CN110655186A - Biochar-based filter bed device and method for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater - Google Patents
Biochar-based filter bed device and method for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/28—Anaerobic digestion processes
- C02F3/2826—Anaerobic digestion processes using anaerobic filters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/10—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from quarries or from mining activities
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Abstract
The invention relates to a biological carbon-based filter bed device and a method for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater, wherein the device comprises a biological filter bed treatment tank (4); the biological filter bed treatment tank (4) is arranged as a cylinder, and a heavy metal reaction sedimentation area (7), an acid-resistant organic plate (8) with holes and a packing layer are arranged in the biological filter bed treatment tank (4); the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone (7) is arranged at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4); an acid-resistant organic plate (8) with holes is arranged between the heavy metal reaction precipitation zone (7) and the packing layer; the packing layer is sequentially provided with a gravel packing layer (9), a biological carbon packing layer (10) and an organic material packing layer (11) from bottom to top. The invention can neutralize the acidity of the wastewater, has good effect of removing pollutants such as heavy metal ions, sulfate and the like, occupies small area, has low construction and operation cost, simple and convenient operation and management and good filter bed water permeability, can effectively reduce the toxic action of heavy metals on a filter bed system, and realizes the recycling of the heavy metals.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of sewage treatment; in particular to the technical field of a structure and a method of a biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater.
Background
In the process of ore mining and smelting, metal ions and sulfides contained in sulfide ores are dissolved out under the actions of weathering, rainwater and surface water soaking, catalytic oxidation of microorganisms and the like to form acidic heavy metal wastewater. The acidic heavy metal wastewater has the characteristics of high concentration of heavy metal ions and sulfate, low pH value, high toxicity, difficult biological treatment, easy accumulation in organisms, amplification along with a food chain and the like. If the waste water is directly discharged into the surrounding environment without being effectively treated, the waste water can cause great harm to the ecological system and human health around the pollution source.
The biological filter bed is a common sewage biological treatment technology, and the fillers and microorganisms in the system remove pollutants through the synergistic action of physical, chemical and biochemical reactions. The method has the advantages of flexible and simple operation, low cost, suitability for remote areas, strong impact load resistance and the like, and is widely applied to the treatment of various waste water including heavy metal waste water. The removing way of the heavy metal comprises the functions of adsorption, filtration and interception of the substrate, transformation and precipitation of microorganisms and the like.
Nevertheless, there are several problems to be solved in the treatment of acidic heavy metal wastewater with a biological filter bed system. The organic matter content and acidity in the acidic heavy metal wastewater are very low, which inhibits the action of sulfate reducing bacteria, so that the system has poor removal effect on sulfate and heavy metals. For this reason, organic materials are often added to the biological filter bed to enhance its treatment effect, and lime is often added to neutralize the acidity of the wastewater. However, these methods still have problems, such as heavy metal ions in the wastewater and metal precipitates accumulated after the system is operated for a period of time can have toxic action on microorganisms in the filter bed, thereby seriously affecting the treatment effect of the system; the added lime substances can also inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms in the system; most of the treated heavy metal is retained in the biological filter bed to block the polluted filter bed, so that the water permeability of the filter bed is reduced, the heavy metal cannot be recovered, and certain resource waste is caused. The traditional filter bed filler such as river sand, broken stone and the like has poor adsorption performance on pollutants, and cannot create a good microenvironment suitable for the growth of microorganisms, so that the treatment efficiency of a filter bed system is poor, and the required occupied area is large. How to relieve the toxic action of the acidic heavy metal wastewater on a filter bed ecosystem, effectively improve the treatment effect of the biological filter bed on the acidic heavy metal wastewater, ensure the efficient and stable operation of the biological filter bed system and realize the recovery of metal resources still remains to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater and a using method thereof, aiming at the problems in the process of treating the acidic heavy metal wastewater by using a biological filter bed system. The device can realize the separation of heavy metal precipitation and microbial sulfate reduction with a small floor area, improve the treatment efficiency of the acidic heavy metal wastewater, improve the sustainable operation capacity of the treatment device, and realize the recycling of heavy metals.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
The invention relates to a biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater, which comprises a biological filter bed treatment tank; the biological filter bed treatment tank is arranged as a cylinder body, and a heavy metal reaction sedimentation area, an acid-resistant organic plate with holes and a packing layer are arranged in the biological filter bed treatment tank; the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone is arranged at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank; the acid-resistant organic plate with holes is arranged between the heavy metal reaction precipitation area and the packing layer; the packing layer is sequentially provided with a gravel packing layer, a biochar packing layer and an organic material packing layer from bottom to top.
Furthermore, the device also comprises a filter bed mud pipe; the filter bed sludge discharge pipe is inserted in the heavy metal reaction settling zone and connected with the heavy metal reaction settling zone; a sludge pump is arranged on the filter bed sludge discharge pipe.
The device further comprises an adjusting tank, wherein a first water outlet is formed in the bottom of the adjusting tank, and one end provided with a filter bed water inlet pipe is hermetically connected with the first water outlet; a first water inlet is formed in the side wall of the heavy metal reaction and precipitation area at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank, and the other end of the filter bed water inlet pipe is hermetically connected with the first water inlet; the water inlet pipe of the filter bed is connected with a flowmeter and a flow control valve.
Furthermore, the bottom of the adjusting tank is higher than the top of the biological filter bed treatment tank.
Furthermore, the upper part of the regulating tank is provided with a second water inlet, and a regulating tank water inlet pipe is connected with the second water inlet.
Furthermore, the upper part of the biological filter bed treatment tank is provided with a second water outlet which is arranged above the organic material packing layer, and a filter bed water outlet pipe is connected with the second water outlet.
Furthermore, an impermeable layer is arranged on the inner wall of the adjusting tank or the inner wall of the biological filter bed treatment tank; the anti-seepage layer is an anti-seepage coating layer or an anti-seepage film.
Furthermore, the volume ratio of the gravel packing layer, the biological carbon packing layer and the organic material packing layer is 1-4: 2-6: 2-6.
Furthermore, the heights of the gravel packing layer, the biochar packing layer and the organic material packing layer are respectively 10-40cm, 20-60 cm and 20-60 cm; the particle size of gravel particles in the gravel packing layer is 10-20 mm; the particle size of the biochar in the biochar filler layer is 3-12 mm. The organic materials are plant straws (reed straws, corn straws, rice straws and the like), shells (almond shells, walnut shells and the like), branches and the like, and can be single or combined organic materials. The biochar is medium-low temperature biochar, and is prepared by pyrolyzing plant straws such as reed straws or shells under an anoxic condition. The bottom gravel layer can make the water distribution of the inlet water more uniform and prevent the blockage of the perforated organic plate.
A method for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater by using a biochar-based filter bed device, which comprises the following steps:
1) the wastewater enters the regulating tank and then enters the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank at a certain flow rate by means of gravity, the flow rate of the inflow water is regulated by the flow control valve, and then the wastewater passes through the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone, the gravel packing layer, the biochar packing layer and the organic material packing layer in sequence and is finally discharged out of the system through a water outlet positioned at the upper part of the filter bed treatment tank;
2) the filter bed device runs in a mode of continuous water inlet and continuous water outlet, SO that the filter bed device is in a water saturation state for a long time, dissolved oxygen is consumed, the whole biological filter bed treatment tank is in an anaerobic state, a carbon source released by an organic material is used as an energy source and an electron donor for growth of sulfate reducing bacteria, and the sulfate reducing bacteria are used for treating SO4 in wastewater2-Reduction to S2-Heavy metals and S2- The reaction generates metal sulfide precipitate, so that heavy metal ions and sulfate in the wastewater are removed;
3) the retention time of the waste water is 24-72 hours. Sludge at the bottom of the filter bed treatment tank is periodically discharged out of the device through a sludge discharge pipe, the sludge discharge frequency is 2-4 times per month, and the running time of a sludge pump is 5-10 minutes;
4) sludge in a heavy metal reaction settling zone in the biological filter bed treatment tank is discharged out of the system through a filter bed sludge discharge pipe and a sludge pump which are positioned at the bottom of the treatment tank at regular intervals;
5) and drying the discharged sludge for recycling heavy metals.
Compared with the existing biological filter bed device for treating heavy metal wastewater, the biological filter bed device has the beneficial effects that:
【1】 The function division of the biological filter bed device is clear. The bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank is provided with a heavy metal reaction settling zone, the mode of bottom water inlet and upper water outlet is adopted, heavy metal in the water inlet reacts with sulfur ions generated in the filter bed system to form a settling zone accumulated at the lower part of the filter bed system, and the heavy metal is regularly discharged outside the device through a sludge pipe, so that the toxic action of the heavy metal to the biological filter bed system is reduced, the sulfate reduction effect is enhanced, the filter bed is prevented from being polluted by a large amount of heavy metal sediments, the treatment effect of the system on acidic heavy metal wastewater is improved, the water permeability of the filter bed is maintained, and the heavy metal can be recycled.
【2】 The biological carbon added in the biological filter bed device is used as filter bed filler, is a biological material, has wide raw material source and is environment-friendly. The alkaline substances released by the biochar can well neutralize the acidity of the wastewater, so that the biochar is beneficial to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, and the biochar is also a good carrier for the microorganisms, so that the application of the biochar can obviously improve the effect of sulfate reducing bacteria and improve the effect of a system for treating the wastewater.
【3】 The organic material packing layer is arranged on the upper part of the packing layer of the filter bed system, and a carbon source released by the organic material can be used as an energy source and an electron donor for the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria, so that the problem of carbon source shortage of the acidic heavy metal wastewater is well solved. Meanwhile, the organic material filler layer is arranged on the upper layer, so that the organic material filler layer can be replaced when the carbon source release amount is small. The adopted materials are cheap and easy to obtain, and are suitable for being adopted in remote areas, mining areas and other areas.
【4】 The integrated function separation type biological filter bed treatment device can reduce the occupied area of a biological filter bed system on the basis of prolonging the service life of the filter bed. The whole system is low in construction and operation cost and simple, convenient and flexible in operation.
The invention is further explained below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a vertical cross-sectional configuration of the present invention;
reference numbers in the figures: 1-adjusting pool water inlet pipe; 2-a regulating reservoir; 3-water inlet pipe of filter bed; 4-a biological filter bed treatment tank; 5-a water outlet pipe of the filter bed; 6-a filter bed sludge discharge pipe; 7-heavy metal reaction precipitation zone; 8-acid-resistant organic plate with holes; 9-gravel packing layer; 10-a biochar filler layer; 11-organic material packing layer; 12-a flow control valve; 13-sludge pump; 14-flow meter.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples. It is emphasized that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described below.
As shown in figure 1, the invention relates to a biological carbon-based filter bed device for treating acid heavy metal wastewater, which comprises a biological filter bed treatment tank 4; the biological filter bed treatment tank 4 is arranged as a cylinder, and a heavy metal reaction precipitation zone 7, an acid-resistant organic plate with holes 8 and a packing layer are arranged in the biological filter bed treatment tank 4; the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone 7 is arranged at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank 4; the acid-resistant organic plate 8 with holes is arranged between the heavy metal reaction precipitation zone 7 and the packing layer; the packing layer is sequentially provided with a gravel packing layer 9, a biochar packing layer 10 and an organic material packing layer 11 from bottom to top.
Further, the device also comprises a filter bed mud pipe 6; the filter bed sludge discharge pipe 6 is inserted in the heavy metal reaction settling zone 7 and connected with the heavy metal reaction settling zone; a sludge pump 13 is arranged on the filter bed sludge discharge pipe 6.
Furthermore, the device also comprises an adjusting tank 2, wherein a first water outlet is formed in the bottom of the adjusting tank 2, and one end provided with a filter bed water inlet pipe 3 is hermetically connected with the first water outlet; a first water inlet is formed in the side wall of a heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone 7 at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank 4, and the other end of the filter bed water inlet pipe 3 is hermetically connected with the first water inlet; the flow meter 14 and the flow control valve 12 are connected to the filter bed inlet pipe 3.
The filter bed runs in a mode of continuous water inlet and continuous water outlet, the outlet water of the regulating reservoir enters the biological filter bed treatment reservoir from the bottom of the filter bed through the water inlet pipe by means of gravity, the inlet water flow rate is regulated by the flow control valve, and the wastewater slowly moves upwards and is discharged by the upper water outlet pipe. The retention time of the waste water is 24-72 hours. The sludge at the bottom is periodically discharged out of the device through a sludge discharge pipe, the sludge discharge frequency is 2-4 times per month, the operation time of a sludge pump is 5-10 minutes, and the discharged sludge can be used for recycling heavy metals after being dried.
Further, the bottom of the adjusting tank 2 is higher than the top of the biological filter bed treatment tank 4.
Furthermore, the upper part of the regulating tank 2 is provided with a second water inlet, and the regulating tank water inlet pipe 1 is connected with the second water inlet.
Furthermore, a second water outlet is arranged at the upper part of the biological filter bed treatment tank 4, the second water outlet is arranged above the organic material packing layer 11, and a filter bed water outlet pipe 5 is arranged to be connected with the second water outlet.
Furthermore, an impermeable layer is arranged on the inner wall of the adjusting tank 2 or the inner wall of the biological filter bed treatment tank 4; the anti-seepage layer is an anti-seepage coating layer or an anti-seepage film.
Furthermore, the volume ratio of the gravel packing layer 9, the biological carbon packing layer 10 and the organic material packing layer 11 is 1-4: 2-6: 2-6.
Further, the heights of the gravel packing layer 9, the biochar packing layer 10 and the organic material packing layer 11 are respectively 10-40cm, 20-60 cm and 20-60 cm; the particle size of gravel particles in the gravel packing layer 9 is 10-20 mm; the particle size of the biochar in the biochar filler layer 10 is 3-12 mm. The organic materials are plant straws (reed straws, corn straws, rice straws) and the like, shells (almond shells, walnut shells and the like, branches and the like), and can be single or combined organic materials. The biochar is medium-low temperature biochar, and is prepared by pyrolyzing plant straws (such as reed straws or shells and the like) under an anoxic condition. The bottom gravel layer can make the water distribution of the inlet water more uniform and prevent the blockage of the perforated organic plate.
A method for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater by using a biochar-based filter bed device, which comprises the following steps:
1) the wastewater enters the regulating tank and then enters the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank 4 at a certain flow rate by means of gravity, the flow rate of the inflow water is regulated by the flow control valve, and then the wastewater passes through the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone 7, the gravel packing layer 9, the biochar packing layer 10 and the organic material packing layer 11 in sequence and is finally discharged out of the system from a water outlet at the upper part of the filter bed treatment tank;
2) the filter bed device runs in a mode of continuous water inlet and continuous water outlet, SO that the filter bed device is in a water saturation state for a long time, dissolved oxygen is consumed, the whole biological filter bed treatment tank 4 is in an anaerobic state, a carbon source released by an organic material is used as an energy source and an electron donor for growth of sulfate reducing bacteria, and the sulfate reducing bacteria are used for treating SO4 in wastewater2-Reduction to S2-Heavy metals and S2- The reaction generates metal sulfide precipitate, thereby leading the heavy metal ions and the sulfate in the wastewater to beIs removed;
3) the retention time of the waste water is 24-72 hours. Sludge at the bottom of the filter bed treatment tank is periodically discharged out of the device through a sludge discharge pipe, the sludge discharge frequency is 2-4 times per month, and the running time of a sludge pump is 5-10 minutes;
4) sludge in the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone 7 in the biological filter bed treatment tank 4 is discharged out of the system through a filter bed sludge discharge pipe 6 and a sludge pump 13 which are positioned at the bottom of the treatment tank at regular intervals;
5) and drying the discharged sludge for recycling heavy metals.
The practical result of the invention is as follows:
【1】 A biological filter bed treatment tank with the length of 15cm, the width of 15cm and the height of 60cm, wherein the tank body is made of a PVC plate, the lower part of the tank body is provided with a heavy metal reaction sedimentation zone with the height of 15cm, and the heavy metal reaction sedimentation zone is separated from an upper packing layer by a perforated plate with the aperture of 2-3 mm. The packing layer is a gravel layer from bottom to top in sequence, the packing height is 10 cm, and the particle size of the gravel is 10-20 mm; a biochar layer is arranged above the base, the filling height is 25 cm, and the biochar is walnut shell biochar with the particle size of 3-6 mm; the organic material is filled above the container, the filling height is 20cm, the organic material is walnut shell, and the particle size is 3-6 mm.
【2】 The biological filter bed operates in a mode of continuous water inlet and continuous water outlet, wastewater enters the filter bed treatment tank through the water inlet pipe by means of gravity after the adjustment of the water quality and the water quantity is carried out in the adjusting tank, and the wastewater is discharged from the water outlet pipe after 24 hours by adjusting the water inlet flow speed. The device discharges sludge 3 times per week, and the sludge pump operates for 5 minutes each time; or the device discharges 2 times per month, the sludge pump operates for 10 minutes each time, and the discharged sludge is dried and then is used for recycling heavy metals.
【3】 The system water inlet is acid mine drainage containing Fe as heavy metal ion2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+Concentration of Fe2+The balance of the total sulfate is 5 mg/L except 50 mg/L, the sulfate content is 1000 mg/L, and the pH is 4. The device can hold 7.5L of water and has 24 h of hydraulic retention time.
【4】 The filter bed system was on Fe for a 30 day steady operation period2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、SO4 2-The average removal rates of the filter bed are respectively 85%, 89%, 72%, 80%, 74% and 50%, the pH value of effluent is 6-7, and the water permeability of the filter bed is kept good. In contrast to another filter bed treatment system without added biochar and organic material, it was run on Fe in the same feed water2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、SO4 2-The average removal rates of (a) were only 84%, 44%, 25%, 70%, 10%, respectively.
The above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, and the common general knowledge of the known specific structures and characteristics in the schemes is not described herein too much. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, without departing from the structure of the present invention, several changes and modifications can be made, which should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention, and these will not affect the effect of the implementation of the present invention and the practicability of the patent. The scope of the claims of the present application shall be determined by the contents of the claims, and the description of the embodiments and the like in the specification shall be used to explain the contents of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater is characterized by comprising a biological filter bed treatment tank (4); the biological filter bed treatment tank (4) is arranged as a cylinder, and a heavy metal reaction sedimentation area (7), an acid-resistant organic plate (8) with holes and a packing layer are arranged in the biological filter bed treatment tank (4); the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone (7) is arranged at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4); an acid-resistant organic plate (8) with holes is arranged between the heavy metal reaction precipitation zone (7) and the packing layer; the packing layer is sequentially provided with a gravel packing layer (9), a biological carbon packing layer (10) and an organic material packing layer (11) from bottom to top.
2. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the device also comprises a filter bed mud pipe (6); the filter bed sludge discharge pipe (6) is inserted in the heavy metal reaction settling zone (7) and is connected with the heavy metal reaction settling zone; a sludge pump (13) is arranged on the filter bed sludge discharge pipe (6).
3. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the device also comprises an adjusting tank (2), wherein a first water outlet is formed in the bottom of the adjusting tank (2), and one end provided with a filter bed water inlet pipe (3) is hermetically connected with the first water outlet; a first water inlet is formed in the side wall of a heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone (7) at the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4), and the other end of the filter bed water inlet pipe (3) is hermetically connected with the first water inlet; the water inlet pipe (3) of the filter bed is connected with a flowmeter (14) and a flow control valve (12).
4. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the bottom of the adjusting tank (2) is higher than the top of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4).
5. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein: the upper part of the adjusting tank (2) is provided with a second water inlet, and the adjusting tank water inlet pipe (1) is connected with the second water inlet.
6. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein: a second water outlet is arranged at the upper part of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4), the second water outlet is arranged above the organic material packing layer (11), and a filter bed water outlet pipe (5) is arranged to be connected with the second water outlet.
7. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 3, wherein: an impermeable layer is arranged on the inner wall of the adjusting tank (2) or the inner wall of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4); the anti-seepage layer is an anti-seepage coating layer or an anti-seepage film.
8. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the volume ratio of the gravel packing layer (9), the biological carbon packing layer (10) and the organic material packing layer (11) is 1-4: 2-6: 2-6.
9. The biochar-based filter bed device for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater as claimed in claim 8, wherein: the heights of the gravel packing layer (9), the biochar packing layer (10) and the organic material packing layer (11) are respectively 10-40cm, 20-60 cm and 20-60 cm; the particle size of gravel particles in the gravel packing layer (9) is 10-20 mm; the particle size of the biochar in the biochar filler layer (10) is 3-12 mm.
10. A method for treating acidic heavy metal wastewater by using the biochar-based filter bed unit as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) wastewater enters the regulating tank and then enters the bottom of the biological filter bed treatment tank (4) at a certain flow rate by means of gravity, the flow rate of inflow is regulated by the flow control valve, then the wastewater sequentially passes through the heavy metal reaction and precipitation zone (7), the gravel packing layer (9), the biochar packing layer (10) and the organic material packing layer (11), and finally the wastewater is discharged out of the system from a water outlet positioned at the upper part of the filter bed treatment tank;
2) the filter bed device runs in a mode of continuous water inlet and continuous water outlet, SO that the filter bed device is in a water saturation state for a long time, dissolved oxygen is consumed, the whole biological filter bed treatment tank (4) is in an anaerobic state, a carbon source released by organic materials is used as an energy source and an electron donor for growth of sulfate reducing bacteria, and the sulfate reducing bacteria are used for treating SO4 in wastewater2-Reduction to S2-Heavy metals and S2- The reaction generates metal sulfide precipitate, so that heavy metal ions and sulfate in the wastewater are removed;
3) the retention time of the wastewater is 24-72 hours; sludge at the bottom of the filter bed treatment tank is periodically discharged out of the device through a sludge discharge pipe, the sludge discharge frequency is 2-4 times per month, and the running time of a sludge pump is 5-10 minutes;
4) sludge in a heavy metal reaction settling zone (7) in the biological filter bed treatment tank (4) is discharged out of the system through a filter bed sludge discharge pipe (6) and a sludge pump (13) which are positioned at the bottom of the treatment tank at regular intervals;
5) and drying the discharged sludge for recycling heavy metals.
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