CN110752130B - Instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method - Google Patents

Instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method Download PDF

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CN110752130B
CN110752130B CN201910985268.8A CN201910985268A CN110752130B CN 110752130 B CN110752130 B CN 110752130B CN 201910985268 A CN201910985268 A CN 201910985268A CN 110752130 B CN110752130 B CN 110752130B
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main body
metal main
graphite layer
heat dissipation
spiral
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CN110752130A (en
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潘瑶
刘欣
巩萌萌
王思峰
张少华
周振君
王海英
王领华
余群
吕建伟
韩旭
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China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology CALT
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • H01J23/033—Collector cooling devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method, belonging to the field of instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power heat dissipation; step one, a metal main body is axially and vertically placed; step two, processing a double-helix micro-channel in the side wall of the metal main body; thirdly, attaching a graphite layer to the inner wall of the metal main body; adjusting the position of the metal main body to realize that an external electron beam is irradiated on an electron beam deposition heating area on the inner wall of the graphite layer; flowing a heat dissipation working medium in the double-helix micro-channel; step six, emitting an external electron beam to the graphite layer along the axial direction of the metal main body; the heat is absorbed by the graphite layer and is transferred to the metal main body through the graphite layer, and finally the heat is taken away through a heat dissipation working medium flowing through the double-helix micro-channel, so that heat dissipation is realized; the invention ensures that the collector always works in a normal temperature range by utilizing the characteristics of different materials, thereby ensuring the reliability and the stability of the high-power speed regulating tube.

Description

Instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power heat dissipation, and relates to an instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection-level composite heat dissipation method.
Background
The high-power speed regulating tube is a microwave vacuum device for converting electron beam energy into microwave energy based on the speed modulation principle, and has the advantages of high power, high gain and the like. However, the conversion efficiency of the speed regulating tube is low, the high-energy electron beams still have high kinetic energy after part of energy given out by the high-frequency interaction section is converted into microwaves, and the collector is used for collecting the high-speed electron beams. The collector is used for collecting electron beams bombarded by instantaneous pulses in the working process of the speed regulating tube, and the instantaneous pulse high-energy electron beams are deposited on the collector to convert energy into a large amount of heat, so that the temperature of the collector is increased, and the collector becomes one of the parts with the most serious heat generation in the speed regulating tube. If the temperature is too high, desorption of adsorbed gas on the surface of the collector material and even evaporation and vaporization of the material are caused, so that the working reliability and stability of the whole high-power speed regulating tube are seriously influenced; furthermore, if heat is continuously accumulated, the collector material is continuously melted to cause the collector material to be melted through, and the vacuum environment is destroyed to cause the governor tube to fail. And due to the working characteristics of the speed regulating tube, the heating characteristics of the electron beam on the collector are very severe, the average heating power is up to dozens of kW, and the instantaneous pulse heating power is up to several GW, which puts very strict requirements on the heat dissipation design of the collector. There is currently no relevant effective solution.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem solved by the invention is as follows: the defects of the prior art are overcome, and the instantaneous pulse ultra-high power electronic collection level composite heat dissipation method is provided, so that the collector always works in a normal temperature range by utilizing the characteristics of different materials, and the reliability and the stability of the high-power speed regulating tube are ensured.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection-level composite heat dissipation method comprises the following steps:
step one, a metal main body is axially and vertically placed;
step two, processing a double-spiral micro-channel in the side wall of the metal main body;
thirdly, attaching a graphite layer to the inner wall of the metal main body;
adjusting the position of the metal main body to realize that an external electron beam is irradiated on an electron beam deposition heating area on the inner wall of the graphite layer;
flowing a heat dissipation working medium in the double-helix microchannel;
step six, emitting an external electron beam to the graphite layer along the axial direction of the metal main body; the heat is absorbed by the graphite layer and is transferred to the metal main body through the graphite layer, and finally the heat is taken away through the heat dissipation working medium flowing through the double-helix micro-channel, so that the heat dissipation is realized.
In the above transient pulse ultra-high power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method, in the first step, the metal main body is of a circular ring structure; the metal main body is made of stainless steel material or titanium material; the diameter of the outer wall of the metal main body is 60-150 mm, and the axial length is 10-50mm; the wall thickness is 3-5mm.
In the above transient pulse ultra-high power electron collection-level composite heat dissipation method, in the second step, the double-spiral microchannel includes a first spiral microchannel and a second spiral microchannel; the first spiral microchannel and the second spiral microchannel are both spiral annular channels; the first spiral micro-channel and the second spiral micro-channel are arranged in a staggered manner; the inlet of the first spiral microchannel is arranged at the axial bottom end of the metal main body; the outlet is arranged at the axial top end of the metal main body; the inlet of the second spiral micro-channel is arranged at the axial top end of the metal main body; the outlet is arranged at the axial bottom end of the metal main body; the first spiral microchannel and the second spiral microchannel have opposite spiral directions.
In the above transient pulse ultra-high power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method, the pipeline sections of the first spiral microchannel and the second spiral microchannel are rectangular structures; the pipe cross-sectional dimension was 3mm 1mm.
In the above-mentioned transient pulse ultra-high power electron collection stage composite heat dissipation method, in the third step, the graphite layer is an annular layered structure; the axial length of the graphite layer is 10-50mm; the wall thickness is 1-2mm; the melting point was 3000 ℃.
In the above-mentioned transient pulse ultra-high power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method, in the fourth step, the electron beam deposition heating area is disposed at the middle position of the inner wall of the graphite layer; the electron beam deposition heating area is an annular area; the axial length is 5-25mm; the side area of the electron beam deposition heating area is half of the area of the inner wall of the graphite layer.
In the above instantaneous pulse ultrahigh power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method, the metal main body and the graphite layer are welded by molecular diffusion welding; the reduction of the thermal contact resistance between the metal main body and the graphite layer is realized; the contact heat transfer coefficient is 5000-10000W/(K.m) 2 )。
In the fifth step, the heat dissipation working medium is ionized water, the heat conductivity coefficient is 0.6W/(K.m), and the specific heat capacity is 4183J/(kg.K).
In the sixth step, the external electron beam adopts an instantaneous pulse emission mode, and the single pulse emission power is 1-9 GW; the single emission time is 100-500ns; the transmitting frequency is 10-50 Hz.
In the composite heat dissipation method of the instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection level, the whole heat dissipation mechanism realizes that the heat flux density of single electron pulse is 10 12 -2×10 12 W/m 2 Average heat flux density of 5X 10 6 -10 7 W/m 2 The heat is discharged; the maximum temperature of the graphite layer is not more than 2000 ℃; below the melting point of the graphite layer; the maximum temperature of the metal body is reduced from 2600 ℃ to 650 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) Compared with the traditional collector heat dissipation method with a single material, the collector heat dissipation method with the large electron penetration depth and the high melting point can avoid the phenomenon that the collector material is melted due to the fact that ultrahigh power is loaded in a limited area in the instantaneous pulse electron deposition process;
(2) According to the invention, a metal material with high heat conductivity and easy processing and welding is used as a collector main body, the countercurrent spiral cooling channels are processed in the metal main body, and the average heat caused by continuous deposition of electron beams is dissipated by continuously flowing working media through the two spiral cooling channels, so that the temperature of the whole collector is always in an allowable range during long-time operation; meanwhile, the working medium adopts a reverse flow mode in the two spiral channels, and the temperature rise of the electron deposition surface near the outlet of the channel is controlled, so that the temperature distribution of the collector is more uniform.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a double helix microchannel within a metal body according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a graphite layer and an electron beam deposition heating zone of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a metal body and graphite layers of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
The invention provides a composite heat dissipation method of an instantaneous pulse ultrahigh-power electron collection stage, which improves the volume and heat capacity of a collector for absorbing an instantaneous pulse electron beam, and solves the problem that partial materials are molten due to overhigh local temperature rise after the electron collector is heated by the instantaneous pulse ultrahigh power; the heat dissipation capability of the collector is improved, and the problem of the dissipation of the ultrahigh average heat flow is solved; the temperature uniformity of the collector is improved, and the power consumption for driving the working medium to flow through the radiator is reduced. The method mainly comprises the following steps:
step one, the metal main body 1 is of a circular ring-shaped structure; the metal main body 1 is made of stainless steel materials or titanium materials; the diameter of the outer wall of the metal main body 1 is 60-150 mm, and the axial length is 10-50mm; the wall thickness is 3-5mm. The metal main body 1 is vertically placed in the axial direction; as shown in fig. 1.
Secondly, processing a double-spiral micro-channel in the side wall of the metal main body 1; the double helix microchannel comprises a first helix microchannel 2 and a second helix microchannel 3; the first spiral microchannel 2 and the second spiral microchannel 3 are both spiral annular channels; the first spiral micro-channel 2 and the second spiral micro-channel 3 are arranged in a staggered way; the inlet 21 of the first spiral microchannel 2 is at the axial bottom end of the metal body 1; the outlet 22 is at the axial top end of the metal body 1; the inlet 31 of the second spiral microchannel 3 is at the axial top end of the metal body 1; the outlet 32 is at the axial bottom end of the metal body 1; the first spiral microchannel 2 and the second spiral microchannel 3 have opposite spiral directions. The cross sections of the first spiral micro-channel 2 and the second spiral micro-channel 3 are rectangular structures; the pipe cross-sectional dimension was 3mm 1mm.
Thirdly, attaching a graphite layer 4 to the inner wall of the metal main body 1; the graphite layer 4 is in an annular layered structure; the axial length of the graphite layer 4 is 10-50mm; the wall thickness is 1-2mm; the melting point was 3000 ℃. As shown in fig. 2. In the aspect of improving the heat absorption volume heat capacity, graphite is selected as an electron beam absorption layer of a collector, the penetration depth of an electron beam in the graphite is 6 times that of stainless steel and 3 times that of titanium, the kinetic energy of the electron beam is converted into heat energy after entering the graphite to heat the graphite in a penetration area, and the electron penetration depth of the graphite is large, so that the heat absorption volume is large. And the melting point of the graphite is as high as 3000 ℃ and is far higher than 1400 ℃ of the melting point of stainless steel and 1660 ℃ of titanium, so that the temperature of the graphite heated by electron beams still has a large space from the melting point of the graphite. Therefore, the problem of melting of the material of the collector part caused by local temperature rise caused by instantaneous ultrahigh-power electron deposition can be solved by utilizing the characteristics of high graphite melting point and large electron penetration depth. The metal main body 1 and the graphite layer 4 are welded by adopting molecular diffusion welding; the reduction of the thermal contact resistance between the metal main body 1 and the graphite layer 4 is realized; the contact heat transfer coefficient is 5000-10000W/(K.m) 2 ) As shown in fig. 3.
Step four, adjusting the position of the metal main body 1 to realize that an external electron beam is irradiated on an electron beam deposition heating area 41 on the inner wall of the graphite layer 4; the electron beam deposition heating area 41 is arranged in the middle of the inner wall of the graphite layer 4; the electron beam deposition heating zone 41 is an annular zone; the axial length is 5-25mm; the area of the side of the electron beam deposition heating zone 41 is half of the area of the inner wall of the graphite layer 4.
Flowing a heat dissipation working medium in the double-helix micro-channel; the heat dissipation working medium is ionized water, the heat conductivity coefficient is 0.6W/(K.m), and the specific heat capacity is 4183J/(kg.K).
Sixthly, emitting an external electron beam to the graphite layer 4 along the axial direction of the metal main body 1; the external electron beam adopts an instantaneous pulse emission mode, and the single pulse emission power is 1-9 GW; single shot time of 100-500ns; the transmitting frequency is 10-50 Hz. The heat is absorbed by the graphite layer (4) and is transferred to the metal main body 1 through the graphite layer 4, and finally the heat is taken away through the heat dissipation working medium flowing through the double-helix microchannel, so that the heat dissipation is realized. In the aspects of improving the heat dissipation capacity of the collector and reducing the flow resistance of the heat dissipation device, the heat dissipation device mainly balances the proportion of heat conduction through the fins and heat convection through the working medium in the process of heat exchange inside the metal microchannel by optimizing the structural parameters of the metal microchannel structure, such as the channel height, the channel width, the fin width and the like, reduces the flow resistance of the working medium in the microchannel while improving the heat exchange capacity of the metal microchannel, and reduces the pump work required for driving the working medium to flow. The whole heat dissipation mechanism realizes that the single-time electronic pulse heat flux density is 10 12 -2×10 12 W/m 2 Average heat flux density of 5X 10 6 -10 7 W/m 2 The heat is discharged; the maximum temperature of the graphite layer 4 is not more than 2000 ℃; below the melting point of the graphite layer 4; the maximum temperature of the metal body 1 is reduced from 2600 c to 650 c.
The ultrahigh-power electron beams emitted by instantaneous pulses are loaded on the graphite layer and absorbed by the graphite, and because the heating time is extremely short, heat cannot diffuse outwards within the heating time of the pulse electron beams, only the temperature of the region in the graphite for absorbing the electron beams rises immediately; then at the interval time of electron beam pulse heating, heat is gradually transferred from the graphite to the working medium in the heat dissipation channel through the metal microchannel, the temperature of the graphite absorption electron beam area is rapidly reduced, so that the temperature of the graphite does not exceed the allowable temperature of the graphite under the condition of being heated by ultrahigh-power instantaneous pulse, and meanwhile, because contact thermal resistance exists between the metal microchannel and the graphite, the temperature of the metal microchannel is far lower than that of the graphite, and the highest temperature is far away from the melting point of metal. Therefore, the collector heat dissipation device compounded by the graphite and the metal micro-channel can maintain safe and stable operation under the condition of being heated by the instantaneous pulse of the ultra-high-power electron beam.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make possible variations and modifications of the present invention using the method and the technical contents disclosed above without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and therefore, any simple modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention are all within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. An instantaneous pulse super-high power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, the metal main body (1) is axially and vertically placed;
secondly, processing a double-spiral micro-channel in the side wall of the metal main body (1);
thirdly, attaching a graphite layer (4) to the inner wall of the metal main body (1);
step four, adjusting the position of the metal main body (1) to realize that external electron beams irradiate an electron beam deposition heating area (41) on the inner wall of the graphite layer (4);
flowing a heat dissipation working medium in the double-helix microchannel;
sixthly, emitting an external electron beam to the graphite layer (4) along the axial direction of the metal main body (1); the heat is absorbed by the graphite layer (4) and is transferred to the metal main body (1) through the graphite layer (4), and finally the heat is taken away through a heat dissipation working medium flowing through the double-helix microchannel to realize heat dissipation;
in the first step, the metal main body (1) is of a circular ring-shaped structure; the metal main body (1) is made of stainless steel materials or titanium materials; the diameter of the outer wall of the metal main body (1) is 60-150 mm, and the axial length is 10-50mm; the wall thickness is 3-5mm;
in the second step, the double-spiral micro-channel comprises a first spiral micro-channel (2) and a second spiral micro-channel (3); the first spiral microchannel (2) and the second spiral microchannel (3) are both spiral annular channels; the first spiral micro-channel (2) and the second spiral micro-channel (3) are arranged in a staggered manner; the inlet (21) of the first spiral microchannel (2) is arranged at the axial bottom end of the metal main body (1); the outlet (22) is arranged at the axial top end of the metal main body (1); the inlet (31) of the second spiral micro-channel (3) is arranged at the axial top end of the metal main body (1); the outlet (32) is arranged at the axial bottom end of the metal main body (1); the spiral directions of the first spiral microchannel (2) and the second spiral microchannel (3) are opposite;
the pipeline sections of the first spiral microchannel (2) and the second spiral microchannel (3) are rectangular structures; the size of the cross section of the pipeline is 3mm by 1mm;
in the fifth step, the heat dissipation working medium is ionized water, the heat conductivity coefficient is 0.6W/(K.m), and the specific heat capacity is 4183J/(kg.K);
the graphite layer (4) is in an annular layered structure; the axial length of the graphite layer (4) is 10-50mm; the wall thickness is 1-2mm; the melting point is 3000 ℃;
in the fourth step, the electron beam deposition heating area (41) is arranged in the middle of the inner wall of the graphite layer (4); the electron beam deposition heating area (41) is an annular area; the axial length is 5-25mm; the area of the side of the electron beam deposition heating area (41) is half of the area of the inner wall of the graphite layer (4).
2. The instantaneous pulse ultra-high power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method of claim 1, characterized in that: the metal main body (1) and the graphite layer (4) are welded by adopting molecular diffusion welding; the reduction of the thermal contact resistance between the metal main body (1) and the graphite layer (4) is realized; the contact heat transfer coefficient is 5000-10000W/(K.m) 2 )。
3. The instantaneous pulse ultra-high power electron collection level composite heat dissipation method of claim 2, wherein: in the sixth step, the external electron beam adopts an instantaneous pulse emission mode, and the single pulse emission power is 1-9 GW; the single emission time is 100-500ns; the transmitting frequency is 10-50 Hz.
4. The transient pulse ultra-high power electron collection stage composite heat dissipation method of claim 3, characterized in that: the whole heat dissipation mechanism realizes the single-time electronic pulse heat flux density of 10 12 -2×10 12 W/m 2 Average heat flux density of 5X 10 6 -10 7 W/m 2 The heat is discharged; the maximum temperature of the graphite layer (4) is not more than 2000 ℃; lower than the melting point of the graphite layer (4); the maximum temperature of the metal body (1) is reduced from 2600 ℃ to 650 ℃.
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CN112203392A (en) * 2020-10-12 2021-01-08 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 Long-life strong-current electron beam collector based on movable substrate and control method thereof

Citations (2)

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CN105931934A (en) * 2016-05-03 2016-09-07 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 Double-helix water channel type heavy-current beam catcher
CN106653522A (en) * 2016-12-28 2017-05-10 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 Electron collector material and preparation method of electron collector

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JPS56156644A (en) * 1980-05-02 1981-12-03 Nec Corp High frequency electron tube

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105931934A (en) * 2016-05-03 2016-09-07 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 Double-helix water channel type heavy-current beam catcher
CN106653522A (en) * 2016-12-28 2017-05-10 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 Electron collector material and preparation method of electron collector

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