CN110752883A - Design method of ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on Reedberg atomic transition - Google Patents

Design method of ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on Reedberg atomic transition Download PDF

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CN110752883A
CN110752883A CN201910957242.2A CN201910957242A CN110752883A CN 110752883 A CN110752883 A CN 110752883A CN 201910957242 A CN201910957242 A CN 201910957242A CN 110752883 A CN110752883 A CN 110752883A
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rydberg
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CN110752883B (en
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唐禹
任爽
杨创
陈庆庆
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Xian University of Electronic Science and Technology
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/60—Receivers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
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Abstract

The invention discloses a design method of an ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver based on rydberg atomic transition, which is characterized in that a rydberg steam pool is added at the front end of a radio frequency antenna of a traditional receiver, and particles in the rydberg steam pool are excited by laser to enable the particles at different energy levels to migrate, so that a radio frequency signal is amplified and then received by the traditional radio frequency antenna to enter the receiver. Two Reedberg energy levels are included in the amplification process, radio frequency signals are adopted to excite high-energy-level Reedberg atoms to generate excited radiation, bound electrons are transited from a Reedberg state of a high energy level to a Reedberg state of a low energy level, and a microwave photon with the same frequency, polarization and phase information as those of an input microwave photon is released, so that the weak microwave signals can be amplified. The invention is not limited by resistance thermal noise, and overcomes the problem that the traditional radio frequency receiver can not receive power lower than the thermal noise.

Description

Design method of ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on Reedberg atomic transition
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of laser communication, and particularly relates to a design method of an ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver based on Reedberg atomic transition.
Background
Radio waves are widely used in the fields of health, entertainment, communication, radar, aerospace, and the like. In these fields of application, especially in the fields of communication radar and aerospace, there is a particular concern about how weak electromagnetic signals are received, and it is the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver that determines the detection capability. Typically the noise performance of a receiver can be measured in terms of the noise figure. A typical radar receiver receives radio waves in space by using a microwave antenna, and when n stages of circuits are cascaded, the total noise coefficient of the receiver is as follows:
Figure BDA0002227743830000011
in the formula, Fi、GiRespectively representing the noise figure and the rated power gain of the ith stage circuit. In order to make the total noise coefficient of the receiver small, the noise coefficients of all stages are required to be small, and the rated power gain is required to be high; the influence of the internal noise of each stage is different, and the influence on the total noise coefficient is larger as the stage number is more advanced, so that the total noise coefficient is mainly determined by the first stages.
Quantum mechanical analysis shows that the noise power spectral density of the receiving amplifier has the following form:
Figure BDA0002227743830000012
in the above formula Pnoise(f) Is the noise power spectral density, h is the Planck constant 6.6261 × 10-34J.s, hf denote shot noise, k is the Boltzmann constant 1.380649 × 10-23J/K, T is the Kelvin temperature at operation, kT represents thermal noise.
In the radio frequency band, thermal noise plays a major role, and the noise power of the receiving amplifier is derived from the thermal noise of the amplifier resistor, so that the receiving performance of the conventional microwave receiver is limited by the thermal noise of the resistor of the first-stage low-noise amplifier, and the equivalent noise power is the power of the thermal noise in the bandwidth, that is, kTB (B refers to the receiver bandwidth). By adopting the traditional electromagnetic receiving method, the minimum signal power which can be received by the radar receiver cannot break through the thermal noise power kTB, so that the realization of the method has important significance for the receiving technology of the signal with smaller thermal noise power.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a design method of an ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver based on the transition of rydberg atoms, aims to overcome the problem that the traditional radio frequency receiver cannot receive signals with power lower than thermal noise power, realizes a novel radio frequency receiving mode without resistors, and can realize the amplification receiving of weak radio frequency signals.
The design idea of the invention is as follows: the method comprises the following steps of designing a at least five-energy-level Reedberg receiver system, realizing population inversion distribution of two Reedberg energy levels by coupling different energy levels with laser, and amplifying the weak radio-frequency signal until the power of the weak radio-frequency signal exceeds the thermal noise power by exciting the radio-frequency signal and exciting the particles at the Reedberg energy level to be more than the excited absorption. The amplification process of the radio frequency electric field by the rydberg atoms is a process in which particles mutually circulate among energy levels in a multi-energy-level system. And secondly, receiving the amplified radio frequency signal by adopting a traditional radio frequency receiving method.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.
A design method of an ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver based on Reedberg atomic transition comprises the following steps:
step 1, according to a mechanism that a signal is received by virtue of transition of a rydberg atom, arranging a rydberg steam pool at the front end of a traditional radio frequency antenna; determining the type and angular frequency of a radio frequency signal of a receiver;
step 2, establishing an energy level system based on the transition of rydberg atoms in the receiver, determining the type and energy relationship of each energy level in the system, and determining the angular frequency of the coupled laser according to the coupled energy level;
step 3, determining corresponding laser beams according to the energy levels, irradiating the steam pool of the Reidberg by the laser beams to enable particles on the energy levels to be excited by the laser, and calculating the output microwave power of the steam pool;
step 4, calculating the signal gain of the particles after passing through the steam pool of the Reidberg according to the output microwave power of the steam pool; determining the minimum total particle number required by the system according to the minimum gain requirement of the steam pool of the Reidberg; all design parameters of the ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver are obtained, and the design of the ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver is completed.
The invention relates to an ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver based on rydberg atomic transition, which is characterized in that a rydberg steam pool is added at the front end of a radio frequency antenna of a traditional receiver, and particles in the rydberg steam pool are excited by laser to enable the particles at different energy levels to migrate, so that ultra-low noise radio frequency signals are amplified and then received by the traditional radio frequency antenna to enter the receiver. The multi-energy level system in the steam pool is as follows: from a ground state energy level E1Two intermediate energy levels E2、E5And two Reedberg levels E3、E4(ii) a The number of the intermediate energy levels can be multiple, and the intermediate energy levels can be flexibly set according to specific laser energy, particle number and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention utilizes the unique properties of the rydberg atoms, such as long service life, large atomic volume, large transition dipole moment, high polarizability and the like, utilizes the rydberg atoms to amplify weak radio-frequency signals, comprises two rydberg energy levels in the amplification process, and excites the rydberg atoms with high energy level by adopting the radio-frequency signals to generate excited radiation, bound electrons transition from the rydberg state with high energy level to the rydberg state with low energy level, and a microwave photon with the same frequency, polarization and phase information as the input microwave photon is released, thereby realizing the amplification of the weak microwave signals.
(2) When the designed Reedberg receiver receives a common phase coding signal, the first-stage small signal is amplified without adopting an electronic amplification mode, so that the limitation of resistance thermal noise is avoided, the signal-to-noise ratio is usually higher than that of a traditional receiving method, the problem that the traditional radio frequency receiver cannot receive power lower than the thermal noise is solved, and the requirement of the communication radar and aerospace fields on receiving weak electromagnetic signals is met.
Drawings
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the energy level structure and schematic of a receiver in an embodiment of the invention; wherein, the left side is the energy level structure diagram of the receiver, and the right side is the functional block diagram of the receiver;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing simulation results of variation in population of each energy level according to an embodiment of the present invention; wherein, (a) corresponds to the variation graph of the population of each energy level of low power, and (b) corresponds to the variation graph of the population of each energy level of high power;
fig. 3 is a simulation of the gain of a rydberg receiver in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The embodiments and effects of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention discloses a design method of an ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver based on Reedberg atomic transition, which is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, according to a mechanism that a signal is received by virtue of transition of a rydberg atom, arranging a rydberg steam pool at the front end of a traditional radio frequency antenna; determining the type and angular frequency of a radio frequency signal of a receiver;
referring to fig. 1, taking 5 levels as an example: the method is characterized in that a Reidberg steam pool is arranged at the front end of a traditional radio frequency antenna, a weak radio frequency electric field is amplified through the steam pool, the steam pool is excited by three beams of laser, particles in the steam pool are in different energy levels, five energy levels are coupled by three laser signals and one radio frequency signal to form a circulating system, and microwave signals are amplified and then received by the traditional radio frequency antenna.
For the radio frequency receiver designed by the invention, because the frequency of the radio frequency signal required to be amplified needs to be the Bohr frequency of the transition of the energy levels of two rydberg atoms, and the frequency of the linear frequency modulation signal changes along with the time and does not meet the transition rule between the energy levels, the type of the radio frequency signal of the receiver is the phase encoding carrier frequency.
The rydberg receiver is adapted to receive a radio frequency signal in a phase encoded form, which form can be represented by:
Figure BDA0002227743830000051
wherein E is0Is the amplitude, N, of the phase-encoded signal0Is the number of symbols, ωRFIs the angular frequency of the radio frequency signal,
Figure BDA0002227743830000052
is the phase, T, of each symbolpIs the symbol width, ωRFIt should satisfy:
Figure BDA0002227743830000053
wherein the content of the first and second substances,is a reduced Planck constant of 1.0546 × 10-34J·s；EmAnd EnRespectively, the rydberg energy levels.
Step 2, establishing an energy level system based on the transition of rydberg atoms in the receiver, determining the type and energy relationship of each energy level in the system, and determining the angular frequency of the coupled laser according to the coupled energy level;
to achieve an inverted population distribution, a multi-energy level system is required that includes a ground state energy level and two rydberg energy levels, and at least two intermediate energy levels to increase the efficiency of the preparation of the rydberg atoms. The appropriate energy level selection is related to the frequency selection of the rf signal, the gain of the receiver, etc.
Determining the type and energy relation of each energy level:
taking the five-level system as an example, electrons are directed from the ground level E1Excitation to a Reidberg level E3Very inefficient, and therefore use an intermediate energy level E2And (6) transition.
Realizing a Reidberg level E3And E4The population inversion distribution of (E) needs to be removed as soon as possible4Electrons of energy level, but E4The Reidberg level has a long life and very low efficiency of returning to the ground state by spontaneous radiation, so that an intermediate level E needs to be added5。
The two intermediate energy levels may be chosen to be the two energy levels immediately adjacent to the ground state energy level, for example 6P for a caesium system3/2And 6P1/2For rubidium system, 5P can be selected3/2And 5P1/2。
Reidberg level E3And E4The lifetime is long and is chosen in relation to the frequency of the radio frequency signal. The relationship of the five energy levels is: e1＜E2＜E3，E5＜E4＜E3. In addition, E2And E5Selection rules that do not satisfy transitions are transition forbidden. Wherein E is1Represents the ground state energy level, E2Representing an intermediate energy level between the ground state level and the higher energy Reedberg level, E5Representing an intermediate energy level between the lower energy rydberg level and the ground level, E3Indicating a higher energy rydberg level, E4Indicating a lower energy rydberg level.
Determining the angular frequency of the coupled laser:
the rydberg receiver couples different energy levels through a plurality of laser beams, wherein the coupling of the ground state energy level and the intermediate energy level and the coupling of the intermediate energy level and the higher energy rydberg level are included, so that a large amount of particles of the ground state energy level are indirectly conveyed to the rydberg level. In order to realize the population inversion distribution of the rydberg level, another rydberg level and other intermediate levels need to be coupled by laser, and electrons on the other rydberg level are moved away as fast as possible. The angular frequency of the coupled laser light is related to the coupling energy level.
Coupling E by two laser beams1And E2、E2And E3The preparation efficiency of the rydberg atoms is improved; coupling E with a laser beam4And E5Energy level of E4Electrons in energy level are moved to intermediate energy level E as fast as possible5，E3Short lifetime and return of electrons to ground level E by spontaneous emission1。
Determining the frequency of the coupled laser according to the relation between the frequency and the energy level transition:
Figure BDA0002227743830000061
where ω is the laser angular frequency, EiAnd EjIs two energy levels of laser coupling, and satisfies Ei＞Ej。
Step 3, determining corresponding laser beams according to the energy levels, irradiating the steam pool of the Reidberg by the laser beams to enable particles on the energy levels to be excited by the laser, and calculating the output microwave power of the steam pool;
the rydberg receiver achieves the purpose of amplifying signals by enabling electrons at the high-energy-level rydberg level to be subjected to stimulated radiation transition, so that the output power of the rydberg receiver is related to the particle number of the rydberg level and the particle transition probability.
When the system is in a steady state, the number of particles at each energy level does not change with time, and if each energy level is not simple, the number of particles at each energy level can be obtained, taking five energy levels as an example:
Figure BDA0002227743830000073
Figure BDA0002227743830000074
Figure BDA0002227743830000075
wherein n is1Represents E1Number of particles on energy level, tau2Finger E2Life of energy level, n3And n4Respectively, a Reidberg energy level E3、E4The number of particles above; n is2And n5Respectively intermediate energy level E2、E5The number of particles above; wijRepresents from EiEnergy level to EjThe stimulated transition probability of the energy level (including stimulated radiative transition and stimulated absorption transition), and N is the total number of particles. It can be seen that the introduction of the short lifetime energy level E5Then, n3Is always greater than n4I.e. the population always presents a reversed distribution.
Power of PinWhen the radio frequency electric field irradiates on a steam pool with length of l and width of w, the output microwave power is as follows:
Figure BDA0002227743830000076
when the detuning is small, the average probability of stimulated transitions produced per symbol is:
Figure BDA0002227743830000077
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002227743830000078
represents from E3To E4Transition dipole moment of, Z0Is free space impedance of 120 pi omega; t ispIs the symbol width;
the average probability of stimulated transitions produced per symbol is made up of two parts:
W34＝B34·Isig(ω)
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002227743830000081
is the coefficient of Einstein B,
Figure BDA0002227743830000082
is the energy density of the radio frequency electric field.
Step 4, calculating the signal gain of the particles after passing through the steam pool of the Reidberg according to the output microwave power of the steam pool; determining the minimum total particle number required by the system according to the minimum gain requirement of the system; thus, all design parameters of the ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver are obtained, and the design of the ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver is completed.
The gain of the Reedberg receiver is mainly affected by E3And E4At E due to the difference in the number of energy level particles4The population of the energy levels varies mainly with the input rf power. As the input microwave power increases, the gain of the rydberg receiver begins to decrease so that there is a saturated power in the rydberg receiver when the output power is substantially equal to the input power.
Theoretical signal gain G through steam pooltComprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002227743830000083
when the output microwave power is increased to a certain degree, the gain of the Reedberg receiver begins to decrease, and when the output power is basically equal to the input power, the output power at the moment is defined as the saturation power P of the receiversat：
Figure BDA0002227743830000084
N is to be5Substituting the particle number calculation formula into the formula, the expression for obtaining the saturation power is as follows:
Figure BDA0002227743830000085
the signal gain of the rydberg receiver is then:
Figure BDA0002227743830000091
in practical situations, the saturation power is much larger than the thermal noise power of the resistor, so that the receiver does not influence the reception power of a weak signal lower than the thermal noise power kTB.
The minimum gain requirement for a rydberg steam pool is: the power of the signal amplified by the steam pool of the Reidberg is larger than the power of the thermal noise;
namely, the following conditions are satisfied:
Pout＞kTB
where k is the Boltzmann constant 1.380649 × 10-23J/K, T is the Kelvin temperature at work, kT represents the thermal noise; b is the receiver bandwidth;
the minimum gain requirement for the rydberg steam pool is therefore:
Figure BDA0002227743830000092
when the input signal power is small and the coupled power of each energy level is known, the total particle number of the system should satisfy:
Figure BDA0002227743830000093
wherein N isminThe minimum total number of particles required for the system. In practice, to reduce the effect of thermal noise on the system, the actual population should be much larger than Nmin。
And (3) verifying the signal-to-noise ratio:
after the radio frequency signal or the radio frequency signal with weak power passes through the steam pool of the rydberg under the design parameters, the signal is amplified and received by a traditional radio frequency antenna.
Noise performance analysis:
the noise of the Reedberg receiver is derived from the spontaneous radiation transition on the one hand, and the noise power P thereofnoise1Comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002227743830000101
wherein A is34Is E3Energy level to E4Spontaneous emissivity of the energy level.
On the other hand, the reception process of the rydberg receiver can be regarded as input radio frequency photons and the rydberg energy level E3As a result of the above bound electron elastic collision, the number of collisions varies with a certain fluctuation at different times, and is a random variable obeying the poisson distribution, and the noise energy density caused by the fluctuation of the number of collisions is:
Figure BDA0002227743830000102
where < · > represents time-averaged.
Since the spontaneous emissivity between the rydberg atoms is very small, the fluctuation noise caused by collision accounts for the dominant derivative, and therefore the signal-to-noise ratio of the output signal can be approximately expressed as:
wherein, ω is34Radio frequency angular frequency omega for coupling two Reidberg levelsRF，B＝1/TpAnd is the signal bandwidth.
When SNR is 1, the equivalent noise power NEP of the Reedberg receiver can be obtainedRydberg：
NEPRydberg＝hf34B
Wherein f is34For radio frequency angular frequency omegaRFThe corresponding frequency.
Compared with the equivalent noise power kTB of the traditional microwave receiver, when the signal-to-noise ratio of the Reedberg receiver is greater than that of the traditional receiving method, the Reedberg receiver has the advantages that:
Figure BDA0002227743830000104
the formula is simplified as follows:
Figure BDA0002227743830000111
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002227743830000112
the expression power per bandwidth is a relatively large value to the right of the above equation, which indicates that the reed-burger rf receiver is always advantageous in terms of signal-to-noise ratio over conventional rf receivers.
Simulation experiment
1. Simulation conditions are as follows:
the configuration of the operation platform of the simulation experiment of the invention is as follows:
a CPU: intel (R) core (TM) i7-4790CPU @3.60GHz and internal memory 8.00 GB;
operating the system: windows 7 flagship edition 64-bit SP1 operating system;
simulation software: MATLAB R (2016 a).
The simulation parameters of the simulation experiment of the invention are set as follows:
a cesium atom-based Reed-Solomon receiver is designed in a simulation mode, and reception of a 6.9458GHz weak radio frequency electric field is achieved. The transmitted signal is a two-phase code, the pulse width of each symbol is 10ns, and the signal bandwidth is about 100 MHz. The input power was about 40fw, and the output microwave field was applied to a cesium atom vapor cell having a length of 3cm, a width of 1cm and a thickness of 1 cm.
Cesium atom 47D5/2To 48P3/2Has a transition frequency of 6.9458GHz, so that E3And E4Energy level is selected to be 47D5/2To 48P3/2。E1With energy level selected as the ground state energy level 6S of cesium atoms1/2，E26P with energy level selected as cesium atom3/2，E56P with energy level selected as cesium atom1/2. The energy level parameters of cesium atoms are shown in Table 1, wherein e is the elementary charge, a0Is a bohr radius.
TABLE 1 energy level parameters of cesium atoms
Figure BDA0002227743830000113
2. Simulation content:
in a cesium atom rydberg receiver, three lasers are required to excite cesium atoms, the laser frequencies are required to meet the transition rule, and the lasers are coupled at E1And E2Laser wavelength of energy level 852nm coupled at E2And E3Energy level, E4And E5The laser wavelength at energy level is close to 510 nm. The power of the three lasers is 20mw, and the probability of stimulated transitions averaged over the symbol duration is found by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002227743830000122
wherein, PijIs the power loading of the ith and jth energy levels.
Determining the minimum number of particles N of the system according to the minimum gain requirementmin＞3.14×1010The actual particle number should be much greater than NminTaking the number of particles N of the system as 2 × 1013. The output power after passing through the cesium vapor pool is as follows:
Figure BDA0002227743830000123
the noise power generated by spontaneous emission transitions is:
the noise power generated by shot noise is:
the signal-to-noise ratio after reception by the rydberg atom receiver is:
Figure BDA0002227743830000131
3. and (3) simulation result analysis:
the traditional electronic radio frequency receiving mode is adopted, and the noise equivalent power is kTB ═ 4.0 x 10-13W, the receiver can not receive weak power of 40fw, but the output power of an input signal passing through the cesium vapor pool is P by adopting the Reedberg receiver of the inventionout＝2.54×10-10W, already much larger than kTB, can be received by the radio frequency receiver.
Referring to FIG. 2, when the microwave power is very small, E at this time4And E5The energy level is basically a null energy level and the number of particles is very small. Due to E3And E4The transition dipole moment between energy levels is very large, and E4To E5The transition dipole moment of the energy level is smaller, and with the increase of microwave power, a large number of particles are from E3Transition of energy level to E4Energy level, resulting in E1、E2And E3The energy level is depopulated and E4Is rapidly increased due to E3The life of the energy level is very short, and E4To E5The transition dipole moment of the energy level is relatively small, so E3The population of the energy level does not change much with increasing microwave power. When the microwave power increases to a certain degree, E3And E4The energy level has substantially the same population, and the amplification function is lost for weak microwave signals.
The particle number of each energy level is influenced not only by the input RF power but also by the driving power P12、P23And P45The influence of (c). When the driving power is relatively small, the number of particles is mostly distributed in the ground state. When the driving power is increased, more particles transition from the ground state to other energy levels, resulting in E1The energy levels are depopulated while the other energy levels are depopulated. Each caused by different driving powerVariations in the energy level population distribution ultimately result in a variation in the gain of the rydberg receiver.
Referring to fig. 3, as the driving power increases, both the gain and saturation power of the rydberg receiver increase, while the gain of the rydberg receiver varies with the input rf power, the rydberg receiver has a large gain when the rf power is small, and the power of the receiver decreases when the microwave signal power increases. In practical application, the larger the gain of the rydberg receiver is not expected to be, the better the gain is, for a weak microwave signal, it is only necessary to satisfy that after passing through a cesium vapor pool, the signal power is strong enough to be received by a conventional receiver, and since the power of the shot-off noise is amplified equally, the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal is not brought by the large gain.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and all the changes or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.

Claims (7)

1. The design method of the ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on the transition of the rydberg atoms is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, according to a mechanism that a signal is received by virtue of transition of a rydberg atom, arranging a rydberg steam pool at the front end of a traditional radio frequency antenna; determining the type and angular frequency of a radio frequency signal of a receiver;
step 2, establishing an energy level system based on the transition of rydberg atoms in the receiver, determining the type and energy relationship of each energy level in the system, and determining the angular frequency of the coupled laser according to the coupled energy level;
step 3, determining corresponding laser beams according to the energy levels, irradiating the steam pool of the Reidberg by the laser beams to enable particles on the energy levels to be excited by the laser, and calculating the output microwave power of the steam pool;
step 4, calculating the signal gain of the particles after passing through the Reidberg steam pool according to the output microwave power of the steam pool; determining the minimum total particle number required by the system according to the minimum gain requirement of the steam pool of the Reidberg; thus, all design parameters of the ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver are obtained, and the design of the ultra-low noise radio frequency receiver is completed.
2. The design method of the ultralow noise radio frequency receiver based on the transition of the rydberg atoms, according to claim 1, wherein in step 1, the type and angular frequency of the radio frequency signal of the receiver are determined as follows:
first, the mechanism of signal reception according to the rydberg atom transition: the frequency of the radio frequency signal to be amplified needs to be the Bohr frequency of the transition of two Reedberg atomic energy levels, and the frequency of the linear frequency modulation signal changes along with time and does not meet the transition rule between the energy levels, so that the type of the radio frequency signal of the receiver is a phase encoding carrier frequency;
the representation of the phase encoded version of the radio frequency signal received by the rydberg receiver is then:
Figure FDA0002227743820000011
wherein E is0Is the amplitude, N, of the phase-encoded signal0Is the number of the code elements,
Figure FDA0002227743820000012
is the phase of the kth symbol, TpIs the symbol width, ωRFIs the angular frequency of the radio frequency signal, then omegaRFIt should satisfy:
Figure FDA0002227743820000021
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002227743820000022
is a reduced Planck constant of 1.0546 × 10-34J·s；EmAnd EnRespectively, the rydberg levels.
3. The design method of the ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on the rydberg atomic transition is characterized in that an energy level system based on the rydberg atomic transition in the receiver is established, the type and the energy relation of each energy level in the system are determined, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
firstly, an energy level system based on the transition of rydberg atoms in a receiver is established: the system comprises a ground state energy level and two rydberg energy levels, and at least two intermediate energy levels;
wherein at least one intermediate energy level is arranged between the ground state energy level and the higher energy rydberg energy level, so that when electrons are excited from the ground state energy level to the higher energy rydberg energy level, a transition energy level is provided, and the preparation efficiency of rydberg atoms is improved; at least one intermediate energy level is arranged between the other Reidberg energy level and the ground state energy level, so that electrons are moved away from the lower Reidberg energy level as soon as possible, and population inversion distribution between the two Reidberg energy levels is realized;
then, determining the energy relation of each energy level in the system: e1＜E2＜E3，E5＜E4＜E3(ii) a And E2And E5Is transition disabled;
wherein E is1Represents the ground state energy level, E2Representing an intermediate energy level between the ground state level and the higher energy rydberg level, E5Representing an intermediate energy level between the lower energy rydberg level and the ground state level, E3Indicating a higher energy rydberg level, E4Indicating a lower energy rydberg level.
4. The design method of the ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on the rydberg atomic transition is characterized in that the angular frequency of the coupled laser is determined according to the coupling energy level, and specifically comprises the following steps:
first, the coupling energy level is determined: the ground state energy level is coupled with the intermediate energy level, and the intermediate energy level is coupled with the higher energy rydberg energy level, so that a large amount of particles of the ground state energy level are indirectly conveyed to the rydberg energy level; coupling the lower energy rydberg level with other intermediate levels to move electrons on the rydberg level away as soon as possible so as to realize population inversion distribution of the rydberg level;
then, according to the relation between the frequency and the energy level transition, the frequency of the coupled laser is determined:
Figure FDA0002227743820000031
where ω is the laser angular frequency, EiAnd EjIs two energy levels of laser coupling, and satisfies Ei＞Ej。
5. The design method of the ultralow-noise radio-frequency receiver based on the rydberg atomic transition is characterized in that the calculating of the output microwave power of the steam pool specifically comprises the following steps:
firstly, when the system is in a steady state, the particle number at each energy level does not change with time, the system is set to have five energy levels, each energy level is nondegenerate, and the particle number at each energy level is:
Figure FDA0002227743820000032
Figure FDA0002227743820000033
Figure FDA0002227743820000034
Figure FDA0002227743820000035
Figure FDA0002227743820000036
wherein n is1Represents E1Number of particles at energy level, n3And n4Respectively, a Reidberg energy level E3、E4The number of particles above; n is2And n5Respectively intermediate energy level E2、E5The number of particles above; tau is2Is E2Life of energy level, WijRepresents from EiEnergy level to EjThe stimulated transition probability of the energy level, wherein N is the total particle number;
then, the power of the incident radio frequency electric field is set to be PinWhen the microwave irradiates on a Reedberg steam pool with the length of l and the width of w, the output microwave power is as follows:
Figure FDA0002227743820000041
when the detuning is small, the average probability of stimulated transitions produced per symbol is:
Figure FDA0002227743820000042
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002227743820000046
represents from E3To E4Transition dipole moment of, Z0Is free space impedance of 120 pi omega; t ispIs the symbol width;
Figure FDA0002227743820000047
is a reduced Planck constant of 1.0546 × 10-34J·s；
The average probability of stimulated transitions produced per symbol is made up of two parts:
W34＝B34·Isig(ω)
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002227743820000043
is the coefficient of Einstein B,
Figure FDA0002227743820000044
is the energy density of the radio frequency electric field.
6. The design method of the ultralow noise radio frequency receiver based on the transition of the rydberg atoms, according to claim 5, wherein the minimum gain requirement of the rydberg vapor pool is: the power of the signal amplified by the steam pool of the Reidberg is larger than the power of the thermal noise;
namely, the following conditions are satisfied:
Pout＞kTB
where k is the Boltzmann constant 1.380649 × 10-23J/K, T is the Kelvin temperature during operation, kT represents the thermal noise; b is the receiver bandwidth;
the minimum gain requirement for the rydberg steam pool is therefore:
Figure FDA0002227743820000045
wherein, PinIs the input signal power.
7. The design method of the ultralow-noise radio frequency receiver based on the rydberg atomic transition is characterized in that the signal gain of the particles after passing through the steam pool is calculated according to the output microwave power of the steam pool, and the minimum total number of particles required by the system is determined, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
first, the theoretical signal gain G through the steam pool is determinedtComprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0002227743820000051
secondly, when the output microwave power increases to a certain degree, the gain of the rydberg receiver starts to decrease, and when the output power is substantially equal to the input power, the output power at that time is defined as the saturation of the receiverAnd power Psat：
N is to be5Substituting the particle number calculation formula into the formula, the expression for obtaining the saturation power is as follows:
Figure FDA0002227743820000053
the signal gain of the rydberg receiver is then:
Figure FDA0002227743820000054
finally, in combination with the minimum gain requirement of the rydberg vapor pool, since the input signal power is small and the coupled power of each energy level is known, the total population of the system should satisfy:
wherein N isminThe minimum total number of particles required for the system.
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