oil cracker 5 is provided with a cracker slag discharge port 38 which is connected with a solid ash discharge device to realize online pressure reduction and continuous ash discharge.
The high-temperature gas-solid fluidization equipment in the device is a wear-resistant ceramic substrate.
All pressure and temperature measuring points in the device can realize simultaneous detection of pressure and temperature, the device operates at normal pressure and temperature through monitoring, and the short section 32 ensures that the synthesis gas generated by the gasification furnace 7 cannot reversely flow into the gas-solid separator 6.
The top of the gasification furnace 7 is provided with an online charging port 43, so that one or more of quartz sand, catalyst, ash and other inert particle-containing materials can be charged online during the start-up, the materials are whole system fluidization heat carriers, and the particle size of the materials is 50-200 mu m.
The gasification furnace 7 is a dry powder gasification furnace, the gasification agent is one or a mixture of several of oxygen, air and saturated steam, and the gasification temperature needs to consider adding a solid inert heat carrier.
The conveying gas of the conveyor 8 comes from a supercharger 10, and the conveying gas can be one or a mixture of several of purified synthesis gas, steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and the like.
The synthesis gas generated by the gasification furnace 7 enters a synthesis gas purifier 9, the synthesis gas contains fine ash with the particle size of less than 50 mu m, the synthesis gas purifier 9 is provided with a dust exhaust port (44) for purification, and the synthesis gas purifier 9 supplements and collects the fine ash and exhausts the fine ash through the dust exhaust port 44.
In the early stage of the start-up of the device, the external start-up preheater provides high-temperature gas to enter the fluidized gas inlet 41 in the temperature rise stage of the heavy oil cracker 5, the fluidized gas metering instrument 47 is arranged at the front end of the fluidized gas inlet 41, and the fluidized gas inlet 41, the heavy oil atomizer 4 and the conveying short joint 37 provide circulating gas for the heavy oil cracker 5 together in the normal start-up feeding stage.
The outer walls of the gas-solid separator 6, the gasification furnace 7, the conveyor 8, the short section 32 and the conveying short section 37 in the material fluidization system are all provided with steam or electric heat tracing heat preservation, and the temperature is maintained above 350-500 ℃.
The invention relates to a heavy oil cracking gasification method, which comprises the following steps:
step one, a heat carrier is added into the gasification furnace 7 through an online charging port 43 in a heating fluidization stage, the heat carrier is taken as a heat transfer medium in the whole fluidization system to realize fluidization, the heat transfer medium enters a heat source from a fluidization gas inlet 41 and a gasification heat source supplement port 42, and the heat transfer medium heats the heavy oil cracker 5 and the gasification furnace 7 to be more than 600 ℃ by means of fluidization;
preheating heavy oil to 100-200 ℃ through a heavy oil buffer tank 1, heating by means of heat tracing, metering by a heavy oil metering instrument 15, and then feeding the heavy oil into a heavy oil atomizer 4 through a heavy oil pump 2; the atomized gas is metered by a gas metering instrument 17, enters a conveying gas superheater 3, is heated and then enters a heavy oil atomizer 4; forming atomized oil gas after atomizing with heavy oil;
step three, the atomized oil gas enters a rapid mixing zone 21, contacts with a high-temperature heat carrier from a conveyor 8 and is rapidly heated, a cracking reaction is carried out in a rapid cracking zone 22, a mixture of the high-temperature oil gas and carbon-containing particles is formed, the mixture enters a fixed coking zone 23 to further coke the carbon-containing particles, and finally the mixture enters a gas-solid separator 6;
fourthly, gas-solid separation of oil gas and carbon-containing particles is realized in the gas-solid separator 6, the pyrolysis oil gas enters the subsequent cooling and collection through the upper pyrolysis oil gas outlet 30, and the carbon-containing particles can enter the gasification furnace 7 through the special short section 32;
step five, the gasification reaction of the carbon-containing particles from the short section 32 and the gasification agent from the gasification agent inlet 34 is completed in the gasification furnace 7, the generated synthesis gas enters the synthesis gas purifier 9 for purification and then enters the subsequent cooling and recovery, and the trapped solid can enter the conveyor 8;
and step six, under the action of conveying gas provided by a pressure booster 10, the conveyor 8 returns the solid particles serving as a heat carrier to the heavy oil cracking unit 5.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: modifications and equivalents may be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is to be covered by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A heavy oil cracking gasification device is characterized by comprising a heavy oil atomization feeding system, a heavy oil cracking system, a gasification system and a material returning system;
the heavy oil atomization feeding system comprises a heavy oil buffer tank (1) with a feeding port and a discharging port, the discharging port of the heavy oil buffer tank (1) is connected with an atomizer oil inlet (20) of a heavy oil atomizer (4) through a heavy oil pump (2), and an atomizer air inlet (19) of the heavy oil atomizer (4) is connected with conveying gas with a conveying gas superheater (3);
the heavy oil cracking system comprises a heavy oil cracker (5) and a gas-solid separator (6), wherein the heavy oil cracker (5) comprises a rapid mixing zone (21), a rapid cracking zone (22) and a fixed coking zone (23) which are sequentially communicated from bottom to top through a necking short section, the lower end of the rapid mixing zone (21) is communicated with an outlet of a heavy oil atomizer (4), a fluidized gas inlet (41) is formed in the side wall of the rapid mixing zone (21), a cracker slag discharge port (38) is formed in the lower end of the rapid mixing zone, a mixed gas outlet (24) communicated with an inlet (29) of the gas-solid separator (6) is formed in the top of the fixed coking zone (23), a cracked oil gas outlet (30) is formed in the top of the gas-solid separator (6), and a solid particle outlet (45) is formed;
the gasification system comprises a gasification furnace (7) with an online charging port (43), a gasification furnace slag discharge port (35), a gasification heat source supplement port (42), a gasification agent inlet (34) and a synthetic gas outlet (39), and a synthetic gas purifier (9); the gasification furnace (7) is connected with a solid particle outlet of the gas-solid separator (6) through a short joint (32), and is connected with an inlet of a synthesis gas purifier (9) with a synthesis gas pipeline (13) and a dust exhaust port (44) through a synthesis gas outlet (39);
the material returning system comprises a conveyor (8) connected with a solid particle outlet of the gasification furnace, an inlet of the conveyor is connected with the supercharger (10), and an outlet of the conveyor (8) is connected with the heavy oil cracker (5) through a conveying short joint (37).
2. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the outer side of the heavy oil buffer tank (1) is also provided with a steam heat exchanger (12), the upper part of the heavy oil buffer tank (1) is provided with a heavy oil buffer tank pressure and temperature measuring point (14), and the lower part discharge hole is provided with a heavy oil meter (15).
3. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the heavy oil pump (2) outlet is provided with a heavy oil pressure and temperature measuring point (16), the heavy oil pump (2) outlet is also connected with the feed inlet (11) of the heavy oil buffer tank (1) through a pipeline, the transport gas superheater (3) inlet is connected with a gas metering instrument (17), and the transport gas superheater outlet pressure and temperature measuring point (18) is connected on the outlet pipeline.
4. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the oil circuit at the outlet of the heavy oil atomizer (4) is a quarter of a circular arc.
5. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the lower quick mixing area (21) of the heavy oil cracker (5) is connected with a first pressure and temperature measuring point (25), the middle quick cracking area (22) is provided with a second pressure and temperature measuring point (26) and a third pressure and temperature measuring point (27), the upper fixed coking area (23) is provided with a fourth pressure and temperature measuring point (28), the air speed of the quick mixing area (21) is 0.2-2 m/s, the retention time is 1-10 s, the air speed of the quick cracking area (22) is 1-10 m/s, the retention time is 2-20 s, the air speed of the upper mixed gas outlet (24) of the fixed coking area (23) is 1-10 m/s, the feeding temperature of the heavy oil cracker (5) is 450-650 ℃, and the front end of the fluidized gas inlet (41) is further provided with a fluidized gas measuring instrument (47).
6. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: and a pressure and temperature measuring point (31) of the gas-solid separator is arranged on the gas-solid separator (6).
7. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the gasification furnace (7) is a dry powder gasification furnace, the gasification agent is one or a mixture of several of oxygen, air and saturated steam, the stable gasification temperature of the gasification furnace (7) is 750-.
8. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: a conveying gas metering instrument (36) is further installed on a pipeline between the supercharger (10) and the conveyor (8); and a conveying gas pressure and temperature measuring point (40) is arranged on the conveying nipple (37), and the conveying gas adopts one or more of purified synthesis gas, steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
9. The heavy oil cracking gasification apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the outer walls of the gas-solid separator (6), the gasification furnace (7), the conveyor (8), the short section (32) and the conveying short section (37) are all provided with steam or electric heat tracing heat preservation devices which enable the temperature of the outer walls to be maintained above 350-500 ℃.
10. A heavy oil pyrolysis gasification method based on the apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by comprising the steps of:
step one, a heat carrier is added into a gasification furnace (7) through an online charging port (43) in a heating fluidization stage, the heat carrier is taken as a heat transfer medium in the whole fluidization system to realize fluidization, the heat transfer medium enters a heat source from a fluidization gas inlet (41) and a gasification heat source charging port (42), and the heat transfer medium heats a heavy oil cracker (5) and the gasification furnace (7) to be higher than 600 ℃ by means of fluidization;
preheating heavy oil to 100-200 ℃ through a heavy oil buffer tank (1), heating by means of heat tracing, metering by a heavy oil metering instrument (15), and then feeding the heavy oil into a heavy oil atomizer (4) through a heavy oil pump (2); the atomized gas is metered by a gas metering instrument (17), enters a conveying gas superheater (3), is heated and then enters a heavy oil atomizer (4); forming atomized oil gas after atomizing with heavy oil;
step three, the atomized oil gas enters a rapid mixing zone (21), contacts with a high-temperature heat carrier from a conveyor (8), rapidly heats, and undergoes a cracking reaction in a rapid cracking zone (22) to form a mixture of the high-temperature oil gas and carbon-containing particles, enters a fixed coking zone (23) to further coke the carbon-containing particles, and finally enters a gas-solid separator (6) together;
fourthly, gas-solid separation of oil gas and carbon-containing particles is realized in a gas-solid separator (6), pyrolysis oil gas enters a subsequent cooling and collection through an upper pyrolysis oil gas outlet (30), and the carbon-containing particles can enter a gasification furnace (7) through a short section (32);
fifthly, the carbon-containing particles from the short joint (32) and the gasifying agent from the gasifying agent inlet (34) complete the gasification reaction in the gasification furnace (7), the generated synthetic gas enters the synthetic gas purifier (9) for purification and then enters the subsequent cooling and recovery, and the captured solid can enter the conveyor (8);
and step six, under the action of conveying gas provided by the pressure booster (10), the conveyor (8) returns the solid particles serving as a heat carrier to the heavy oil cracker (5).
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| CN201911172741.7A CN110819382B (en) | 2019-11-26 | 2019-11-26 | Heavy oil cracking gasification device and method |
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