CN110546022A - 通过深色内部堆叠体和外部堆叠体的组合而改进的pdlc车辆玻璃板的视觉印象 - Google Patents

通过深色内部堆叠体和外部堆叠体的组合而改进的pdlc车辆玻璃板的视觉印象 Download PDF

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CN110546022A
CN110546022A CN201980000389.0A CN201980000389A CN110546022A CN 110546022 A CN110546022 A CN 110546022A CN 201980000389 A CN201980000389 A CN 201980000389A CN 110546022 A CN110546022 A CN 110546022A
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layer
glazing
vitreous
vehicle
pdlc
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CN110546022B (zh
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F.曼茨
M.拉布罗特
J.多罗萨里奥
V.舒尔茨
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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    • B60J3/00Antiglare equipment associated with windows or windscreens; Sun visors for vehicles
    • B60J3/007Sunglare reduction by coatings, interposed foils in laminar windows, or permanent screens
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    • B32B17/10036Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
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Abstract

本发明描述了车辆玻璃板,其以下列次序包括:a)外部玻璃质玻璃板1,b)一个或多个层压层2,c)PDLC层4,其包含聚合物基质9和分别在聚合物基质9的两面上的导电层3、5,在所述聚合物基质中嵌入液晶微滴8,d)一个或多个层压层6,和e)内部玻璃质玻璃板7,其特征在于,TL(内部)为5至46%且TL(外部)为20至73%且TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部),其中TL(内部)是通过内部玻璃质玻璃板7和在PDLC层4和内部玻璃质玻璃板7之间的层形成的内部堆叠体的透光率,且TL(外部)是通过外部玻璃质玻璃板1和在PDLC层4和外部玻璃质玻璃板1之间的层形成的外部堆叠体的透光率。本发明的车辆玻璃板相对于传统的PDLC玻璃板而言显示出明显改进的视觉效果,其在入射的阳光下具有较少的白色雾纱且在内室看向玻璃板时具有明显更高价的视觉外观。

Description

通过深色内部堆叠体和外部堆叠体的组合而改进的PDLC车辆 玻璃板的视觉印象
本发明涉及具有改进的视觉效果(Optik)的PDLC车辆玻璃板。
PDLC层(PDLC =聚合物分散液晶)主要是白色薄膜,其透光率通过施加电压而可变,它们特别地可在透明模式和不透明模式之间切换。
PDLC玻璃板(也称为PDLC玻璃(英语smart glazing)或智能玻璃)是具有这类PDLC层并因此可以在透明模式和不透明模式之间切换的玻璃板。
目前PDLC玻璃板的市场特别是用于作为建筑工业中的窗户。由PDLC玻璃制成的玻璃板对于车辆,特别是对于汽车玻璃而言也是令人感兴趣的。例如,其可以在此使遮阳板的安装变得多余。
US 2016/325529 A1描述了PDLC玻璃板,其配备有基于LED的发光元件,以使得在被用户希望时,玻璃板内面的亮度甚至可以在激活的PDLC层的情况下进行调节和任选地增加。US 2016/325529 A1也描述了外部玻璃板组成部分的强烈着色的可能性。
WO 2017/135182 A1描述了PDLC玻璃板,其中相对于PDLC层位于内部的层和相对于PDLC层位于外部的层被着色,以减少光和能量的可透性。
然而,在将PDLC玻璃用于汽车玻璃时,应考虑关于需要匹配的光学性能的特殊要求。
当例如太阳照射到PDLC玻璃上时,形成白色雾纱(Schleier),其阻碍了清晰的视野。通过将PDLC集成到车辆玻璃中,也增加了雾度。特别是在具有高透射率,例如如对于车辆的挡风玻璃板和前方的侧玻璃板通常需要的超过70%的透光率的玻璃中的白色PDLC层显示出干扰性的雾度。在目前汽车的玻璃顶的情况下,透光率TL(A)通常为7%至25%。
WO 2017/157626描述了挡风玻璃板,其包括通过中间层相互接合的外玻璃板和内玻璃板,其中在具有高透光率的中心视野上方,将具有可电调节的光学性能的功能元件嵌入中间层中,所述功能元件通过第一热塑性层的区域与外玻璃板接合且通过第二热塑性层的区域与内玻璃板接合,其中所述第一热塑性层的区域和/或所述第二热塑性层的区域是着色或有色的。对于所述第一热塑性层的区域,可见光谱范围中的透射为10%至50%,特别是20至40%被指出是合适的。Webasto的DE 10043141 A1涉及具有可变的透光率的车辆玻璃板体系,其由外玻璃板、内玻璃板和用于改变透明度的元件组成,该元件由被施以可变电压的层或薄膜形成。
WO 2014/023475 A1描述了可切换的复合玻璃板装置,其具有两个外玻璃板、由热塑性聚合物薄膜和布置在其间的SPD(=悬浮颗粒装置)薄膜制成的中间层。为了改进该装置的耐老化性,WO 2014/023475 A1中提出了基于聚酰亚胺和/或聚异丁烯的边缘密封件。特别是对于车辆乘客而言,在使用PDLC玻璃板时出现以下问题:
- 透射:从外射入的光即使在PDLC玻璃板的透明模式(开启模式)下也看起来太白/不透明,特别是在太阳照射时的日冕中
- 此外,由于车辆内部的反射,即使在没有从外射入光时,PDLC玻璃板从内部观察时也具有难看的白色视觉效果(“像廉价塑料”)。
因此,本发明的目的在于提供具有PDLC层的车辆玻璃板,其具有改进的视觉效果。特别地,应减轻或完全消除上述关于在从外射入光的情况下的雾度(Haze)和白色雾纱以及由于内部的反射所致的廉价外观的问题。
令人惊奇地已经发现,所述目的可以通过有针对性地设定PDLC玻璃板的子层压体(Teillaminat)的透光率和这些透光率的比率来实现。
因此,该目的可以通过根据权利要求1的车辆玻璃板和根据权利要求14的车辆来实现。在从属权利要求中给出了本发明的优选实施方案。
因此,本发明涉及车辆玻璃板,其以下列次序包括:
a)外部玻璃质玻璃板,
b)一个或多个层压层,
c)PDLC层,其包含聚合物基质和分别在聚合物基质的两面上的导电层,在所述聚合物基质中嵌入液晶微滴,
d)一个或多个层压层,和
e)内部玻璃质玻璃板,
其特征在于,TL(内部)为5至46%且TL(外部)为20至73%且TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部),其中TL(内部)是通过内部玻璃质玻璃板和在PDLC层和内部玻璃质玻璃板之间的层形成的内部堆叠体的透光率,且TL(外部)是通过外部玻璃质玻璃板和在PDLC层和外部玻璃质玻璃板之间的层形成的外部堆叠体的透光率。
本发明的车辆玻璃板相对于根据现有技术的PDLC车辆玻璃板而言显示出明显改进的视觉效果。特别地减少了在入射阳光下的白色雾纱的形成。此外,在从内部看向PDLC玻璃板时,PDLC玻璃板的视觉外观明显更高价,否则常见的像廉价塑料的难看白色视觉效果远更少或甚至完全不再可发现。
在此,术语“白色雾纱”是指通过PDLC层偏转的阳光,其类似于白色窗帘或白色滤光器(Weißfilter)那样阻碍向所观察的物体的视线。在严重明显的情况下,仅朦胧地看到环境,其中所有颜色减至白色或灰色色调。
本发明车辆玻璃板具有PDLC层。PDLC层是已知的并且在商业上广泛可得。
所述PDLC层包含聚合物基质,其中嵌入液晶微滴。除液晶微滴外,聚合物基质可含有其它成分,例如由玻璃或塑料的非导电材料制成的间隔物。该间隔物优选是透明的。
PDLC层还分别在聚合物基质的两面上包括导电层。因此,PDLC层由两个导电层与位于其间的聚合物基质形成,在该聚合物基质中嵌入液晶微滴。
导电层优选是透明的。导电层可以例如含有透明导电氧化物(TCO)。实例是掺锡的氧化铟(ITO)、掺锑或氟的氧化锡(SnO2:F)、掺镓的氧化锌或掺铝的氧化锌(ZnO: Al),其中ITO是优选的。基于所述透明导电氧化物(TCO)的导电层的厚度优选为10 nm至2 μm,优选30nm至500 nm,特别是50至100 nm。
导电层也可以是金属层,优选薄层或包括金属层的薄层的堆叠体。合适的金属例如是 Ag、Al、Pd、Cu、Pd、Pt、In、Mo、Au、Ni、Cr、W。这些金属涂层被称为TCC(透明导电涂层)。单层的典型厚度为2至50 nm。
PDLC层的厚度可以例如是5至40 µm,优选为10至25 µm。
PDLC层的导电层形成与聚合物基质接触的电极。导电层在本发明的玻璃板中这样形成,以使得其可以与可开关的电压源连接。在没有电场的情况下,聚合物基质的液晶微滴不排列,这导致玻璃板的浑浊或不透明的模式。这是关闭或不透明的模式。在施加电场时,液晶微滴沿着相同方向排列,PDLC层变得透明。这是开启或透明的模式。这个过程是可逆的。
在一个优选实施方案中,车辆玻璃板分别包括保护层,所述保护层布置在PDLC层的两面上并且其中嵌入有PDLC层。PDLC层此时位于两个保护层之间。通常,PDLC层在两面上配备有保护薄膜或载体薄膜,由其在车辆玻璃板中形成所述任选的保护层。用于PDLC层的保护薄膜或载体薄膜用于保护和更好地操作。但是也可以使用没有这类保护层的PDLC层。
在本申请中,所述任选的保护层被认为是下面定义的内部堆叠体或外部堆叠体的部件,而不是PDLC层的部件。任选地,所述保护层可以用于稍后描述的内部堆叠体和外部堆叠体的光学性能的设定。
除了PDLC层之外,对于包含在车辆玻璃板中的层而言常见的相应薄膜用于制造。
所述保护层优选为聚合物层。优选地,其含有至少一种热塑性聚合物。所述两个保护层可以相同或不同。保护层可以例如含有聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸酯树脂、浇注树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯丙烯、聚氟乙烯、乙烯四氟乙烯或它们的混合物。保护层特别优选是PET层。就PDLC层的稳定化而言,这是特别有利的。
每个保护层,特别是PET保护层的厚度可以例如是0.1mm至1mm,优选0.1mm至0.2mm。
由两个保护薄膜与布置在其间的PDLC层制成的复合体可用于安装在本发明的车辆玻璃板中。
本发明车辆玻璃板是复合玻璃质玻璃板,其中含有PDLC层作为功能层和任选地含有如上所述的布置在其上和其下的保护层。此外,该车辆玻璃板包括外部和内部玻璃质玻璃板,它们通过在功能层的两面上的一个或多个层压薄膜而层压成牢固的复合体。
内部玻璃质玻璃板(也称为内玻璃板)在本发明的上下文中表示在安装到车辆中时被设置作为车辆玻璃板的朝向车辆内室的玻璃板的玻璃质玻璃板。外部玻璃质玻璃板(也称为外玻璃板)表示在安装到车辆中时被设置作为朝向外部环境的玻璃板的玻璃质玻璃板。
内部玻璃质玻璃板和外部玻璃质玻璃板可由相同材料或不同材料制成。所述玻璃板可以由无机玻璃和/或有机玻璃(聚合物)制成。在一个优选的实施方案中,内部玻璃质玻璃板和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板含有玻璃和/或聚合物,优选平板玻璃、石英玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、钠钙玻璃、碱金属铝硅酸盐玻璃、聚碳酸酯和/或聚甲基丙烯酸酯。内部玻璃质玻璃板和外部玻璃质玻璃板优选由钠钙玻璃制成。
内部玻璃质玻璃板和外部玻璃质玻璃板可以具有相同的厚度或不同的厚度。优选地,内部玻璃质玻璃板和外部玻璃质玻璃板的厚度彼此独立地为0.4至5.0mm,例如0.4至3.9mm,优选1.6至2.5mm。出于机械原因,外玻璃板优选比内玻璃板更厚或与其一样厚。
内部玻璃质玻璃板和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板可以是清澈的或着色的。着色的玻璃质玻璃板优选为灰色或深灰色。如下所述,有针对性地选择玻璃板的光学性能可用于根据本发明设定车辆玻璃板的光学性能。
内部玻璃质玻璃板和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板可以具有其它合适的本身已知的涂层,例如防粘涂层、着色的涂层、防刮擦涂层或低辐射涂层。经涂覆的玻璃的实例是低辐射玻璃(低辐射率玻璃)。低辐射玻璃是商购可得的,并用一个或多个金属层涂覆。金属涂层非常薄,其例如具有约10至200nm,例如约100nm的厚度。在使用经涂覆的玻璃质玻璃板作为内部和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板时,所述涂层优选位于相对于车辆玻璃板而言玻璃质玻璃板的内面。
在一个优选的实施方案中,内部玻璃质玻璃板和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板具有低辐射涂层,其中特别优选地仅内部玻璃质玻璃板具有低辐射涂层。
车辆玻璃板还在外部玻璃质玻璃板和PDLC层或保护层之间和在内部玻璃质玻璃板和PDLC层或保护层之间分别包括一个或多个层压层,特别是聚合物层压层。优选地,该层压层含有热塑性聚合物。除非另有说明,否则以下说明彼此独立地涉及所有这些一个或多个层压层。所述层压层可以相同或不同。
通常,用作形成层压层的起始材料是相应商购的层压薄膜。其用于车辆玻璃板的组件的粘合或层压,以获得粘附的玻璃复合体。
所述层压层可以例如含有聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸酯树脂、浇注树脂、丙烯酸酯、氟化乙烯-丙烯、聚氟乙烯和/或乙烯-四氟乙烯和/或它们的混合物和/或共聚物。优选地,层压层含有聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯和/或它们的混合物和/或它们的共聚物,其中PVB层压层是优选的。
层压层,优选PVB层压层优选具有0.1至1.5mm,优选0.3至0.9mm的厚度。
除了上述聚合物层压层之外,车辆玻璃板可以任选地在内部和外部玻璃质玻璃板之间具有一个或多个附加的功能层,特别是聚合物功能层。实例是声学薄膜和IR反射薄膜或由其形成的声学层或IR反射层。IR如常见那样是红外线的简称。如果除了层压层之外还包含其它功能层,则功能层优选地布置在两个层压层之间。最靠近内部和外部玻璃质玻璃板布置的层通常是层压层。
功能层例如分别具有0.04至1.5mm,优选0.1至1.5mm,优选0.3至0.9mm的厚度。
声学层例如由多个,例如三个PVB层形成,其中在中间含有较软质的PVB层。由于声学层也适合作为层压层,因此它们可以执行双重功能。
IR反射层例如由聚合物载体层和位于其上的IR反射涂层形成。聚合物载体层可以例如由聚酯、聚碳酸酯、醋酸纤维素、丙烯酸酯或聚氯乙烯形成,其中优选PET载体层。IR反射涂层基本上可以不同地形成,并且优选包括至少一个银层。通常常见的是具有一个或多个银层作为实际功能层的多层,该银层嵌入在金属层和/或介电层之间。
在一个优选的实施方案中,在外部玻璃质玻璃板和PDLC层之间包含至少两个层压层,且在两个层压层之间布置由聚合物载体层和位于其上的IR反射涂层制成的IR反射层。
层压层,优选PVB层压层以及任选使用的功能层和保护层,特别是PET层可以是透明、无色或着色的。着色的层优选为灰色层。相应的薄膜是商购可得的。
本发明重要的是设定车辆玻璃板的子组件的光学性能,特别是有针对性地设定特定子组件的透光率。在此,通过在PDLC层的高度处将整个堆叠体(车辆玻璃板)分隔成内部堆叠体和外部堆叠体被视为子组件,其中PDLC层既不属于内部堆叠体,也不属于外部堆叠体。在此,以下定义适用:
外部堆叠体表示车辆玻璃板的子组件,其通过外部玻璃质玻璃板和在PDLC层和外部玻璃质玻璃板之间的层形成。因此,PDLC层的朝向外玻璃板的那面上的保护层与外部玻璃质玻璃板和位于其间的层一起是外部堆叠体的部件。
内部堆叠体表示车辆玻璃板的子组件,其通过内部玻璃质玻璃板和在PDLC层和内部玻璃质玻璃板之间的层形成。因此,PDLC层的朝向内玻璃板的那面上的保护层与内部玻璃质玻璃板和位于其间的层一起是内部堆叠体的部件。
TL(内部)是内部堆叠体的透光率。TL(外部)是外部堆叠体的透光率。TL(总)是整个车辆玻璃板在开启模式下,即在PDLC层的透明模式下的透光率。TL(外部)/ TL(内部)是TL(外部)与TL(内部)的比率。
透光率是指可见光谱范围内的透射率,并在此以百分率表示。特别地,在此的透光率被理解为是指根据2017年4月3日的标准ECE R43第4修订版,光类型A的透光率,其也简称为TL或TL(A)。为了确定TL(内部)和TL(外部),可以将各自的子堆叠体例如层压在作为支撑载体的清澈玻璃(例如来自Saint Gobain的玻璃类型PLC®,其在厚度为2.1mm下的透光率为91%)上并测量,其中所述支撑载体对于透射率的贡献在测量后计算排除。或者,为了确定TL(内部)和TL(外部),可以将各自的子堆叠体层压到离型薄膜(例如聚乙烯(PE)离型薄膜)上并在剥除该离型薄膜后测量所得的子堆叠体。在也包括PDLC层之处测量TL(总)。TL(内部)和TL(外部)的测量在完成的状态下在PDLC层之上或之下的位置处进行。
根据本发明,以下关系适用:
TL(内部)为5至46%,优选 7至28%;
TL(外部)为20至73%,优选 24至40%。
TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部),其中TL(外部)优选大于TL(内部),其中TL(外部)/ TL(内部)优选不大于5。TL(外部) / TL(内部)比率优选为5至1,优选4至1.5,优选3.5至1.8,还更优选3至2。
通过如上所述设定的TL(外部)/ TL(内部)比率,可以获得特别有利的视觉效果。
TL(总)在开启模式下,即 PDLC层在透明模式下时为优选小于或等于30%,优选小于20%,更优选小于10%且优选大于1%,优选大于2%。最优选地,TL(总)为3至8%。
TL(外部)/ TL(内部)比率必须大于或等于1,优选大于1。为了达到在从内部和外部的透射和反射方面的视觉上可吸引人(ansprechbar)的产品,两个堆叠体必须是深色的,其中内部堆叠体应更深色。通过深色的外部堆叠体,特别地减少太阳辐射到PDLC层上,以使得减少了散射光的量并显著减少了白色雾纱的形成。这对日冕的强度也产生很大影响。通过深色的内部堆叠体,特别地减少了在从内部观察时PDLC层发出白光的效应。
将深色层集成到车辆玻璃板中对于视觉印象而言非常有利。在此重要的是,在PDLC层的外面和内面上布置深色层,以获得良好的整体印象。特别地,上述TL(外部)/ TL(内部)比率在许多情况下显著地改进车辆,尤其是汽车中的视觉印象。
上述光学性能的设定可以通过适当选择属于内部和外部堆叠体的单组件来实现,对此可以将着色或深色的玻璃质玻璃板、着色或深色的层压层、保护层和/或其它功能层彼此匹配着使用。
例如,为了使外部堆叠体变暗或其透光率减小,可以从否则常见的基本上透明的组件的使用出发而采取以下措施中的一个或多个:
- 使用深色玻璃质玻璃板作为外部玻璃质玻璃板
- 在外部玻璃质玻璃板上使用深色涂层
- 使用深色PVB薄膜,其尤其是用于层压层
- 使用深色PET薄膜或在PET薄膜上的深色涂层作为附加层或IR反射层
- 使用深色PET薄膜作为用于PDLC层的保护层。
为了使内部堆叠体变暗或其透光率减小,可以从否则常见的基本上透明的组件的使用出发而例如采取以下措施中的一个或多个:
- 使用深色PET薄膜作为用于PDLC层的保护层
- 使用深色PVB薄膜,其尤其是用于层压层
- 使用深色玻璃质玻璃板作为内部玻璃质玻璃板
- 在内部玻璃质玻璃板上使用深色涂层(例如深色低辐射涂层)。
在一个优选的实施方案中,层压层中的至少一个是着色的层压层,特别是着色的PVB层,其中着色的层压层优选是灰色层压层。
在一个优选的实施方案中,内部玻璃质玻璃板和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板选自着色的玻璃质玻璃板,其中着色的玻璃质玻璃板优选是灰色或深灰色的玻璃质玻璃板。
在一个优选的实施方案中,内部玻璃质玻璃板是着色的玻璃质玻璃板且外部玻璃质玻璃板是清澈的玻璃质玻璃板。在另一个优选的实施方案中,内部玻璃质玻璃板是着色的玻璃质玻璃板且外部玻璃质玻璃板是着色的玻璃质玻璃板,其中着色的玻璃质玻璃板优选是灰色或深灰色的玻璃质玻璃板。
在一个优选的实施方案中,PDLC层在侧面用粘合密封物料和/或热塑性塑料条带进行密封。有利的是,该粘合密封物料和/或热塑性塑料条带保护PDLC层免受腐蚀。可以理解的是,侧面是指与PDLC层的顶面和底面不同的PDLC层的侧表面。
粘合密封物料可以例如是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)粘合密封物料和/或以框架的形式制造。在框架技术的情况下,PDLC层不到达至车辆玻璃板的边缘,即其在面积方面小于车辆玻璃板。保持空闲的边缘由粘合密封物料环形密封,该粘合密封物料具有与PDLC层一样的厚度并因此也充当间隔件。以这种方式,PDLC层在侧面被粘合密封物料包围。
所述热塑性塑料条带是无胶粘剂的带,其环形地以U形安装到PDLC层的侧表面上,以使得U的腿位于PDLC层的顶面和底面上。
因此,PDLC层可以整面地在整个车辆玻璃板上延伸或者部分面地以被图片框架包围的形式存在。在部分面的布置的情况下,PDLC层在俯视图中优选地位于车辆玻璃板的中心区域中,其中PDLC层的面积优选占车辆玻璃板的面积的至少30%,更优选至少50%且还更优选至少70%。
在车辆玻璃板中,通常玻璃板的仅一部分是透明的。对于顶玻璃板,例如在某些情况下可以是玻璃板的仅30%呈透明。玻璃板的其余部分例如在车辆天窗(材料)后方或通过玻璃板上的黑色印刷物而变暗。通常,优选车辆玻璃板的透视区域的100%配备有PDLC层。
本发明的车辆玻璃板适用于所有车辆,例如机动车、火车、船只或飞机,其中特别优选机动车。合适机动车的实例是公共汽车、拖拉机、载重机动车和载人轿车,其中特别优选载人轿车。
在一个优选实施方案中,车辆玻璃板是活动车顶玻璃板、玻璃顶、后玻璃板、后方的侧玻璃板或前方的侧玻璃板,其优选在机动车中。由于车辆玻璃板相对深色,其通常不适合作为挡风玻璃板。
本发明还涉及包括至少一个本发明车辆玻璃板的车辆,其中所述车辆优选为机动车。合适和优选的车辆如上提及。
下面参考附图且借助非限制性的实施例进一步阐明本发明。
下面和在附图中解释本发明。其中显示了:
图1截面形式的具有PDLC层的本发明车辆玻璃板的示意图;
图2a-b截面形式的在浑浊或不透明模式(关闭模式,图2a)下和在透明模式(开启模式,图2b)下的具有PDLC层的车辆玻璃板的示意图;
图3截面形式的具有PDLC层的另一本发明车辆玻璃板的示意图;
图4具有PDLC层的另一本发明车辆玻璃板的示意性分解图。
图1示意性地显示了截面形式的本发明车辆玻璃板,其具有外部玻璃质玻璃板1、层压层 2、PDLC层4、层压层 6和内部玻璃质玻璃板7。PDLC层4由两个导电层3和5和布置在其间的聚合物基质9形成,在该聚合物基质中嵌入液晶微滴8。层压层2和6可以分别由PVB薄膜形成。PDLC层的导电层3、5可以是透明的ITO涂层。在所示的车辆玻璃板中,TL(内部)为5至46%,TL(外部)为20至73%,TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部)。
图2a和2b显示了根据图1的车辆玻璃板上的PDLC技术的操作方式。在此,玻璃板通过两个导电层3和5与电压源V连接。通过开关S/S',电路可以闭合(ON模式,S')和打开(OFF模式,S)。在ON模式(开启或透明模式)下,施加电场,液晶8有序排列,入射光10几乎不散射,这产生透明的PDLC层(图2b)。当电流关闭(关闭或不透明模式)时,液晶8随机排列,以使得入射光10散射10'并且PDLC层和玻璃板变得不透明或不透视(图2a)。
图3示意性地显示了截面形式的另一本发明车辆玻璃板,其具有外部玻璃质玻璃板1、层压层2、用于PDLC层的保护层11、PDLC层4、用于PDLC层的保护层12、层压层6和内部玻璃质玻璃板7。层压层2和6可以分别由PVB薄膜形成。保护层11和12可以分别由PET薄膜形成。PDLC层的导电层3、5可以是透明的ITO涂层。在所示的车辆玻璃板中,TL(内部)为5至46%,TL(外部)为20至73%,TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部)。
图4显示了截面形式的另一本发明车辆玻璃板的示意性分解图,其以以下次序具有以下层:
外部玻璃质玻璃板1,其厚度为2.1毫米,由清澈玻璃制成,
层压层2,其厚度为0.38 mm,由透明PVB制成,
IR反射层13,其由PET膜制成,经IR反射涂覆
层压层2,其厚度为0.38 mm,由灰色PVB制成,
用于PDLC层的保护层11
PDLC层4,安装有由PVB制成的框架14,PDLC层+保护层11和12的厚度:0.44 mm,
用于PDLC层的保护层12
层压层6,其厚度为0.38 mm,由清澈PVB制成,
内部玻璃质玻璃板7,其厚度为2.1 mm,由具有低辐射涂层的灰色玻璃制成。
在所示的车辆玻璃板中,TL(内部)为5至46%,TL(外部)为20至73%,TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部)。
实施例
研究七个本发明车辆玻璃板A-G和作为参考的两个非本发明车辆玻璃板H和I的光学性能。在所有实施例中,使用相同的PDLC薄膜以及两个布置在其上的PET保护薄膜。下面列出车辆玻璃板的组件,其中所示的次序对应于从外部(外部玻璃质玻璃板)至内部(内部玻璃质玻璃板)的结构:
车辆玻璃板A (2x VG10)
深灰色玻璃 / 清澈PVB / PDLC / 清澈PVB /深灰色玻璃
车辆玻璃板B (2x VG10, Comfortsky®)
深灰色玻璃 /清澈PVB / PDLC / 清澈PVB / 深灰色玻璃+低辐射涂层 (Comfortsky®)
车辆玻璃板C (PET IRR)
清澈玻璃 / 清澈PVB / 具有IR反射涂层的PET / 灰色PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC /PET保护层/ 清澈PVB / 深灰色玻璃
车辆玻璃板D (PET IRR HPS)
清澈玻璃 / 清澈PVB / 具有强IR反射涂层的PET / 灰色PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC /PET保护层/ 清澈PVB / 深灰色玻璃
车辆玻璃板E (HPS+2x 深(dark))
清澈玻璃 / 清澈PVB / 具有强IR反射涂层的PET / 灰色PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC /PET保护层/ 灰色PVB / 深灰色玻璃
车辆玻璃板F (HPS, 2x d, Comfortsky®)
清澈玻璃 / 清澈PVB / 具有强IR反射涂层的PET / 灰色PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC /PET保护层/ 灰色PVB / 深灰色玻璃+ 低辐射 (Comfortsky®)
车辆玻璃板G (2x PLC, 2x d)
清澈玻璃 / 深色PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC / PET保护层/ 深色PVB / 清澈玻璃 (内部堆叠体的深色PVB比外部堆叠体的深色PVB更深)
车辆玻璃板H (2x PLC, 1x d)
清澈玻璃 / 深色PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC / PET保护层/ 清澈PVB / 清澈玻璃 (该结构提供良好的热舒适性)
车辆玻璃板I (2x PLC)
清澈玻璃 / 清澈PVB / PET保护层/ PDLC / PET保护层/ 清澈PVB / 清澈玻璃 (机动车中的分隔壁玻璃板的标准结构)
对于车辆玻璃板A至G和参考玻璃板H和I,确定透射率在开启模式(PDLC层的透明模式)下的TL(内部)、TL(外部)、TL(内部)以及TL(外部) / TL(内部)比率。结果列于下表中。
编号 玻璃板 TL(总) [%] TL(外部) [%] TL(内部) [%] TL(外部) / TL(内部)
A 2x VG10 7.4 28 28 1.0
B 2x VG10, Comfortsky 7.2 28 27.4 1.0
C PET IRR 6 22.9 8.7 2.6
D PET IRR HPS 6.1 23.2 8.7 2.7
E HPS, 2x 深 1.9 23.2 8.7 2.7
F HPS, 2x d, Comfortsky 1.9 23.2 8.5 2.7
G 2x PLC, 2x d 30 72.9 45.7 1.6
H* 2x PLC, 1x d 7.6 9.3 90.5 0.1
I* 2x PLC 74.4 90.8 90.8 1.0
* 参考玻璃板。
传统顶玻璃板的雾度为<1%,这通过使用深色PVB增加至<3%。通过使用PDLC,获得不透明的光源,其既均匀地照亮了车辆内室,还防止了乘客目眩。一旦白色PDLC薄膜被光源,例如太阳照射,PDLC将其散射。如果作为乘客观察到这种白色散射光,获得劣质的“塑料”视觉印象。
在观察相同PDLC薄膜与本发明的较深色内部堆叠体和相同光比率时,相比于参考玻璃板H和I,在本发明的车辆玻璃板中观察到更优质的得体灰色的印象。
传统PDLC薄膜在透明状态下具有2%至16%的雾度。对于用在车辆中,具有低雾度的薄膜通常是适宜的。深色的聚合物层压层也增加了雾度值。因此,完整结构可具有高达10%的雾度。因此,在与浅色玻璃板(例如如在参考玻璃板I的情况下具有70%的TL)直接比较时,雾度大大增加,但本发明的产品在视觉上更吸引人。
当位于外部的光源照射到玻璃板上时,产生另一区别。在传统玻璃板的情况下,光被均匀地散射,具体地说,例如阳光被散射,以使得只有非常小部分被偏转到观察者的眼睛中。向外的视线仅少许被该光干扰。
在使用PDLC玻璃板时,阳光依赖于方向被散射。如果以视角远离辐射方向移动,散射光的强度原则上减小。然而,存在彩色的“光环”,其是依赖于视角的散射光分布中的强度最大值。在这种彩色现象之后,观察到强烈的白色散射光,其在相当大的角度下才减弱。
特别是在这种强烈的白色光散射区域中,透过具有常规结构的PDLC玻璃板观察物体受到显著干扰。散射光的强度可以超过物体的光强度,由此物体的颜色由于该白色散射光(白色雾纱)而显得暗淡。
在具有深色内层的本发明玻璃结构的情况下,散射光的强度特别地降低。在观察时,还可以识别物体的颜色。尽管在本发明车辆玻璃板的情况下更高的雾度和任选更深色的整体结构,但物体看起来比参考玻璃板H和I的情况下更清晰。
在本发明车辆玻璃板的情况下,在玻璃板A至F的情况下,特别是在玻璃板C至F的情况下,获得了最佳的视觉整体印象或白色雾纱和“塑料”印象的最大减少。
附图标记列表
1 外部玻璃质玻璃板
2 层压层
3 导电层
4 PDLC层
5 导电层
6 层压层
7 内部玻璃质玻璃板
8 液晶微滴
9 聚合物基质
10 入射光
10' 散射光
11 保护层
12 保护层
13 IR反射层
14 框架
S 开关(电路打开)
S' 开关(电路闭合)
V 电压源。

Claims (14)

1.车辆玻璃板,其以下列次序包括:
a) 外部玻璃质玻璃板(1),
b) 一个或多个层压层(2),
c) PDLC层(4),其包含聚合物基质(9)和分别在聚合物基质(9)的两面上的导电层(3、5),在所述聚合物基质中嵌入液晶微滴(8),
d) 一个或多个层压层(6),和
e) 内部玻璃质玻璃板(7),
其特征在于,TL(内部)为5至46%且TL(外部)为20至73%且TL(外部)大于或等于TL(内部),其中TL(内部)是通过内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)和在PDLC层(4)和内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)之间的层形成的内部堆叠体的透光率,且TL(外部)是通过外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)和在PDLC层(4)和外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)之间的层形成的外部堆叠体的透光率。
2.根据权利要求1的车辆玻璃板,其中比率TL(外部)/ TL(内部)为5至1,优选 4至1.5,更优选3至2。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的车辆玻璃板,其中TL(内部)为7至28%和/或TL(外部)为24至40%。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中在PDLC层(4)的两面上分别布置保护层(11、12),其中这两个保护层优选是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯层。
5.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中在外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)和PDLC层(4)之间包括至少两个层压层(2),并在两个层压层(2)之间布置由载体层和位于其上的IR反射涂层制成的IR反射层(13),其中所述载体层优选是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯层。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)具有低辐射涂层,其中优选仅内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)具有低辐射涂层。
7.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中层压层(2、6)含有聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚氨酯和/或其混合物,其中PVB层是优选的。
8.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中层压层(2、6)中的至少一个是着色的层压层,特别是着色的PVB层,其中着色的层压层优选是灰色的层压层。
9.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)和/或外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)选自着色的玻璃质玻璃板,其中着色的玻璃质玻璃板优选是灰色或深灰色的玻璃质玻璃板。
10.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中
内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)是着色的玻璃质玻璃板且外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)是清澈的玻璃质玻璃板,或
内部玻璃质玻璃板(7)是着色的玻璃质玻璃板且外部玻璃质玻璃板(1)是着色的玻璃质玻璃板,其中着色的玻璃质玻璃板优选是灰色或深灰色的玻璃质玻璃板。
11.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中整个车辆玻璃板的透光率TL(总)在开启模式下小于或等于30%,优选小于20%,优选小于10%。
12.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中所述车辆玻璃板是机动车玻璃板。
13.根据前述权利要求任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中所述车辆玻璃板是活动车顶玻璃板、玻璃顶、后玻璃板、后方的侧玻璃板或前方的侧玻璃板,其优选在机动车中。
14.车辆,其包括根据权利要求1至13任一项的车辆玻璃板,其中所述车辆优选为机动车。
CN201980000389.0A 2018-03-26 2019-02-04 通过深色内部堆叠体和外部堆叠体的组合而具有改进的视觉印象的pdlc车辆玻璃板 Active CN110546022B (zh)

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