CN110495361B - Purple soil nitrogen-reducing synergistic planting and fertilizing method - Google Patents
Purple soil nitrogen-reducing synergistic planting and fertilizing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110495361B CN110495361B CN201910798256.4A CN201910798256A CN110495361B CN 110495361 B CN110495361 B CN 110495361B CN 201910798256 A CN201910798256 A CN 201910798256A CN 110495361 B CN110495361 B CN 110495361B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Abstract
The invention discloses a planting and fertilizing method for nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement of purple soil, which comprises the following steps of (1) planting system: planting wheat or leaf lettuce in dry crops, and interplanting or planting leguminous crops in rainy crops; step (2) dry season crop fertilization measures: fertilizing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and simultaneously applying biochar; step (3) fertilization measures of rainy season crops: fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are added, and biological carbon, nitrification inhibitor and straw are simultaneously applied. The dry season matched application biochar treatment is a better measure for improving the utilization rate of crops and reducing the loss of nitrogen fertilizer; the main loss way of the nitrogen fertilizer in rainy season is runoff, the runoff loss ratio is reduced by adding nitrification inhibitor, biochar and straw returning treatment, the soil residue ratio and the crop utilization rate are improved, and the method is a better fertilizing mode in purple soil and rainy season; the nitrogen application amount can be reduced by planting leguminous crops, and the loss of nitrogen fertilizer in rainy season can be effectively reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and relates to a planting and fertilizing method for nitrogen reduction and efficiency improvement of purple soil.
Background
The purple soil area is the most important agricultural area in Sichuan and even the upper reaches of Yangtze river, and the area of the Sichuan basin only reaches 16 km2. Over 30 years, agriculture in this area has been greatly developed, but it has been excessively dependent on fertilizers based on nitrogen fertilizers. According to the national agriculture ecological test station of the purple soil of the Yangtze river, investigating the single-season average of nitrogen fertilizers in the areaThe dosage can reach as high as 330kgN/hm2The nitrogen utilization was only 26.3% (wheat) and 18.7% (corn). The nitrogen fertilizer is applied at a high quantity to cause unbalanced nitrogen income and expenditure of farmland soil, and in addition, the purple soil dry slope land is shallow (30-60cm) in soil layer, loose in texture, large in porosity, high in soil water conductivity and low in water holding capacity, and is underlaid with a weak water permeability matrix-mother rock layer, the soil profile structure is extremely easy to cause rainwater to be filled and infiltrated to form soil with high porosity and extremely developed interflow soil, and the nitrogen in the soil is greatly lost into a water body through surface runoff, soil erosion and interflow to become a main source of surface source pollutants of the water body at the upstream of the Yangtze river, threatens the safety of the water environment of the Yangtze river basin, and even brings negative effects on the water supply of the north; n in soil nitrification-denitrification process of soil nitrogen2A large amount of O escapes, and the amount of greenhouse gas is increased; meanwhile, the loss of nitrogen in the calcareous soil is high due to ammonia volatilization, so that a large amount of nitrogen can enter the atmosphere due to ammonia volatilization of purple soil (mostly calcareous) and reach the ground surface in a main form of wet sedimentation, and the problems of soil acidification, water eutrophication and the like are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a purple soil nitrogen-reducing synergistic planting and fertilizing method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a purple soil nitrogen-reducing synergistic planting and fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
step (1), planting system: planting wheat or leaf lettuce in dry crops, interplanting or planting leguminous crops in rainy seasons of 6-10 months and planting leguminous crops in dry seasons of 11 months-5 months next year;
step (2) dry season crop fertilization measures: fertilizer nitrogen (100-150kg N ha)-1) Phosphorus (50-80kg P)2O5 ha-1) Potassium (20-40kg K)2O ha-1) While applying charcoal (2000-3000kg ha)-1)；
Step (3) fertilization measures of rainy season crops: fertilizer nitrogen (50-100kg N ha)-1) Phosphorus (30-50kg P)2O5 ha-1) Potassium (10-20kg K)2O ha-1) Applying biochar (2)000-3000kg ha-1) Nitrification inhibitor (5-10kg ha)-1) Or returning 100% of the straws to the field.
Preferably, the main loss path of the dry season nitrogen fertilizer in the step (1) is ammonia volatilization, and the main loss path of the rainy season nitrogen fertilizer is runoff.
Preferably, the biochar is prepared by pyrolyzing farmland straws and the like in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 500-600 ℃ in the step (2).
Preferably, the straw returning step in the step (3) is as follows: cutting the straws into small sections of 15-25cm on the spot before the farmland, and ploughing and burying.
Preferably, the nitrification inhibitor in the step (3) can adopt dicyandiamide or 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, and the application amount is 10-15kg ha-1。
Preferably, the nitrification inhibitor in the step (3) is uniformly mixed with the fertilizer and then applied.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: in order to solve the problems of shallow soil layer, loose texture, low organic matter content and serious nutrient leakage in a purple land area, the direction of a purple soil dry-season-rainy-season system nitrogen fertilizer at a water-soil-air interface is determined by setting a straw returning field, adding an organic fertilizer, an inhibitor and biochar to the loss ways of crop utilization, soil residue, ammonia volatilization, runoff eluviation and the like, the difference of the dry-season and rainy-season nitrogen loss ways is found, the main loss way of the dry-season nitrogen fertilizer is the loss of gaseous nitrogen such as ammonia volatilization and the like, the biochar is added to reduce the ammonia volatilization loss by 30 percent, and the method is a better measure for improving the crop utilization rate and reducing the nitrogen fertilizer loss; the main loss way of the nitrogen fertilizer in rainy season is runoff, the runoff nitrogen loss rate of chemical fertilizer treatment is 20-30%, the runoff loss rate of chemical fertilizer treatment is reduced to 13%, 9% and 5% respectively by adding a nitrification inhibitor, biochar and straws, the soil residue rate and the crop utilization rate are improved, and the method is a better fertilization mode in rainy season in the area.
According to the characteristic of large runoff loss of purple soil, the fertilizer nitrogen loss is serious in rainy seasons, leguminous crops can be planted, the nitrogen fixation function is realized, the fertilizer nitrogen application is correspondingly reduced, and the nitrogen fertilizer flow is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the effect of fertilization measures on ammonia volatilization emission flux and nitrogen leaching loss in rainy season in a purple soil dry land wheat-corn system;
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail by combining the drawings and the detailed implementation mode: aiming at the characteristics of leaching loss of nitrogen fertilizer in purple soil dry land, and combining with the climatic characteristics of southwest areas, the following planting and fertilizing management system for reducing nitrogen and enhancing efficiency in purple soil dry land is provided:
the specific description is as follows:
planting wheat or rape in dry seasons; and (3) recommending the application amount of the compound fertilizer: 100-150kg N ha-1，50-80kg P2O5 ha-1，20-40kg K2O ha-1(ii) a Adding biochar 2000-3000kg ha-1The biochar can be prepared by pyrolyzing farmland straws and the like in a muffle furnace (about 500 ℃);
the biochar is a high-carbon substance which is generated by pyrolyzing biological residues at high temperature under the condition of oxygen deficiency, has the characteristics of high stability, insolubility and porosity, high cation exchange capacity, low volume weight and the like, can improve the water and fertilizer retention performance of purple soil and the organic carbon content of soil, improves the utilization rate of crops to fertilizers, and reduces ammonia volatilization and leaching loss.
Interplanting or planting leguminous crops in the rainy season; the purple soil has serious nutrient loss in rainy seasons, and the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced when leguminous crops are planted: 50-100kg of N ha-1，30-50kg P2O5 ha-1，10-20kg K2O ha-1(ii) a Simultaneously adding biochar and/or nitrification inhibitor and/or straw to return to the field, and the amount of biochar added recommends 2000-3000kg ha-1The nitrification inhibitor can be dicyanodiamine or 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and is added at an amount of 10-15kg ha-1And is applied after being mixed with fertilizer. After the biochar or the straw is added, soil organic matters can be improved, the soil volume weight can be reduced, the total porosity can be changed and increased, the development of corn or leguminous root systems is facilitated, the utilization rate of crops on fertilizers is improved, and runoff and interflow loss are reduced; the method for applying the biochar in the same dry season and returning the straws to the field comprises the following steps: in-situ straw in the first season of farmlandCutting into small sections of about 20cm, and ploughing into soil. The addition of the nitrification inhibitor can inhibit the conversion of the nitrogen of the fertilizer to nitrate, increase the retention time of ammonium nitrogen and reduce the nutrient loss in rainy seasons;
the following experiments are directed to the above examples, and the experiments prove the influence of the fertilization measures on the nitrogen loss of the fertilizer of the purple soil wheat-corn system.
The experiment shows that: the loss difference of nitrogen between wheat season and corn season is obvious: in wheat seasons, the nitrogen loss rate of the traditional high-nitrogen treatment fertilizer is highest (49.71 +/-2.59%), the fertilizer is returned to the field (47.70 +/-7.83%) and the nitrification inhibitor is second (45.40 +/-5.80%), and the nitrogen reduction treatment is obviously higher than that of a fertilization system in dry seasons by adding biochar (23.35 +/-19.85%); and compared with the traditional high nitrogen (66.50 +/-2.88%), nitrogen reduction treatment (67.84 +/-6.19%) and pig manure addition treatment (66.55 +/-6.87%), the loss of fertilizer nitrogen is obviously reduced by adding a nitrification inhibitor (31.12 +/-25.80%) and returning straws to the field (38.72 +/-8.11%) in the corn season.
Wherein the ammonia volatilization flux of the purple soil dry land agricultural system in the traditional high-nitrogen wheat season is 9.26 +/-4.37 kg of N ha-1The nitrogen reduction treatment significantly reduced ammonia volatilization, while the addition of nitrification inhibitor significantly increased ammonia volatilization (10.16 + -2.20 kg of N ha)-1) Adding organic fertilizer (0.92 plus or minus 0.72kg of N ha)-1) Biochar (2.63 +/-1.23 kg N ha)-1) And returning the straws to the field (3.82 +/-3.46 kg N ha)-1) The optimized fertilization measures remarkably reduce the ammonia volatilization amount (on figure 1). The purple soil corn is applied in holes (5-10cm deep) in seasons, the ammonia volatilization amount is low, and the total volatilization amount of each weight-reducing optimized fertilizer is 0.41-1.93kg of N ha-1Meanwhile, the fertilizer is lower than the traditional fertilizer application (4.06 +/-3.07 kg of N ha)-1) And nitrification inhibitor treatment (3.81 + -4.94 kg N ha)-1) However, there was no significant difference in total ammonia volatilization between the different fertilization treatments (in fig. 1).
The rainwater in the purple soil area of southwest is mainly concentrated in corn seasons, the purple soil is shallow (30-60cm), loose in texture, high in soil water conductivity and low in water retention capacity, and is under the matrix-maternal rock stratum with weak water permeability, and the rainwater is easy to infiltrate after being fully stored to form interflow, so that a large amount of nitrogen is lost. Research finds that no nitrogen leaching loss is observed in wheat season in 2018 as shown in figure 1; traditional high-nitrogen treatment nitrogen fertilizer in corn seasonThe highest loss (37.81 + -3.83 kg N ha-1); the nitrogen loss in the nitrogen reduction treatment is 29.61 +/-9.46 kg of N ha-1(ii) a Addition of nitrification inhibitor reduced nitrogen loss (20.88 + -10.40 kg N ha)-1) (ii) a The nitrogen loss is obviously reduced by replacing part of fertilizer with straw or biochar, and the nitrogen loss is respectively 8.30 +/-8.14 kg of N ha-1And 14.72. + -. 13.21kg of N ha-1(ii) a Nitrogen loss of organic fertilizer is not reduced (32.87 +/-8.33 kg of N ha)-1)。
In addition, the experiments of planting corn in rainy season and intercropping corn-leguminous crops in rainy season show that the planting of leguminous crops obviously improves the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer by the crops, and the crop yield is 7167 +/-465 kg ha-1Increased to 8091 + -866 kg ha-1The yield is improved by 11%.
The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that are not thought of through the inventive work should be included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope defined by the claims.
Claims (1)
1. A purple soil nitrogen-reducing synergistic planting and fertilizing method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step (1), planting system: planting wheat or leaf lettuce in dry crops, interplanting or planting leguminous crops in rainy seasons of 6-10 months and planting leguminous crops in dry seasons of 11 months-5 months next year;
step (2) dry season crop fertilization measures: 100kg of fertilizer nitrogen 150kg of N ha-150-80kg of P2O5 ha-1Potassium 20-40kg K2O ha-1Simultaneously applying 2000-3000kg ha biochar-1；
And (3) applying fertilizers to the crops in rainy season: 50-100kg of fertilizer nitrogen N ha-130-50kg of P2O5 ha-1Potassium 10-20kg K2O ha-13000kg ha of charcoal 2000--15-10kg ha of nitrification inhibitor-1Or returning 100% of straws to the field;
in the step (2), the biochar is prepared by pyrolyzing farmland straws in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 500-600 ℃;
the step (2) of returning 100 percent of straws to the field comprises the following steps: cutting the straws into small sections of 15-25cm in situ in the front season of the farmland, and ploughing and burying the small sections; the nitrification inhibitor in the step (2) adopts dicyanodiamine or 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, and the application amount is 10-15kgha-1；
Uniformly mixing the nitrification inhibitor and the fertilizer and then applying the mixture;
the main loss way of the nitrogen fertilizer of the dry crops in the step (1) is gaseous loss of ammonia volatilization, and the main loss way of the nitrogen fertilizer of the rainy crops is runoff.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105993262A (en) * | 2016-05-24 | 2016-10-12 | 谢庭生 | Purple soil hilly area gentle slope honeycomb surface forest and grass composite planting high-efficiency utilization method |
| CN108834787A (en) * | 2018-07-03 | 2018-11-20 | 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所 | A kind of method of winter-spring season biological characters of wheat under drought conditions Corn Rotation System water conservation section fertilizer |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105993262A (en) * | 2016-05-24 | 2016-10-12 | 谢庭生 | Purple soil hilly area gentle slope honeycomb surface forest and grass composite planting high-efficiency utilization method |
| CN108834787A (en) * | 2018-07-03 | 2018-11-20 | 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所 | A kind of method of winter-spring season biological characters of wheat under drought conditions Corn Rotation System water conservation section fertilizer |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
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| 添加硝化抑制剂、秸秆及生物炭对亚热带农田土壤N_2O排放的影响;赵颖等;《农业环境科学学报》;20180531;第37卷(第5期);1023-1034 * |
| 紫色土小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤氮素时空分异特征;杨小林等;《环境科学学报》;20131031;第33卷(第10期);2807-2813 * |
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