CN110701011A - Thermoacoustic engine and thermoacoustic heating method - Google Patents
Thermoacoustic engine and thermoacoustic heating method Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of thermoacoustic heating equipment, in particular to a thermoacoustic engine. The main water cooler, the heat regenerator and the high-temperature heat exchanger in the thermoacoustic engine are sequentially connected, and a nuclear fuel reactor is arranged in a shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger, so that self-excited oscillating working gas in the engine directly exchanges heat with the nuclear fuel reactor, the heat of the nuclear fuel reactor is converted into mechanical energy or is transferred to the environment, the nuclear fuel reactor is effectively cooled, a passive gas cooled reactor is formed, and the safety of the nuclear reactor can be improved; meanwhile, the nuclear fuel stack and the thermoacoustic engine are directly coupled for heat exchange, so that the thermoacoustic engine with external combustion becomes a quasi-internal combustion engine, the heat exchange flow of the system is greatly simplified, the power density of the system can be greatly improved, the pressure-bearing wall surface of the thermoacoustic engine does not need to bear high temperature, the internal working medium can work at higher temperature, and the potential thermal performance is also greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thermoacoustic heating equipment, in particular to a thermoacoustic engine and a thermoacoustic heating method.
Background
The thermoacoustic engine is a sound generator which utilizes thermoacoustic effect to realize conversion from heat energy to sound energy so as to realize sound power output. The thermoacoustic effect is a physical phenomenon in which heat causes acoustic self-oscillation in an elastic medium (often a high pressure inert gas). The heat is converted into pressure fluctuation by utilizing the thermoacoustic phenomenon that the heat generates self-oscillation in the pressure gas. The pressure wave is alternating mechanical energy, and thus thermo-mechanical conversion is achieved. The thermoacoustic engine refers to a device which generates mechanical power from heat through a thermoacoustic effect, and the input heat is provided by a heater. The high temperature heater of thermoacoustic engine is one of the core parts of thermoacoustic engine, and transfers the time-averaged heat from external heat source to inert gas working medium.
Nuclear energy (or atomic energy) is the energy released from the nucleus by nuclear reactions, conforming to the energy-mass equation of albert einstein. Nuclear fuel refers to a material that can produce useful nuclear energy in a nuclear reactor through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The nuclear fuel body is a uranium dioxide ceramic pellet, usually a cylinder, sintered from uranium mixture powder, several hundred pellets being stacked together in a sleeve made of an elongated zirconium alloy material, so that the nuclear fuel produces a nuclear reaction in the sleeve, which is called a fuel rod because it is like a burning atom.
Since the energy generated by the reaction of nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor is much greater than that of fossil fuel, the nuclear fuel in the nuclear fuel body generates a large amount of heat when the reaction occurs. In order to avoid burning out of the reactor due to overheating, a large amount of heat energy generated by the chain reaction is taken away by circulating water (or other substances), and the derived heat energy can change water into steam, exchange heat with other working media and finally convert nuclear energy into other energy. The existing nuclear fuel body is cooled by a water cooling (including sodium cooling and air cooling) mode, heat is indirectly transmitted to the outside, and although the technology of the mode is mature, the grade of heat transfer is low, the heat transfer process is complex, and the system is huge.
At present, in the existing thermoacoustic engine, when heat is transmitted to working gas in the thermoacoustic engine from an external heat source through a wall surface, an engine shell serving as a heat exchange wall surface must bear high temperature and high pressure at the same time, and the maximum heat exchange temperature is limited by material performance, so that the thermal conversion efficiency of the thermoacoustic engine is also greatly limited. In addition, because heat needs to be transmitted into the engine through the wall surface of the heat exchanger, the external combustion type thermoacoustic engine is usually large in size and low in power density, and is not beneficial to practical application.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that in the existing thermoacoustic engine, when heat is transmitted to working gas in the thermoacoustic engine from an external heat source through a wall surface, an engine shell as a heat exchange wall surface must bear high temperature and high pressure at the same time, the thermal conversion efficiency of the thermoacoustic engine is limited by the highest heat exchange temperature which can be borne by materials, and the external combustion type thermoacoustic engine has larger volume and lower power density and is not beneficial to practical application.
(II) technical scheme
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a thermoacoustic engine, which comprises a main water cooler, a heat regenerator and a high-temperature heat exchanger which are sequentially communicated, wherein a nuclear fuel stack is arranged in a shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger, the nuclear fuel stack is used for providing a site for nuclear fuel utilization reaction, and the nuclear fuel stack exchanges heat with working gas flowing through the high-temperature heat exchanger so as to heat the working gas.
Preferably, the high-temperature heat exchanger further comprises at least one control rod, each control rod is respectively inserted into the nuclear fuel reactor and/or respectively distributed around the nuclear fuel reactor, and each control rod is used for controlling the speed of the nuclear fuel reaction in the nuclear fuel reactor.
Preferably, a porous structure is arranged in the nuclear fuel stack, the porous structure is made of nuclear fuel and can form at least one axial gas flow channel in the nuclear fuel stack, and the control rod can be inserted into each gas flow channel; the working gas flows through each gas flow channel respectively, so that the working gas can exchange heat with at least one nuclear fuel stack when flowing through each gas flow channel.
Preferably, the porous structure comprises:
the nuclear fuel rods are arranged along the axial direction and are uniformly arranged in the shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger in parallel; and/or
A plurality of nuclear fuel spheres, each of the nuclear fuel spheres stacked within the housing.
Preferably, the gas flow channels are respectively reserved between n adjacent nuclear fuel rods or nuclear fuel balls (n is more than or equal to 3) and between the porous structure and the pressure-bearing inner wall of the nuclear fuel pile, and the control rod can be inserted into the gas flow channel between every n adjacent nuclear fuel piles (n is more than or equal to 3).
Preferably, the gas flow passage is formed to penetrate through an axis of the nuclear fuel rod.
Preferably, the cross section of the control rod is smaller than that of the gas flow channel, so that when the control rod is inserted into the gas flow channel, a gap for the working gas to pass through is reserved between the control rod and the gas flow channel.
Preferably, when the porous structure is a plurality of nuclear fuel spheres, the plurality of nuclear fuel spheres are stacked in several layers along the axial direction, and a plurality of control rods are respectively inserted between the nuclear fuel spheres.
Preferably, the high-temperature heat exchanger further comprises a plurality of heat conducting fins, each heat conducting fin is respectively arranged in the shell in parallel, and the gas flow channel is reserved between every two adjacent heat conducting fins; the nuclear fuel reactor and the control rods are respectively arranged in the heat conduction fins in a penetrating mode.
Preferably, a gas flow passage is formed through an axis of the nuclear fuel rod so that the control rod can be inserted into the gas flow passage.
(III) advantageous effects
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. in the thermoacoustic engine and the thermoacoustic heating method, the main water cooler, the heat regenerator and the high-temperature heat exchanger are sequentially connected, and the nuclear fuel reactor is arranged in the shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger, so that the self-excited oscillating working gas in the engine directly exchanges heat with the nuclear fuel reactor, the heat of the nuclear fuel reactor is converted into mechanical energy or is transferred to the environment, the nuclear fuel reactor is effectively cooled, a passive gas cooled reactor is formed, and the safety of the nuclear reactor can be improved; meanwhile, the nuclear fuel reactor and the thermoacoustic engine are directly coupled for heat exchange, so that the external combustion thermoacoustic engine becomes a quasi-internal combustion engine, the heat exchange of the system is greatly simplified, and the power density of the system can be greatly improved;
2. because the high-temperature heat exchanger is arranged in the thermoacoustic engine, the inner wall of the shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger which is a part of the shell of the engine is a pressure-bearing wall surface, and because the working gas in the engine can directly exchange heat with the nuclear fuel stack, the pressure-bearing wall surface can not bear high temperature any more, and even the outer surface of the pressure-bearing wall surface can be cooled by controlling the temperature, compared with the prior art, the outer surface of the shell of the engine and the pressure-bearing wall surface are changed from the original high-temperature and high-pressure environment into the environment which only needs to bear;
3. in the high-temperature heat exchanger, the degree of nuclear reaction is controlled by the contact degree of a control rod and a nuclear fuel reactor, so that the heating power and the temperature are controlled, and the nuclear energy can be controllably applied to a thermoacoustic engine;
4. the thermoacoustic engine with the structure further reduces the whole volume and leads the structure to be more miniaturized and compacted.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a thermoacoustic engine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a cross section of a high-temperature heat exchanger according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a cross section of a high-temperature heat exchanger according to a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a cross section of a high-temperature heat exchanger according to a third embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-temperature heat exchanger according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-temperature heat exchanger according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein, 1, a main water cooler; 2. a heat regenerator; 3. a nuclear fuel rod; 4. a pressure-bearing inner wall; 5. a control rod; 6. a gas flow channel; 7. a heat conductive fin; 8. a nuclear fuel sphere.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified; "notched" means, unless otherwise stated, a shape other than a flat cross-section. The terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "head", "tail", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are only for convenience in describing and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment provides a thermoacoustic engine, which includes a main water cooler 1, a heat regenerator 2, and a high temperature heat exchanger connected in sequence, wherein a nuclear fuel stack is disposed in a casing of the high temperature heat exchanger, working gas flows through the main water cooler 1, the heat regenerator 2, and the nuclear fuel stack in the high temperature heat exchanger in sequence when entering the thermoacoustic engine, the nuclear fuel stack is used to provide a nuclear fuel reaction site, and the nuclear fuel stack exchanges heat with the working gas flowing through the high temperature heat exchanger to heat up the working gas, during which the system spontaneously converts a part of heat of a high temperature heat source into mechanical energy in the form of acoustic waves, and a part of the heat is transferred to the environment through a low temperature component, at this time, an inner wall of the casing of the high temperature heat exchanger is a pressure-bearing inner wall 4.
In the thermoacoustic engine, as long as a high-temperature heat source exists (namely, temperature gradient is generated), the system can self-oscillate, namely, the system spontaneously converts part of heat of the high-temperature heat source into mechanical energy in the form of sound waves, and part of the heat is transferred to the environment through a low-temperature part. By utilizing the characteristic, the nuclear reactor can be arranged in the thermoacoustic engine so as to construct a high-temperature heat exchanger in the thermoacoustic engine, and the working medium helium gas of self-excited oscillation in the engine is used as working gas to directly exchange heat with the nuclear reactor so as to convert the heat of the nuclear reactor into mechanical energy or transfer the mechanical energy to the environment, so that the nuclear reactor is effectively cooled, a passive gas-cooled reactor is formed, and the safety of the nuclear reactor is improved. The direct coupling heat exchange between the nuclear reactor and the thermoacoustic engine changes the external combustion type thermoacoustic engine into a quasi-internal combustion engine, greatly simplifies the system heat exchange, greatly improves the system power density, simultaneously ensures that the pressure-bearing wall surface of the thermoacoustic engine does not need to bear high temperature, ensures that the internal working medium can work at higher temperature, and greatly improves the potential thermal performance.
In the thermoacoustic engine of this embodiment, place the engine in the high temperature heat exchanger, the high temperature heat exchanger utilizes nuclear fuel reaction, and the direct contact realizes the heat exchange between the working gas in the air current passageway that flows through, so that the working gas heaies up, thereby make the working gas heat up in the inside direct heating of engine, need not to set up extra heat transfer working medium alone in the engine outside, the transmission link of energy has been simplified, thermal indirect transfer has been avoided, the heat transfer effect has been strengthened, thereby calorific loss has been reduced by a wide margin, and make the heating power and the heating temperature of heater improve by a wide margin.
Meanwhile, because the high-temperature heat exchanger is arranged in the thermoacoustic engine, the pressure-bearing wall surface is the engine shell, and because the working gas in the engine can directly exchange heat with the nuclear fuel stack, the pressure-bearing wall surface does not bear high temperature any more, and even the temperature control cooling can be carried out on the outer surface of the pressure-bearing wall surface.
More importantly, the working gas directly exchanges heat between the inside of the engine and the high-temperature heat exchanger, so that the working gas directly causes the heat release and cooling of the high-temperature heat exchanger through temperature rise and heat absorption, and a water cooling mechanism can be independently arranged on the shell of the engine to assist in temperature control and cooling of the nuclear fuel rod 3, so that the heat exchange coefficient, the energy utilization rate, the safety and the stability are further improved.
Specifically, the high-temperature heat exchanger comprises nuclear fuel stacks and gas flow channels 6, the nuclear fuel stacks are arranged in the gas flow channels according to a certain structure, and working gas flows through the gas flow channels 6, so that when flowing through each gas flow channel 6, the working gas can exchange heat with at least one nuclear fuel stack respectively.
In order to reliably control the reaction of the nuclear fuel reactor, it is preferable that the high-temperature heat exchanger further includes at least one control rod 5, each control rod 5 is inserted into the nuclear fuel reactor and/or distributed around the nuclear fuel reactor, each control rod 5 is used for controlling the speed of the nuclear fuel reaction in the nuclear fuel reactor, the control rod 5 can be inserted into the nuclear fuel reactor or placed around the nuclear fuel reactor, and the number of the control rods 5 can be adjusted according to the size of the thermoacoustic engine and the control degree of the reaction.
In this embodiment, it is preferable that a porous structure is provided in the nuclear fuel stack, the porous structure is made of nuclear fuel, and at least one axial gas flow channel 6 can be formed in the nuclear fuel stack, and a control rod 5 can be inserted into each gas flow channel 6; a working gas is flowed through each gas flow channel 6, so that the working gas can exchange heat with at least one nuclear fuel stack when flowing through each gas flow channel 6.
It should be noted that the size, shape and arrangement order of the respective units constituting the nuclear fuel stack having the porous structure may be adjusted according to the heating power and the heating temperature. Preferably, the porous structure comprises the nuclear fuel rods 3 which are uniformly arranged and/or the nuclear fuel balls 8 which are uniformly stacked, when the porous structure is the nuclear fuel rods 3 which are uniformly arranged, the porous structure is formed by juxtaposing a plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 which are axially arranged, and each nuclear fuel rod 3 is uniformly juxtaposed in the shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger; when the porous structure is the uniformly stacked nuclear fuel spheres 8, a plurality of the nuclear fuel spheres 8 are stacked in the case.
Preferably, when the porous structure is a plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 arranged along the axial direction, the arrangement sequence of the plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 is in-line or in-line, wherein when the arrangement sequence of the plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 is in-line, the axes of each row of nuclear fuel rods 3 are all on the same straight line; when the arrangement sequence of the plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 is the row of insertion, the axes of two adjacent rows of nuclear fuel rods 3 are arranged in a staggered manner, and the distances between the axes of two adjacent rows of nuclear fuel rods 3 are equal. Similarly, when the porous structure is a plurality of nuclear fuel spheres 8, the plurality of nuclear fuel spheres 8 are densely stacked in a plurality of layers along the axial direction, and the plurality of control rods 5 are respectively inserted between the nuclear fuel spheres 8. The arrangement order of the control rods 5 can be adjusted accordingly according to the arrangement order of the nuclear fuel stack.
In this embodiment, the contact degree between the control rod 5 and the nuclear fuel reactor can be adjusted as required, so as to control the reaction degree of the nuclear fuel reactor, and further control the heating power and the heating temperature. Preferably, gas flow channels 6 are respectively reserved between n adjacent nuclear fuel rods 3 or nuclear fuel balls 8 (n is more than or equal to 3) and between the porous structure and the pressure-bearing inner wall 4 of the nuclear fuel pile, and control rods 5 can be inserted into gas flow channels between every n adjacent nuclear fuel piles (n is more than or equal to 3).
Meanwhile, it is preferable that a gas flow passage 6 is formed through an axis of each of the nuclear fuel rods 3 so that a part of the operating gas flows through the nuclear fuel stack from the axial gas hole and another part of the operating gas flows through the nuclear fuel stack from the gas flow passage, thereby enhancing a heat exchange effect and reducing a gas flow resistance. Further, in order to avoid blocking the gas flow, it is preferable that the cross section of the control rod 5 is smaller than that of the gas flow channel, so that when the control rod 5 is inserted into the gas flow channel 6, a gap for the working gas to pass through is left between the control rod 5 and the gas flow channel 6, and when the control rod 5 is completely inserted into the gas flow channel, the gas flow can continue to flow in the gap to continue the heat exchange, but the speed of the nuclear reaction is slowed down. On the contrary, when the control rod 5 is completely pulled out of the nuclear fuel rod 3, the reaction degree of the nuclear fuel rod 3 is maximum, so that the maximum and minimum reaction degrees are obtained, namely, the speed of the internal reaction of the nuclear fuel reactor is reliably controlled. When the control rods 5 are disposed around the nuclear fuel stack, the control force of the control rods 5 can be enhanced.
In order to improve the structural stability, enhance the heat exchange effect and reduce the gas flow resistance, the high-temperature heat exchanger preferably further comprises a plurality of heat-conducting fins 7, and the heat-conducting fins 7 not only have the functions of strengthening heat transfer, but also have the functions of fixing and supporting; each heat conduction fin 7 is respectively arranged in parallel in the shell, and the gas flow channel 6 is reserved between every two adjacent heat conduction fins 7; the nuclear fuel reactors and the control rods 5 are respectively arranged in the heat conducting fins 7 in a penetrating mode, so that the internal structure of the high-temperature heat exchanger is stable and reliable and is not prone to deformation; when the gas flow passage 6 is penetrated through the axis of the nuclear fuel rod 3, the control rod 5 can be inserted into the gas flow passage 6, so that the reaction of the nuclear fuel rod 3 can be controlled from the inside of the nuclear fuel rod 3 to control the heat exchange between the nuclear fuel rod 3 and the gas.
The thermoacoustic engine and the thermoacoustic heating method described above are described in detail below with five specific examples. Wherein, the working gas is inert gas such as helium, and the material of the control rod 5 is material which is easy to absorb neutrons such as boron, cadmium and the like.
Example one
In the thermoacoustic engine according to the first embodiment, a high-temperature heat exchanger is shown in fig. 2, and the high-temperature heat exchanger mainly includes a nuclear fuel rod 3, a pressure-bearing inner wall 4 (i.e., a shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger), a control rod 5, and a gas flow passage 6. The nuclear fuel rods 3 are uniformly distributed in the shell in a row mode, a plurality of gas flow channels 6 are formed in gaps among the nuclear fuel rods 3, and control rods 5 for controlling nuclear reaction are filled in the gas flow channels 6 of the gaps; gaps are also reserved between the nuclear fuel rods 3 arranged at the edge and the pressure-bearing inner wall 4, a plurality of gas flow channels 6 are also formed in the gaps, all the gas flow channels 6 axially penetrate through the high-temperature heat exchanger, and helium gas needing to be heated as working gas passes through each gas flow channel 6 and exchanges heat with the nuclear fuel rods 3 respectively.
When the control rods 5 are all inserted into the gas flow passage 6, the reaction of the nuclear fuel rods 3 is slowed down; the reaction of the nuclear fuel rods 3 is most intense when the control rods 5 are completely out of the gap, where the high temperature heat exchanger can provide the maximum heating power and heating temperature. Therefore, the degree of reaction progress, and thus the temperature of helium gas, can be controlled by controlling the depth of insertion of the control rod 5.
Example two
The thermoacoustic engine described in the second embodiment can enhance the heat exchange effect and reduce the flow resistance. Specifically, the high-temperature heat exchanger of the second embodiment is shown in fig. 3, wherein parts of the high-temperature heat exchanger that are the same as those of the first embodiment are not repeated, and the differences are as follows: the shape of the nuclear fuel rod 3 described in the second embodiment is changed into a ring shape, that is, the gas flow channel 6 is arranged on the axis of the nuclear fuel stack in a penetrating manner, and the arrangement mode of the nuclear fuel rod 3 is changed from the row to the cross row, so that the internal structure of the high-temperature heat exchanger becomes more compact and stable.
A plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 are fixed at respective positions in a staggered manner, a gap portion between each nuclear fuel rod 3 and the center of the annular nuclear fuel rod 3 are filled with control rods 5 for controlling nuclear reaction, and helium gas that needs to be heated passes through a gas flow channel 6 at the annular center of the nuclear fuel rod 3 and a gas flow channel 6 formed by a gap between the respective nuclear fuel rods 3 to obtain heat and cool the nuclear fuel stack.
EXAMPLE III
The thermoacoustic engine of the third embodiment can enhance the heat exchange effect and is easier to control the reaction degree. Specifically, the high-temperature heat exchanger of the third embodiment is shown in fig. 4, wherein the same parts of the high-temperature heat exchanger as those of the second embodiment are not repeated, and the differences are as follows: the cross-sectional shape of the nuclear fuel rod 3 described in the third embodiment is changed from a circle to a polygon, the structure in which a plurality of nuclear fuel rods 3 are arranged in parallel is a honeycomb shape, and the shape of the control rod 5 remains a cylindrical rod-like structure, and taking the nuclear fuel rod 3 having a hexagonal cross-section as an example, the control rod 5 can be inserted between three adjacent hexagonal nuclear fuel rods 3, and the working gas passes through the nuclear fuel rods 3 and the gaps between the nuclear fuel rods 3 and the control rod 5 to exchange heat with the fuel rods.
When the control rods 5 are all inserted into the gaps among the hexagonal nuclear fuel rods 3, the control rods 5 absorb neutrons at the moment, the reaction speed is controlled, and the nuclear reaction speed of the nuclear fuel reactor is slowed down; the nuclear reaction between the nuclear fuel rods 3 is most strongly performed when the control rods 5 are completely separated from the gaps between the nuclear fuel rods 3, and the high temperature heat exchanger can provide the maximum heating power and heating temperature. Therefore, the degree of reaction progress can be controlled by adjusting the insertion depth of the control rod 5, thereby controlling the temperature of helium gas.
Example four
The thermoacoustic engine according to the fourth embodiment can further enhance heat exchange efficiency and reduce flow resistance, and the high-temperature heat exchanger according to the fourth embodiment is shown in fig. 5, where parts of the high-temperature heat exchanger that are the same as those in the first embodiment, the second embodiment, and the third embodiment are not repeated, and the differences are as follows: the high-temperature heat exchanger described in the fourth embodiment is inserted with a plurality of heat conducting fins 7.
Specifically, the plurality of heat conducting fins 7 are arranged in sequence along the axial direction of the air flow channel, and all the annular nuclear fuel rods 3 and the control rods 5 vertically penetrate through the heat conducting fins 7 according to a certain arrangement mode (such as in-line or in-line), in other words, the fin plate of each heat conducting fin 7 is parallel to the axis of the high-temperature heat exchanger, and each nuclear fuel rod 3 and each control rod 5 are perpendicular to the axis of the high-temperature heat exchanger. The control rods 5 may be inserted into the gaps between the nuclear fuel stack and the heat transfer fins 7, or may be inserted into the annular nuclear fuel rods 3. The helium gas passes through the gas flow channels 6 between the heat transfer fins 7 and exchanges heat with the heat transfer fins 7 and the nuclear fuel stack, respectively, thereby transferring heat.
When the control rods 5 are all inserted into the gaps between the nuclear fuel piles, the reaction of the nuclear fuel piles is slowed down, and the temperature of helium gradually drops; the nuclear fuel reactor is most strongly reactive when the control rods 5 are completely removed from the above-mentioned gap, and the high temperature heat exchanger can provide the maximum heating power and heating temperature. Therefore, the degree of reaction progress of the nuclear fuel reactor, and thus the temperature of the helium gas, can be controlled by controlling the depth of insertion of the control rods 5.
EXAMPLE five
In the thermoacoustic engine according to the fifth embodiment, the high-temperature heat exchanger is as shown in fig. 6, where parts of the high-temperature heat exchanger that are the same as those in any of the above embodiments are not described again, but the differences are as follows: the nuclear fuel stack of the fifth embodiment is formed by the nuclear fuel rods 3 into the nuclear fuel balls 8, and the nuclear fuel balls are stacked together in a certain arrangement. The nuclear fuel ball 8 has a larger specific surface area than the nuclear fuel rod 3, so that its heat exchange capability is also superior to that of the nuclear fuel rod 3, and the nuclear fuel ball 8 is of a millimeter scale and has a metal sealing cladding on the surface thereof to prevent diffusion of nuclear contamination.
When the thermoacoustic engine works, the nuclear fuel spheres 8 react with each other, and working gas rapidly flows through the gas flow channel 6 reserved between the nuclear fuel spheres 8 and exchanges heat with the nuclear fuel spheres 8, so that heat is absorbed, the temperature is raised, and the nuclear fuel spheres 8 release heat and reduce the temperature. The direction in which the control rods 5 are inserted into the nuclear reactor is perpendicular to the direction of the gas flow channel 6, and the control rods 5 are inserted into the gaps between the nuclear fuel spheres 8 from the periphery of the pressure-bearing wall surface, so that the reaction of the nuclear fuel reactor is slowed down, and the temperature of helium gas at that time is gradually lowered.
In summary, in the thermoacoustic engine and the thermoacoustic heating method of the embodiment, first, the main water cooler 1, the heat regenerator 2 and the high temperature heat exchanger are sequentially connected, and the nuclear fuel reactor is disposed in the casing of the high temperature heat exchanger, so that the self-excited oscillating working gas in the engine directly exchanges heat with the nuclear fuel reactor, and the heat of the nuclear fuel reactor is converted into mechanical energy or transferred to the environment, so that the nuclear fuel reactor is effectively cooled, a passive gas cooled reactor is formed, and the safety of the nuclear reactor can be improved; meanwhile, the direct coupling heat exchange between the nuclear fuel reactor and the thermoacoustic engine changes the external combustion thermoacoustic engine into a quasi-internal combustion engine, greatly simplifies the heat exchange of the system, and greatly improves the power density of the system.
Secondly, because the high-temperature heat exchanger is arranged in the thermoacoustic engine, the inner wall of the shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger which is a part of the shell of the engine is a pressure-bearing wall surface, and because the working gas in the engine can directly exchange heat with the nuclear fuel stack, the pressure-bearing wall surface can not bear high temperature any more, and even the outer surface of the pressure-bearing wall surface can be cooled by controlling the temperature.
Meanwhile, in the high-temperature heat exchanger, the degree of nuclear reaction is controlled through the contact degree of the control rod 5 and the nuclear fuel reactor, so that the heating power and the temperature are controlled, and the nuclear energy can be controllably applied to the thermoacoustic engine;
in addition, the thermoacoustic engine with the structure further reduces the whole volume, and the structure is more miniaturized and compacted.
The embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Claims (9)
1. A thermoacoustic engine is characterized by comprising a main water cooler, a heat regenerator and a high-temperature heat exchanger which are sequentially communicated, wherein a nuclear fuel stack is arranged in a shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger, the nuclear fuel stack is used for providing a nuclear fuel utilization reaction place, and heat exchange is carried out between the nuclear fuel stack and working gas flowing through the high-temperature heat exchanger so as to heat the working gas; the high-temperature heat exchanger also comprises at least one control rod, each control rod is respectively inserted in the nuclear fuel reactor and/or is respectively distributed around the nuclear fuel reactor, and each control rod is used for controlling the speed of the nuclear fuel reaction in the nuclear fuel reactor.
2. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 1, wherein a porous structure is provided in the nuclear fuel stack, said porous structure being formed of nuclear fuel and being capable of forming at least one axial gas flow channel in the nuclear fuel stack, said control rods being insertable in each of said gas flow channels; the working gas flows through each gas flow channel respectively, so that the working gas can exchange heat with at least one nuclear fuel stack when flowing through each gas flow channel.
3. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 2, wherein the porous structure comprises:
the nuclear fuel rods are arranged along the axial direction and are uniformly arranged in the shell of the high-temperature heat exchanger in parallel; and/or
A plurality of nuclear fuel spheres, each of the nuclear fuel spheres stacked within the housing.
4. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 3, wherein the gas flow channels are respectively left between n adjacent nuclear fuel rods or nuclear fuel spheres (n is greater than or equal to 3) and between the porous structure and the pressure-bearing inner wall of the nuclear fuel stack, and the control rod can be inserted into the gas flow channel between each n adjacent nuclear fuel stacks (n is greater than or equal to 3).
5. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 3, wherein the gas flow passage extends through the axis of the nuclear fuel rod.
6. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 5, wherein the cross-section of the control rod is smaller than the cross-section of the gas flow channel, such that when the control rod is inserted into the gas flow channel, a gap for passage of the working gas is left between the control rod and the gas flow channel.
7. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 3, wherein when the porous structure is a plurality of nuclear fuel spheres, the plurality of nuclear fuel spheres are stacked in a plurality of layers in an axial direction, and a plurality of control rods are inserted between the plurality of nuclear fuel spheres, respectively.
8. The thermoacoustic engine according to any one of claims 3-7, wherein the high temperature heat exchanger further comprises a plurality of heat conducting fins, each of the heat conducting fins being juxtaposed in the housing, the gas flow channel being left between each adjacent two of the heat conducting fins; the nuclear fuel reactor and the control rods are respectively arranged in the heat conduction fins in a penetrating mode.
9. The thermoacoustic engine according to claim 8, wherein a gas flow passage extends through the axis of the nuclear fuel rod to allow the control rod to be inserted into the gas flow passage.
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| CN110701011B (en) | 2021-10-29 |
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