CN110495361A - A kind of purple soil subtracts the plantation fertilizing method of nitrogen synergy - Google Patents

A kind of purple soil subtracts the plantation fertilizing method of nitrogen synergy Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110495361A
CN110495361A CN201910798256.4A CN201910798256A CN110495361A CN 110495361 A CN110495361 A CN 110495361A CN 201910798256 A CN201910798256 A CN 201910798256A CN 110495361 A CN110495361 A CN 110495361A
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nitrogen
fertilizer
season
crop
charcoal
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CN201910798256.4A
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CN110495361B (en
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董志新
朱波
王艳强
陈涛
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Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment IMHE of CAS
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Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment IMHE of CAS
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01CPLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/15Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach 
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20Cereals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/40Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses the plantation fertilizing methods that a kind of purple soil subtracts nitrogen synergy, including step step (1) planting system: dry season crop-planting wheat or Lettuce, and legume is interplanted or planted to rainy season corn and legume;Step (2) dry season crop fertilization measure: fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), while matching and applying charcoal;Step (3) rainy season crop fertilization measure: fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), while matching and applying charcoal, nitrification inhibitor, stalk.Dry season of the invention is the preferable measure for improving crop utilization rate and reducing loss of nitrogen fertilizer with charcoal processing is applied;And the main loss approach of rainy season nitrogenous fertilizer is runoff, addition nitrification inhibitor, charcoal and straw-returning processing reduce runoff loss ratio, improve pedo relict ratio and crop utilization rate, are purple soil rainy season preferable fertilization modes;Plantation legume can reduce amount of nitrogen, effectively reduce rainy season loss of nitrogenous fertilizer.

Description

A kind of purple soil subtracts the plantation fertilizing method of nitrogen synergy
Technical field
The invention belongs to crop planting technical field, it is related to the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil subtracts nitrogen synergy.
Background technique
Purple soil region is Sichuan or even the most important farming region of Upper Yangtze River, and only Sichuan Basin area is up to 160,000 km2。 30 for many years, which obtains large development, but excessively relies on the chemical fertilizer based on nitrogenous fertilizer.According to the agriculture of Yanting purple soil country It investigates area's nitrogenous fertilizer single cropping average dose and is up to 330kgN/hm in industry ecology experiment station2, utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is only 26.3% (small Wheat) and 18.7% (corn).The application of nitrogenous fertilizer a large amount leads to nitrogen in farmland soil payment imbalance, in addition purple soil arid hillside field soil layer Shallow (30~60cm), quality is loose, and porosity is big, and soil hydraulic conductivity is higher and retention ability is low, weak water penetration matrix-mother of underliing Rock stratum, this soil profile structure easily make rain-water accumulating expire lower infiltration to form that interflow soil porosity is high and interflow is extremely sent out It educates, soil nitrogen is largely lost through rainwash, the soil erosion and interflow into water body, becomes the dirt of Upper Yangtze River water body face source The main source of object is contaminated, threatens Yangtze river basin water environment safety, or even bring a negative impact to north water supply;Soil nitrogen is in soil N during earth nitrification-denitrification2O is largely escaped, and increases greenhouse gases amount;Simultaneously because calacareous soil nitrogen passes through ammonia volatilization Loss amount is higher, and purple soil (mostly calcareous) can cause nitrogen largely to enter atmosphere through ammonia volatilization, and with wet deposition for main shape The problems such as formula reaches earth's surface, causes soil acidification, water eutrophication.
Summary of the invention
To solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of purple soils to subtract nitrogen synergy Plant fertilizing method.
In order to achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: a kind of purple soil subtracts the plantation fertilizing method of nitrogen synergy, packet Include following steps:
Step (1) planting system: dry season crop-planting wheat or Lettuce, rainy season corn and legume are interplanted or are planted Legume, the rainy season are the 6-10 months, and dry season is May next year in November-;
Step (2) dry season crop fertilization measure: fertilizer nitrogen (100-150kg N ha-1), phosphorus (50-80kg P2O5 ha-1)、 Potassium (20-40kg K2O ha-1), while matching and applying charcoal (2000-3000kg ha-1);
Step (3) rainy season crop fertilization measure: fertilizer nitrogen (50-100kg N ha-1), phosphorus (30-50kg P2O5 ha-1)、 Potassium (10-20kg K2O ha-1), with applying charcoal (2000-3000kg ha-1), nitrification inhibitor (5-10kg ha-1) or stalk 100% returning to the field.
Preferably, the main loss approach of dry season nitrogenous fertilizer described in the step (1) is ammonia volatilization, the master of rainy season nitrogenous fertilizer Wanting loss access is runoff.
Preferably, charcoal farmland stalk described in the step (2) etc. is pyrolyzed preparation in Muffle furnace, and temperature is 500-600℃。
Preferably, step (3) the straw-returning step is: season, stalk was cut into 15-25cm segment on the spot before farmland, It turns over and buries.
Preferably, the step (3) nitrification inhibitor can be used dicyanodiamine or 3,4 dimethyl pyrazole phosphate, Amount of application 10-15kg ha-1
Preferably, the step (3) nitrification inhibitor is applied after mixing thoroughly with chemical fertilizer.
Compared with the existing technology, the invention has the benefit that for solve Purple soil region soil layer it is shallow, quality is loose, The problem that the content of organic matter is low, Nutrient leakage is serious passes through setting straw-returning, addition organic fertilizer, inhibitor and charcoal pair The comparative test of the loss access such as crop utilization, pedo relict, ammonia volatilization, runoff leaching specifies purple soil dry season-rainy season body It is nitrogenous fertilizer in water-soil-vapor interface whereabouts, finds the difference in dry season and rainy season nitrogen loss approach, dry season nitrogenous fertilizer main loss Approach is the gaseous losses such as ammonia volatilization, and it is to improve crop utilization rate that addition charcoal processing, which can reduce by 30% ammonia loss by volatilization, And reduce the preferable measure of loss of nitrogen fertilizer;And the main loss approach of rainy season nitrogenous fertilizer is runoff, chemical fertilizer handles runoff nitrogen loss rate 20-30%, addition nitrification inhibitor, charcoal and stalk processing runoff loss rate are reduced to 13%, 9% and 5% respectively, improve Pedo relict ratio and crop utilization rate, are area's rainy season preferable fertilization modes.
According to the big feature of purple soil runoff loss, rainy season chemical fertilizer nitrogen loss is serious, can plant legume, there is fixed nitrogen function Can, the corresponding fertilizer nitrogen that reduces applies, and reduces nitrogenous fertilizer stream.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is shadow of the measures of fertilizer to Purple Soils From Upland Fields Wheat Maize system ammonia volatilization emission flux and rainy season nitrogen leaching loss It rings;
Specific embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description: for purple soil Nonirrigated farmland nitrogenous fertilizer leaching loss feature, in conjunction with southwest climate characteristic, it is proposed that the plantation that following Purple Soils From Upland Fields subtract nitrogen synergy is applied Fertile management system:
It is described in detail below:
Dry season plants wheat or rape;Compound fertilizer's amount of application is recommended: 100-150kg N ha-1, 50-80kg P2O5 ha-1, 20-40kg K2O ha-1;Add charcoal amount 2000-3000kg ha-1, charcoal can be with farmland stalk etc. in Muffle furnace (500 DEG C or so) in pyrolysis preparation;
Charcoal is that one kind that biological residuum is generated through Pintsch process has high stability, difficulty in the case where anoxic Molten, high carbonizable substance, has the characteristics that porosity, high-cation exchange capacity and low bulk density, purple soil preservation capacity of water and fertility can be improved Energy, soil organic carbon improve crop to the utilization rate of fertilizer, reduce ammonia volatilization and leaching loss.
Legume is interplanted or planted to rainy season corn and legume;Purple soil rainy season nutrient loss is serious, plants pulse family Crop reduces applying quantity of chemical fertilizer simultaneously: 50-100kg N ha-1, 30-50kg P2O5 ha-1, 10-20kg K2O ha-1;Add simultaneously Add charcoal and/or nitrification inhibitor and/or straw-returning, addition charcoal amount recommends 2000-3000kg ha-1, addition nitrification Dicyanodiamine or 3,4 dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPP) can be used in inhibitor, and amount of application is 10-15kg ha-1, mixed with chemical fertilizer Application after even.After charcoal or stalk addition, the soil organism can be improved, reduce the soil weight, change and increase overall porosity, have Conducive to corn or pulse family root system development, crop is improved to the utilization rate of fertilizer, reduces runoff and interflow loss;Charcoal application In same dry season, straw-returning method: season, stalk was cut into 20cm or so segment on the spot before farmland, turns over and buries.Nitrification inhibitor adds Add and can inhibit transformation of the fertilizer nitrogen to nitrate, increase ammonium nitrogen residence time, reduces rainy season nutrient loss;
Following experiments are the experiments for above-described embodiment, experiments have shown that measures of fertilizer is to purple soil Wheat Maize system The influence of fertilizer nitrogen loss.
Experiment discovery: wheat season and corn season nitrogen loss significant difference: in wheat season, traditional high nitrogen handles fertilizer nitrogen Loss late highest (49.71 ± 2.59%), straw-returning (47.70 ± 7.83%) and nitrification inhibitor take second place (45.40 ± 5.80%), it is significantly higher than in the fertilizing system in dry season plus charcoal subtracts nitrogen processing (23.35 ± 19.85%);And in corn Ji Tian Add nitrification inhibitor (31.12 ± 25.80%) and straw-returning (38.72 ± 8.11%) compare traditional high nitrogen (66.50 ± 2.88%), subtract nitrogen processing (67.84 ± 6.19%) and addition swine manure treatment (66.55 ± 6.87%) significantly reduces chemical fertilizer Nitrogen loss.
Wherein, Purple Soils From Upland Fields agricultural system tradition high nitrogen wheat season ammonia volatilization flux is 9.26 ± 4.37kg N ha-1, Subtracting nitrogen processing significantly reduces ammonia volatilization, and adds nitrification inhibitor and significantly increase ammonia volatilization (10.16 ± 2.20kg N ha-1), Add organic fertilizer (0.92 ± 0.72kg N ha-1), charcoal (2.63 ± 1.23kg N ha-1) and straw-returning (3.82 ± 3.46kg N ha-1) etc. Optimums measure significantly reduce ammonia volatilization amount (on Fig. 1).Purple soil corn season, cave applied (5-10cm It is deep), ammonia volatilization amount is lower, and each weight-reducing optimization volatilization total amount is in 0.41-1.93kg N ha-1Between, it is lower than traditional fertilization (4.06 ±3.07kg N ha-1) and nitrification inhibitor processing (3.81 ± 4.94kg N ha-1), but ammonia volatilization is total between different fertilization Amount is without significant difference (in Fig. 1).
Southwestern Purple soil region rainwater is concentrated mainly on corn season, and purple soil soil layer is shallow (30-60cm), and quality is loose, Soil hydraulic conductivity is higher and retention ability is low, and underlie weak water penetration matrix-D-horizon, and lower seep easily is formed in earth after rain-water accumulating is full Stream, leads to a large amount of nitrogen losses.The study found that wheat Ji Wei observes nitrogen leaching loss within 2018 as shown under Fig. 1;In corn season Traditional high nitrogen handles loss of nitrogenous fertilizer amount highest (37.81 ± 3.83kg N ha-1);Subtract nitrogen processing nitrogen discharge amount be 29.61 ± 9.46kg N ha-1;Addition nitrification inhibitor reduces nitrogen discharge (20.88 ± 10.40kg N ha-1);Stalk or charcoal replace It changes the processing of part chemical fertilizer and significantly reduces nitrogen discharge, respectively 8.30 ± 8.14kg N ha-1With 14.72 ± 13.21kg N ha-1;Organic fertilizer does not reduce nitrogen discharge (32.87 ± 8.33kg N ha-1)。
In addition, significant in rainy season maize planting and rainy season corn-legume interplanting experiment discovery, the plantation of legume Crop is improved to the utilization rate of nitrogenous fertilizer, crop yield is by 7167 ± 465kg ha-1Increase to 8091 ± 866kg ha-1, yield Improve 11%.
The above description is merely a specific embodiment, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, any The change or replacement expected without creative work, should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, of the invention Protection scope should be determined by the scope of protection defined in the claims.

Claims (6)

1. the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil subtracts nitrogen synergy, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
Step (1) planting system: pulse family is interplanted or planted to dry season crop-planting wheat or Lettuce, rainy season corn and legume Crop, the rainy season are the 6-10 months, and dry season is May next year in November-;
Step (2) dry season crop fertilization measure: fertilizer nitrogen 100-150kg N ha-1, phosphorus 50-80kg P2O5 ha-1, potassium 20- 40kg K2O ha-1, while matching and applying charcoal 2000-3000kg ha-1;Step (3) rainy season crop fertilization measure: fertilizer nitrogen 50- 100kg N ha-1, phosphorus 30-50kg P2O5 ha-1, potassium 10-20kg K2O ha-1, with applying charcoal 2000-3000kg ha-1, nitre Change inhibitor 5-10kg ha-1Or 100% returning to the field of stalk.
2. the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil according to claim 1 subtracts nitrogen synergy, it is characterised in that: step (2) Described in charcoal farmland stalk etc. preparation is pyrolyzed in Muffle furnace, temperature is 500-600 DEG C.
3. the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil according to claim 1 subtracts nitrogen synergy, it is characterised in that: step (3) The straw-returning step is: season, stalk was cut into 15-25cm segment on the spot before farmland, turns over and buries.
4. the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil according to claim 1 subtracts nitrogen synergy, it is characterised in that: step (3) Dicyanodiamine or 3,4 dimethyl pyrazole phosphate, amount of application 10-15kgha can be used in the nitrification inhibitor-1
5. the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil according to claim 1 subtracts nitrogen synergy, it is characterised in that: step (3) The nitrification inhibitor is applied after mixing thoroughly with chemical fertilizer.
6. the plantation fertilizing method that a kind of purple soil according to claim 1 subtracts nitrogen synergy, it is characterised in that: step (1) Described in dry season crop nitrogenous fertilizer main loss approach be ammonia volatilization gaseous loss, rainy season crop nitrogenous fertilizer main loss way Diameter is runoff.
CN201910798256.4A 2019-08-27 2019-08-27 Purple soil nitrogen-reducing synergistic planting and fertilizing method Expired - Fee Related CN110495361B (en)

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CN115039534A (en) * 2022-07-01 2022-09-13 河北省农林科学院滨海农业研究所 Carbon fixation and emission reduction fertilization method for coastal saline rice field

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