CN110621872A - 用于调节电网频率的水力发电设备和用于运行的方法 - Google Patents

用于调节电网频率的水力发电设备和用于运行的方法 Download PDF

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CN110621872A
CN110621872A CN201880031644.3A CN201880031644A CN110621872A CN 110621872 A CN110621872 A CN 110621872A CN 201880031644 A CN201880031644 A CN 201880031644A CN 110621872 A CN110621872 A CN 110621872A
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turbine
frequency converter
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CN110621872B (zh
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托马斯·福伊齐克
马丁·布伦斯
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Voith Patent GmbH
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03BMACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/06Stations or aggregates of water-storage type, e.g. comprising a turbine and a pump
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03BMACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/08Machine or engine aggregates in dams or the like; Conduits therefor, e.g. diffusors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381Dispersed generators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/48Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/02Details of the control
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00Application
    • F05B2220/70Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7064Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type
    • F05B2220/70644Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type of the asynchronous type, i.e. induction type
    • F05B2220/70646Double fed induction generators (DFIGs)
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20Hydro energy
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/16Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Control Of Water Turbines (AREA)

Abstract

一种用于调设电力网的频率的水力发电设备,其包括:上水池(1);下水池(2);将上水池(1)和下水池(2)连接的水路(3);透平(4),所述透平布置在水路(3)中并且所述透平包括叶轮、导向器和用于给叶轮空间送风的装置;与透平(4)机械连接的电气式的被双重馈给的异步电机(5);与异步电机(5)电连接的变频器(6);与异步电机(5)、变频器(6)和电网力电连接的电网变压器(7);电阻(8),电阻布置在变频器(6)的直流中间电路中,使得电阻能将直流中间回路的支路相互连接;和用于冷却电阻(8)的装置。

Description

用于调节电网频率的水力发电设备和用于运行的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种适用于快速调节电网频率的水力发电设备和一种用于运行这种水力发电设备的方法。
背景技术
基于水柱的惯性以及在水路中和透平中的最大和最小的允许水压,传统的水力发电设备仅能较为缓慢地、典型地在10至30秒的时间分度上调节电功率。这不足以在要求提高时有助于短时间内调节电网频率。因此英国国家电网规范例如要求,根据电网频率地必须在少于1秒内将特定的电功率并入电网或吸收到电网中,才能参与报酬奖励。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,说明一种水力发电设备,其能在小于1秒的时间分度上提供调节功率。此外,本发明所要解决的技术问题是,说明一种用于这种水力发电设备的方法。
发明人认识到,所提出的任务可以通过具有权利要求1的特征的水力发电设备解决。有利的实施方式由从属于权利要求1的从属权利要求得到。根据本发明的用于运行这种水力发电设备的方法由方法独立权利要求得到。有利的实施方式由从属的方法权利要求得到。
附图说明
根据本发明的解决方案随后借助附图阐述。在其中详细示出:
图1示出根据本发明的水力发电设备;
图2示出用于运行根据本发明的水力发电设备的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据本发明的水力发电设备的示意性的结构。水力发电设备包括用附图标记1表示的上水池和用附图标记2表示的下水池,其中,上水池1中的水位位于下水池2的水位之上。池1和2也可以是天然水体、例如湖或河。水力发电设备此外包括用附图标记3表示的并且将上水池1和下水池2连接的水路。在水路3中布置了用附图标记4表示的透平。由此,水路3被分为两个子区段。在透平4上方的部分,即压力管线路,用附图标记31表示,并且在透平下方的部分,即抽吸管,用附图标记32表示。透平4具备透平叶轮、导向器和用于给围绕透平叶轮的空间进行送风的装置,从而在送风的状态下,透平叶轮可以在空气中旋转,其中,关闭的导向器阻止空气朝上方水的方向的逸出。透平除了具备导向器以外,可选地还可以具备另外的关闭机构、例如球形阀。透平4联接到被双重馈给的、用附图标记5表示的异步电机上。被双重馈给的异步电机5包括转子和定子。被双重馈给的异步电机5的转子与用附图标记6表示的变频器电连接。变频器6借助用附图标记7表示的电网变压器与电力网连接。被双重馈给的异步电机的定子与变压器7直接连接。
在变频器6的直流中间回路中存在如下电阻,该电阻可以接线成使得它将直流中间回路的支路相互连接。电阻用附图标记8表示。此外,水力发电设备可选地包括至少一个泵,该泵用附图标记9表示并且布置成使得该泵可以将水从下水池2输送到上水池1中。泵9可以包括自有的关闭机构,并且具有带电网接头的独立的驱动器。
图2示意性示出用于运行根据本发明的水力发电设备的根据本发明的方法的流程。在用附图标记V1表示的步骤中,水力发电设备位于如下状态中:透平4的叶轮被送风,从而该叶轮可以在空气中转动。被双重馈给的异步电机5在所谓的移相器运行中运转,即被双重馈给的异步电机的动子根据电网频率(即在允许的滑差带内)转动,并且根据激励状态而定可以将容性无功功率或感性无功功率输出至电网。通过被双重馈给的异步电机5和透平4的联接,透平4的叶轮以和被双重馈给的异步电机5的转子相同的旋转速度转动。在用附图标记V2表示的步骤中,给水力发电设备提出了主动提供快速的调节功率的请求。该请求可以是将功率快速输出至电网,或者快速从电网消耗功率。在第一种情况下,执行流程图的左边的分支的步骤,在第二种情况下执行右边的分支的步骤。
到电网的功率输出:在用附图标记V31表示的步骤中,通过变频器6使被双重馈给的异步电机5和所连接的透平4减速。在此,在旋转的部件的动量矩中存储的能量被输出至电网。在步骤V31中运行的过程是非常快速的,并且因此可以在一秒内将所要求的功率输出至电网。在用附图标记V32表示的步骤中,打开透平4的导向器并且必要时打开另外的关闭机构。由此,水可以从上游水1进入到围绕透平4的叶轮的之前被送风的区域中。空气在下游水2的方向上排出。通过水流使透平4和被双重馈给的异步电机5又被加速至更高的转速,并且因此可以持续将功率输出至电网。步骤V32的过程与步骤V31的过程同时启动。然而,因为步骤V32的过程运行得比步骤V31的过程慢得多,所以步骤V32的过程要到很晚才生效,通常在大约15至20秒后才生效。在此之前,通过步骤V31的过程确定了到电网的功率输出。在步骤V31中,到电网的功率输出通过变频器6调节,并且在步骤V32中,通过透平4的调节器借助导向器调节。
从电网消耗功率:在用附图标记V41表示的步骤中,变频器6从电网消耗功率。功率借助电阻8转换为热量。为此,电阻8必须被冷却。有利的是,变频器6从电网提取的那部分功率用于加速被双重馈给的异步电机5和透平4的叶轮。因此,必然有更少的能量在电阻8中转换为热量。在步骤V41中运行的过程是非常快的,并且因此可以在一秒内从电网吸收了所要求的功率。原则上,以在步骤V41中表示的过程也可以单独地在较长的时间段内从电网消耗功率。然而在此不断能量持续转换为热量并且因此也就是说消除了能量。因此有利的是,能量在V41中仅暂时转换为热量。为此,在用附图标记V42表示的可选的步骤中,使可选的泵9高负荷运转,以便将水从下水池2泵送到上水池1中。由此进一步从电网吸收功率,并且因此被泵9消耗的能量转换为水的势能并且被存储用于在透平运行中的之后的应用。步骤V42的过程在此与步骤V41的过程同时启动。然而,因为步骤V42的过程运行得比步骤V41的过程慢得多,所以步骤V42的过程要到很晚才生效,通常在大约15至20秒后才生效。在此之前,从电网的功率消耗通过步骤V41的过程来确定。在步骤V41中,从电网的功率消耗通过变频器6调节。在步骤V42中,可以以两种方式调节从电网的功率消耗:泵9要么具备转速可变的驱动器,该驱动器由此可以调节由泵9消耗的功率,要么泵9构造为恒定转速的泵。在最后一种情况下,变频器6承担对从电网消耗的功率的调节。透平4的导向器用于转速调节。在此,被双重馈给的异步电机5产生相应的被馈入电网中的电功率。得出了以名称“液压短接”而公知的情况。由泵功率减去由被双重馈给的异步电机5产生的功率得到从电网消耗的净功率。清楚的是,由被双重馈给的异步电机5产生的功率在此必然小于泵功率。因为透平功率和因此由被双重馈给的异步电机5产生的功率可以通过变频器6调节,所以也可以调节从电网的净功率消耗。
在完成在步骤V2中提出的用于提供快速的调节功率的请求后,水力发电设备又转移至在步骤V1下描述的运行状态中。水力发电设备随后又准备好为另外的请求服务。
根据本发明的水力发电设备的具体的设计表明:在步骤V31中,将被双重馈给的异步电机5减速至允许的最小转速是有利的。同样有利的是,在步骤V41中,将被双重馈给的异步电机5被加速至允许的最大转速。变频器6可以构造为所谓的“电压源型逆变器(VSI)”。VSI具有如下优点,其能够实现功率因数调节和在所谓的“低电压穿越”中的调节。
为了可以通过水力发电设备最佳地提供由电网规范要求的调节功率,该设备必须设计为,使得用于向电网输出功率的容量与从电网消耗功率的容量对应。必须在短期和长期范围内满足该要求。根据本发明的水力发电设备由于其结构而如此灵活,从而能通过部件的相应设计来满足该要求。

Claims (12)

1.用于调设电力网的频率的水力发电设备,所述水力发电设备包括:上水池(1)、下水池(2),其中,所述上水池(1)中的水位位于所述下水池(2)的水位之上;将所述上水池(1)和所述下水池(2)连接的水路(3);透平(4),所述透平布置在水路(3)中并且所述透平包括叶轮、导向器和用于给叶轮空间送风的装置;与所述透平(4)机械连接并且包括转子和定子的被双重馈给的异步电机(5);与所述被双重馈给的异步电机的转子电连接的变频器(6);与所述变频器(6)、所述被双重馈给的异步电机(5)的定子和所述电力网电连接的电网变压器(7);电阻(8),所述电阻布置在所述变频器(6)的直流中间回路中,使得所述电阻能将所述直流中间回路的支路相互连接;和用于冷却所述电阻(8)的装置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的水力发电设备,所述水力发电设备包括泵(9),所述泵布置成使得所述泵能够将水从所述下水池(2)输送到所述上水池(1),其中,所述泵(9)包括独立的驱动器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的水力发电设备,其中,所述泵(9)包括转速能变化的驱动器。
4.根据权利要求2所述的水力发电设备,其中,所述泵(9)包括具有恒定转速的驱动器。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的水力发电设备,其中,所述变频器(6)构造为VSI。
6.用于运行根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的水力发电设备的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
V1:对透平(4)的叶轮进行送风,并且使被双重馈给的异步电机(5)在相移运行中工作;
V2:收到对所述水力发电设备的提供快速的调节功率的请求;
在功率输出的请求下:
V31:通过变频器(6)对所述被双重馈给的异步电机(5)进行制动;
V32:打开所述透平(4)的导向叶片,并且开始经调节的透平运行;
在请求功率消耗的请求下:
V41:通过所述变频器(6)从电网消耗能量,并且通过电阻(8)将能量换换为热量。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述方法在功率消耗的请求下包括如下附加的步骤:
V42:起动泵(9),并且开始调节的泵运行。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的方法,其中,在步骤V41中通过所述变频器(6)使所述被双重馈给的异步电机(5)加速。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的方法,其中,在步骤V31中将所述被双重馈给的异步电机(5)减速至允许的最小转速。
10.根据权利要求6、7或9并结合权利要求8所述的方法,其中,在步骤V41中将所述被双重馈给的异步电机(5)加速至允许的最大转速。
11.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的用于运行根据权利要求3所述的水力发电设备的方法,其中,在步骤V42中通过转速能变化的泵驱动器来调节受调节的泵运行。
12.根据权利要求6至10中任一项所述的用于运行根据权利要求4所述的水力发电设备的方法,其中,在步骤V42中打开所述透平(4)的导向器,并且在步骤V42中通过所述变频器(6)和所述透平(4)的导向器来调节受调节的泵运行,其中,所述透平(4)和所述泵(9)位于液压短接中。
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