CN110678600A - 含有石墨烯的压电响应纺织品 - Google Patents
含有石墨烯的压电响应纺织品 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 148
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Abstract
一种包含石墨烯的导电纺织品,其在变形时经历电阻变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及压电响应纺织品领域。特别地,本发明涉及一种导电纺织品,其在张紧时会改变电气性能。
背景技术
应变计和压力计被广泛使用。当用作压力计时,其可以高度精确,并且可以由多种材料通过多种方法制成。通常,它们是使用一种材料或一系列材料的独立电气设备,该种材料或一系列材料在施加压力时会经受电气性能的变化。电气性能的变化通常是电阻、电容或电感。在许多情况下,压力计是应变计的一种形式。
材料的变形改变了材料成分的相对位置,从而导致应变。这种变形可以是弹性或非弹性的、弹性和非弹性的结合或仅部分是弹性的,每次变形都会产生一些永久变形。变形可以是压缩或扩展的,并且可以沿三个物理维度的任何一个或全部而发生。在实践中,通过施加垂直于片平面的力来压缩材料片使片在施加力的区域中较薄。在片平面内拉伸可被压缩的材料的片通常也会使其更薄。这些变形的各种个体或组合可用于测量应变。
弹性在形式上被测量为“弹性模量”(也称为拉伸模量和杨氏模量)。弹性可逆性是指物体在变形后恢复其原来形状的程度。一般情况下,如果物体在弹性变形后保持适合于目的,则认为弹性是可逆的。在应变传感器中,非弹性变形是可以被补偿的。
应变仪通常使用可变形的电导体(例如以复杂图案的薄金属箔或细金属线)来使结合到可弯曲或可拉伸的绝缘片上的灵敏度最大化。当绝缘体被拉伸或压缩时,电导体变形并且其电阻变化。如果电导体被拉伸,则电通路会变得更窄且更长,从而增加电阻。如果被压缩,则电通路就会变得更短且更宽,从而降低电阻。这种效应可以描述为压阻效应。这种二维应变计可以布置在膜上以充当压力传感器。
压阻可以用来测量应变的变化(以及通过包含压力)。半导体,如硅和锗,是众所周知的压阻材料。它们随着应变而经历大的电阻变化,并且可以制成高精度且高灵敏度的压力传感器。
电阻可以以多种方式来报告。对于薄片中的电导,单位“每平方欧姆”(“欧姆/平方”或“欧姆/”)常被使用并且被称为“薄层电阻(sheet resistance)”。这一单位的实践有点在于,不管被测量的材料是如何构成的,它都反映期望的结果。例如,两片电导体可能具有不同的比阻,但如果厚度不同,则仍可具有相同的期望的薄层电阻。薄层电阻通常应用于均匀厚度的薄膜,但也可以应用于不均匀的导体片,例如纺织品。
电阻、电容和电感的测量可以通过许多手段来实现。在模拟应变计中,惠斯通电桥或电位计可用于确定未知电阻。现代数字设备和半导体技术允许简单、精确和相对低成本的测量设备来测量一个或多个电气参数。
大面积上的应变感测需要坚固且相对便宜的材料。半导体技术是不合适的。使用导电的、可拉伸的聚合物(例如橡胶)的应变传感器是众所周知的。是一个可商业购得的示例,其中电绝缘聚烯烃已具有添加的导电碳颗粒(炭黑)以使其导电。当片被拉伸时,它会改变电阻,从而可以允许其用作应变传感器。其结构的性质意味着:当在垂直于片的方向上向片施加压力时,在施加压力的方向上会发生电阻变化,而在垂直于施加压力的方向(平面内或薄片电阻)不会发生电阻变化。
纺织品,还称为纤维织物或布料,是由天然纤维和/或人造纤维网格组成的柔性材料。根据所需的性能和应用,多种材料可被用作纤维。
纺织品可以由纤维通过许多方法形成,包括:织造、针织、打结、编织和非织造覆盖层技术,其具有另外的步骤,例如交织(例如针刺、毡制、水力缠结、旋转系带、水针刺),并且可以包括各种步骤来改善所需的性能,例如粗梳、热粘合和涂覆。
导电纺织品可以由导电纤维制成,例如:金属;导电聚合物(例如聚吡咯);碳填充聚合物纤维;以及金属填充的聚合物纤维。此外,纺织品可以由涂覆的纤维制成,其中非导电聚合物(聚烯烃或天然纤维)被涂覆有导电层(例如本文所述的那些),然后纤维被制成纺织品。在某些情况中,根据所期望的性能,导电纺织品由导电纤维和非导电纤维的混合物制成。或者,可以通过用导电材料涂覆纺织品来使纺织品导电。
与非导电纺织品相比,导电纺织品通常是昂贵的,因此限制了单个应用的尺度和应用的广度。另外大多数的导电纺织品没有显著的压阻效应。更有限制的是,表现出压阻效应的材料只在施加的压力或应变的方向上表现出压阻效应。
有许多工业用途的纺织品。有时也称为“技术纺织品”,范围从土木工程和相关的岩土工程应用到建筑、制造和汽车。通常,它们被认为是非美学的,并构成另一部分的部件。很少有大型导电纺织品可用的具有成本效益的选择。
具有应变和/或压力响应的用于服装和医疗应用的纺织品通常依赖于嵌入在纺织品中或在物品形成之后附接到纺织品的复杂电子部件。在一些情况下,传感器是使用导电油墨印在纺织品上的。在这些情况下,传感器是独立的物体,而不是纺织品的固有部分。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种用作应变感测系统的一部分的可变形的材料,该可变形的材料改善了与现有技术有关的问题中的至少一些。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面,提供了一种包含石墨烯的导电纺织品,该导电纺织品在变形时改变电阻。
特别地,含有石墨烯的导电纺织品在所有三个维度上均表现出压阻效应,并且能够用作压力传感器或应变传感器。
纺织品,也称为纺织品或布料,是由天然和/或人造纤维的网格组成的柔性材料。根据所需的特性和应用,多种材料都可以用作纤维。
纺织品可以由纤维通过许多方法形成,包括:织造、针织、打结、编织和非织造覆盖层技术,其具有另外的步骤,例如交织(例如针刺、毡制、水力缠结、旋转系带、水针刺),并且可以包括各种步骤来改善所需的性能,例如粗梳和热粘合。
导电纺织品可以由导电纤维制成,例如:金属;导电聚合物(例如聚吡咯);碳填充聚合物纤维;以及金属填充的聚合物纤维。此外,纺织品可以由涂覆的纤维制成,其中非导电聚合物(聚烯烃或天然纤维)被涂覆有导电层(例如本文所述的那些),然后纤维被制成纺织品。在某些情况中,根据所期望的性能,导电纺织品由导电纤维和非导电纤维的混合物制成。或者,可以通过用导电材料涂覆纺织品来使纺织品导电。
与非导电纺织品相比,导电纺织品通常是昂贵的,因此限制了单个应用的尺度和应用的广度。另外大多数的导电纺织品没有显著的压阻效应。更有限制的是,表现出压阻效应的材料只在施加的压力或应变的方向上表现出压阻效应。
有许多工业用途的纺织品。有时也称为“技术纺织品”,范围从土木工程和相关的岩土工程应用到建筑、制造和汽车。通常,它们被认为是非美学的,并构成另一部分的部件。很少有大型导电纺织品可用的具有成本效益的选择。
具有应变和/或压力响应的用于服装和医疗应用的纺织品通常依赖于嵌入在纺织品中或在物品形成之后附接到纺织品的复杂电子部件。在一些情况下,传感器是使用导电油墨印在纺织品上的。在这些情况下,传感器是独立的物体,而不是纺织品的固有部分。
石墨烯本质上是单层的石墨,并且可以通过许多途径形成,包括“自上而下”的方法(例如石墨的机械或电化学剥离,石墨的化学氧化和剥离为氧化石墨烯,然后部分或完全还原为石墨烯)和“自下而上”的方法(例如由气体或等离子体在基板或催化剂上生长)。石墨烯的特性可以从在原子上几乎完美的单层到两层、几层和多层的石墨烯,一直到最终形成类似于超细石墨的大团聚体的一定规模数量的层而变化。石墨烯具有高的纵横比,最终仅是一个原子层厚(小于一纳米),并且在平面方向上通常为几百纳米到几百微米。因此,石墨烯被称为是二维(2D)材料。石墨烯是一种极好的电导体。
优选地,当在纺织品的平面中受到应变时,纺织品经历在纺织品的平面中的弹性变形,和/或当在垂直于纺织品的平面中受到应变时,纺织品经历垂直于纺织品的平面的弹性变形。优选地,电阻的变化是可逆的。
可以在形成纺织品之后将石墨烯施加到纺织品。可以将石墨烯施加到纺织品,使得石墨烯分布在纺织品的整个厚度上。
可以将石墨烯施加到纺织品的一侧,使得纺织品的厚度的仅一部分包含石墨烯。
可以在纤维形成之后将石墨烯施加到构成纺织品的纤维上,或者可将石墨烯掺入构成纺织品的纤维中。
优选地,纤维是导电的并且纺织品是导电的。该纺织品可以形成为不均匀地导电。导电纤维的比例可以是100%,或者大于50%,或者大于10%,或者大于1%。
或者,本发明提供一种纺织品,该纺织品具有第一面和第二面,第一面包括含石墨烯的、导电的至少一个区域,第二面包括含石墨烯的至少一个区域,从而可以在第一面上的区域中的至少一个和第二面上的区域中的至少一个之间形成电阻,并且其中,当纺织品变形时,该电阻可以变化。
纺织品可以被构造成使得在第一面和第二面的每一个上的第一导电区域被连接到在相应面上的第二导电区域和第三导电区域。第二导电区域和第三导电区域可用于将电气设备连接至第一区域。
包括第一区域、第二区域和第三区域的上面具有重复图案的纺织品可以被构造成使得第二区域和第三区域在纺织品上彼此没有电连接,除了在第一区域介于第二区域和第二区域之间的地方。
可以通过连接到第二区域和第三区域来形成电路,并且其中,电路的连接位置产生电通路,电通路具有对第一个第一区域的第一电阻并且具有对第二个第一区域的第二电阻,其中第一电阻和第二电阻是不同的。
现在将参照附图通过特定的非限制性示例来描述本发明的优选实施例。
附图说明
图1是示出由仅在一面上涂覆有石墨烯的非织造聚酯制成的矩形的纺织品传感器当被垂直于片的平面压缩时的电阻变化的曲线图。
图2示出两个曲线图,其显示了由仅在一面上涂覆有柔性石墨烯涂层的弹性纤维制成的弹性纺织品。电阻(左)和拉伸(右)随三个拉伸周期时间的变化。
具体实施方式
存在各种形式的石墨烯。理想的石墨烯是纯碳和石墨烯家族中最好的电导体,并且是迄今为止发现的最好的导体之一。它没有缺陷和其他化学功能,例如氧气。氧化石墨烯(GO)是作为电绝缘体的高度氧化形式的石墨烯。
通过各种描述可以参考中间种类,例如部分还原的氧化石墨烯(prGO)或官能化的石墨烯,其中各种化学基团连接到石墨烯的边缘和/或基面。该功能允许调整(tailoring)石墨烯的电气和物理特性,例如,使其更容易掺入材料(例如塑料)之中或掺到材料(例如塑料)之上以形成复合材料。掺入杂原子也可以用于调整石墨烯的性质,在掺入杂原子中,碳原子被其他原子(比如氮和其他共价键合的原子)代替。
石墨烯还可以具有各种维度,无论它是单层的石墨烯还是多层。已经使用了各种术语来描述结构排列,并且在将术语标准化方面进行了一些尝试。不管用什么术语,这些石墨烯的单层和多层结构都具有有用的导电性,其可使本文所述的聚合物、纤维和纺织品具有一些性能。
除非另外详细说明并且描述了它们的性能,否则石墨烯的这些各种排列在本文中被概括为“石墨烯”。从导电性到绝缘性的连续尺度意味着许多形式的石墨烯都可以用作导电体,并且甚至导电性差的石墨烯也可以达到目的,尤其是在它的其他性能使其值得使用的情况下。
石墨烯可以通过许多途径生产,包括:阳极键合;碳纳米管裂解(cleavage);化学剥离;化学合成;化学气相沉积;电化学剥离;电化学嵌入;碳化硅上生长;液相剥离;微机械裂解;微波剥离;分子束外延;光子剥离;从金属沉淀;以及热剥离。这些途径中的一些产生了被称为以下的材料:化学转化的石墨烯;少层石墨烯;GO;石墨烯;氧化石墨烯;石墨烯纳米薄片(graphene nanoflakes);石墨烯纳米片(;graphene nanoplatelets);石墨烯纳米带;石墨烯纳米层片(graphene nanosheets);石墨纳米薄片;石墨纳米片;石墨纳米层片;氧化石墨;LCGO;液晶氧化石墨烯;多层石墨烯;部分还原的氧化石墨烯;部分还原的氧化石墨;prGO;rGO;还原的氧化石墨烯;还原的氧化石墨。
将石墨烯掺入到纺织品中或掺入到纺织品上可以通过许多方法来实现,但是在每种情况下,纤维和纺织品的性能都会影响掺入的方法。掺入的方法将取决于纤维和纺织品的化学性质、石墨烯的化学性质、石墨烯的形状以及用来将石墨烯掺入纤维中或掺入到纤维上的过程以及形成纺织品的过程。对于合成纤维或复合纤维,优选的方法包括在形成合成纤维之前将石墨烯混合到聚合物或复合物中。天然纤维和合成纤维都可以涂覆有石墨烯以制成导电纤维,并且纺织品和纺织品中间体也可以被涂覆以提供纺织品中的导电性。
为了将石墨烯分散到用于合成纤维或复合纤维的聚合物中,石墨烯可以粉末形式或在流体中的分散体形式存在。石墨烯在合适的流体中的预分散促进了石墨烯在聚合物中的分散。优选由石墨烯在流体中的分散体来涂覆石墨烯。将石墨烯掺入到聚合物中的方法可以包括:石墨烯的熔融复合到聚合物中;聚合物与石墨烯的原位聚合;以及溶液混合。无论使用哪种技术,都希望石墨烯被充分分散从而以最少的石墨烯实现导电性。
在一些情况下,需要添加剂来减少石墨烯和聚合物的相分离。
优选的方法是:其中纺织品由包括石墨烯的纤维形成。该纤维是由聚合物的粒料或粉末通过熔融挤出而形成的。石墨烯以分散在载体聚合物中的浓缩形式被添加到熔融挤出物中,该载体聚合物可以与本体聚合物相同或不同。将浓缩形式的石墨烯聚合物分散体在熔融挤出过程中混合并稀释,以获得纤维中所需的石墨烯浓度。在另一个实施例中,浓缩形式的石墨烯分散在流体(例如:油、溶剂或水)中。
电气测量依赖于电导率以形成电路。足够的电导率取决于导电路径的大小和长度以及导电介质的电导率。变量的这种组合提供了可以有效进行测量的广泛范围。需要将测量方法调整到所需的结果和条件。这使得纺织品的电导率也适合于期望的应用和测量方法。在某些情况下,导电纺织品的电导率可能会很低,例如在测量电压高、电阻变化大且电路路径短的地方。
在一些实施例中,电路的电阻被测量,在其他实施例中,是电容或电感被测量。
在一个实施例中,天然棉、机织非弹性的服装纺织品涂覆有来自载体溶剂的石墨烯分散体。在干燥后,涂覆的区域是导电的。可以调整电导率以提供所需的电导率和对压缩和拉伸的压阻响应。电导率和压阻响应可通过施加的石墨烯量和石墨烯到纺织品中的渗透来控制。石墨烯渗透到纺织品中的厚度越大,压阻响应越大。
假设三维纺织品结构提供了一种支架(scaffold),当用适当的石墨烯颗粒涂覆时,该支架提供了一种机制,通过该机制,垂直于纺织片方向压缩纺织品导致在沿压缩方向的纺织品的厚度上更大的纤维到纤维的接触,并且由此导致大量的导电通路以供电流流动,并且由此导致较低的电阻被测量。在施加的压缩方向(在纺织品的厚度上)和纺织品的平面(垂直于施加的压缩方向)中都可以测量这种电阻变化。
在另一个实施例中,用石墨烯的水性聚合物分散体涂覆厚的、低密度、非织造的、毡制的聚酯纺织品,以形成进入纺织品的一面的顶部中的导电层。当压缩后,低密度的、毡制的纺织品会显著变形,并呈现在纺织品的整个片上(在平面中)所测量的压阻响应。根据理论预测,压阻响应(测量为电压变化并转换为电阻)随着施加的力的增加显示减小,并且与纺织品的面积成比例的所施加的压力的面积越大,电阻减小的程度越大。
在另一个实施例中,将石墨烯薄涂层作为水性聚合物分散体施加到薄弹性织造的纺织品的一面。在某些情况下,纺织品在两个方向上都具有弹性,而在另一些情况下,纺织品仅在一个方向上具有弹性。石墨烯涂层仅施加到纺织品的表面,而石墨烯没有明显渗透到纺织品的厚度中。在弹性方向上拉伸纺织品会增加与拉伸程度成比例的电阻。垂直于纺织品平面压缩薄纺织品仅使电阻有很小的减小。在这种情况下,石墨烯涂层表现得像二维应变计。
现在将参考以下非限制性实例描述本发明。
实例1:通过将纺织品重复地浸入到石墨烯的分散体中直到纺织品变黑,从而在二甲苯中用0.05重量%石墨烯的分散体涂覆约140g/m2的熔纺的、非织造的、针刺聚酯的约10cm2的方块(Squares)。在进行空气干燥后,电导率被测量为约2000Ω/平方。
实例2:通过手工反复将纺织品浸入到氧化石墨烯的分散体中并且使其浸没直到土工纺织品变成深褐色,从而在水中用氧化石墨烯的分散体涂覆约140g/m2的约5cm*2cm的熔纺的、非织造的、针刺的聚酯的条带。然后将涂覆的纺织品用柠檬酸作为还原剂处理以将氧化石墨烯转化为石墨烯。在进行漂洗和空气干燥后,电导率被测得为870Ω/平方。
实例3:石墨烯纳米片(GNP)通过以下来制造:在氩气中于1050℃下对可膨胀的石墨进行热剥离,然后在水中通过超声波剥离。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,片晶的平均直径约为1微米,并且在从单层到多于10层的范围内。将石墨烯与水性丙烯酸粘合剂混合以得到2重量%的石墨烯分散体,并将其刮涂到约190g/m2的熔纺的、非织造、针刺的聚酯的一面上。在纺织品的每面上测得的电阻约为:在涂覆面上约每平方3400Ω/平方并且在未涂覆面上无穷大(>20MΩ)。图1示出了涂覆的纺织品的4cm*14cm的样品当4cm*4cm的面积在样品的厚度上被压缩时得到压力响应曲线。可以观察到,电阻与施加的力呈可预测的关系。
实例4:在具有纤维素增稠剂的水性丙烯酸粘合剂中,由弹性纤维(也称为氨纶和莱卡)制成的商业弹性纺织品在一面上用2重量%的石墨烯分散体刮涂。涂覆面积约为20cm*2cm。一旦在120℃下干燥,该石墨烯涂层是柔性的并且是部分弹性的。当沿涂覆区域的长度测量时,两点电阻约为3.5kΩ。弹性纤维的高弹性特性意味着任何单独系列的电阻测量值的起点都是不同的。弹性纤维的少量拉伸(<5%)可产生大部分可逆的电阻变化,每拉伸1%,电阻大约增加300Ω。图2示出了在拉伸和电阻变化之间观察到的关系,其中将观察到拉伸量和电阻之间的关系似乎是可预测的。
本领域技术人员将认识到,上述实施例仅仅是如何实施本发明概念的一个示例。将理解的是,可以构想其他实施例,尽管它们的细节不同,但是仍然落入相同的发明概念内并且表示相同的发明。
Claims (19)
1.一种含有石墨烯的导电纺织品,所述导电纺织品在变形时改变电阻。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纺织品,其中,所述纺织品布置在平面中;并且其中,所述纺织品适于使得:当在所述纺织品的平面中受到应变时,所述纺织品经历在所述纺织品的平面中的弹性变形。
3.根据权利要求1所述的纺织品,其中,所述纺织品适于使得:当在垂直于所述纺织品的平面的方向上受到应变时,所述纺织品经历垂直于所述纺织品的平面的弹性变形。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的纺织品,其中,所述电阻的变化是可逆的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的纺织品,其中,所述石墨烯在所述纺织品形成之后已经被施加到所述纺织品。
6.根据权利要求5所述的纺织品,其中,所述石墨烯被施加到所述纺织品,以使得石墨烯分布在所述纺织品的整个厚度上。
7.根据权利要求5所述的纺织品,其中,所述石墨烯被施加到所述纺织品的一面,以使得所述纺织品的仅一部分厚度含有石墨烯。
8.根据权利要求1所述的纺织品,其中,在纤维形成之后,所述石墨烯被施加到包括所述纺织品的纤维上。
9.根据权利要求1所述的纺织品,其中,所述石墨烯已经被掺入到包括所述纺织品的纤维中。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的纺织品,其中,所述纤维是导电的,并且所述纺织品是导电的。
11.根据权利要求10所述的纺织品,其中,所述纤维不是均匀导电的。
12.根据权利要求11所述的纺织品,其中,所述纤维的大约100%是导电的。
13.根据权利要求11所述的纺织品,其中,所述纤维的大于50%是导电的。
14.根据权利要求11所述的纺织品,其中,所述纤维的大于10%是导电的。
15.根据权利要求11所述的纺织品,其中,所述纤维的大于1%是导电的。
16.根据权利要求1所述的纺织品,所述纺织品包括:包含石墨烯的一个或多个区域,所述一个或多个区域是导电的,其中,所述区域在变形时改变电阻。
17.根据权利要求16所述的纺织品,其中,导电第一区域电连接至导电第二区域和导电第三区域;并且其中,所述导电第一区域随着变形而改变电阻;并且其中,所述第二区域和所述第三区域适于用来将电气设备连接到所述第一区域。
18.根据权利要求17所述的纺织品,其中,所述第一区域、所述第二区域和所述第三区域包括重复图案,其中,所述第二区域和所述第三区域仅在所述第一区域介于所述第二区域和所述第三区域之间的区域彼此电连接。
19.根据权利要求18所述的含有图案的纺织品,其中,通过将多于一个的第一区域电连接至所述第二区域和所述第三区域中的一个来形成电路;并且其中,所述电路在所述区域中的连接位置被选择以产生电通路,所述电通路具有对第一区域的第一电阻和对另一个第一区域的第二电阻,其中,所述第一电阻和所述第二电阻是不同的。
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