CN110471010B - SH of magnetostriction curve of ferromagnetic material0Modal ultrasonic guided wave measuring method - Google Patents

SH of magnetostriction curve of ferromagnetic material0Modal ultrasonic guided wave measuring method Download PDF

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CN110471010B
CN110471010B CN201910879152.6A CN201910879152A CN110471010B CN 110471010 B CN110471010 B CN 110471010B CN 201910879152 A CN201910879152 A CN 201910879152A CN 110471010 B CN110471010 B CN 110471010B
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magnetic field
magnetostriction
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吴斌
张晓东
刘秀成
何存富
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Beijing University of Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses an SH of a magnetostriction curve of a ferromagnetic material0A modal ultrasonic guided wave measurement method adopts an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostriction mechanism to excite and receive SH in a ferromagnetic thin plate0And (3) carrying out modal ultrasonic guided wave, extracting the amplitude of a wave packet of the modal ultrasonic guided wave, and substituting the amplitude into a theoretical formula to invert the magnetostriction coefficient of the material. By changing the static bias magnetic field intensity of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism and repeating the measurement process, the relation curve of the magnetostriction coefficient and the static bias magnetic field intensity, namely the magnetostriction curve of the sheet material, can be obtained. The method can be directly applied to engineering sites, and can be used for rapidly and nondestructively evaluating the magnetostrictive curve of the electrical steel or magnetostrictive strip to obtain the SH0The relation curve of the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the bias magnetic field can also be used for representing the material stress and the microstructure change.

Description

SH of magnetostriction curve of ferromagnetic material0Modal ultrasonic guided wave measuring method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nondestructive measurement of material performance, and utilizes SH0The mode ultrasonic guided wave method measures the magnetostriction curve of the ferromagnetic material. The measuring method can also be applied to nondestructive evaluation of electrical steel, advanced high-strength steel and other properties, and indirectly represents the internal stress, microstructure change and the like of the material.
Background
Under the action of an applied magnetic field, the length and volume of a ferromagnetic material slightly change, which is called magnetostriction, wherein the change in length is called linear magnetostriction. The magnetostriction curve reflects the relationship between the linear magnetostriction strain (or magnetostriction coefficient) and the external magnetic field strength, and is an important representation form of the magnetostriction performance of the ferromagnetic material. The measurement of the magnetostriction curve is an important content for evaluating the performances of electrical steel and magnetostriction sensing materials.
The current common magnetostriction curve measuring methods include resistance strain method, optical lever method, small angle rotation method and the like. The method can only be used for small-size samples generally, needs to be completed in a laboratory by adopting a precision instrument, and is difficult to be directly used for industrial field testing.
The invention discloses an SH of a magnetostriction curve of a ferromagnetic material0The mode ultrasonic guided wave measuring method has the basic principle that: energy conversion efficiency (excited SH) of electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on magnetostrictive mechanism0The ratio of the modal guided wave energy to the sensor input electrical energy) is proportional to the magnetostriction coefficient of the material being measured. Excitation and detection of SH in thin plates using an electromagnetic ultrasound sensor based on a magnetostrictive mechanism0The modal ultrasonic guided wave (adopting self-excited self-receiving or one-excited one-receiving) is analyzed to obtain SH0The relation curve of the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the external static magnetic field intensity is combined with SH0And (4) carrying out inversion to obtain a magnetostrictive curve of the test material according to the related theory of the modal ultrasonic guided wave excitation. The method belongs to non-contact measurement, and can realize on-site on-line detection without preparing a special test piece.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention relates to an SH of a magnetostriction curve of a ferromagnetic material0A mode ultrasonic guided wave measuring method aims to provide a convenient, fast and non-contact ferromagnetic material magnetostriction measuring method, and simultaneously, nondestructive detection of ferromagnetic materials can be realized by using the method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
1. magnetostriction curve SH of ferromagnetic material0Theoretical derivation of modal ultrasound guided wave measurement method
a. Dynamic magnetic field calculation
Establishing a two-dimensional simplified model according to the configuration condition of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism, and obtaining the expression of a dynamic magnetic field generated in the test piece according to the Maxwell equation and the electromagnetic boundary condition as
Figure BDA0002205323900000021
Wherein Hdy(y, z) is the component of the dynamic magnetic field in the y-direction, Hdz(y, z) is the component of the dynamic magnetic field in the z direction, a is the width of the wire of the meander coil, D is the period of the meander coil, hlFor deflecting the coil by a lifting distance, murIs the relative permeability of the material, mu0Is a vacuum permeability, I0Is the excitation current of the flyback coil, omega is the angular frequency of the excitation current, t is the time, delta is the skin depth,
Figure BDA0002205323900000022
σeis the electrical conductivity of the material, An、knAnd q isnAs a factor related to the size of the sensor turn-back coil,
Figure BDA0002205323900000023
Figure BDA0002205323900000024
Figure BDA0002205323900000025
and q isnIs a positive number, n is a natural number from 0 to ∞, and j is an imaginary unit.
Due to Hdy(y,z)>>Hdz(y, z), the dynamic magnetic field generated by the inflection coil in the ferromagnetic material is a component in the y direction, i.e. the dynamic magnetic field in the test piece is simplified as follows:
Figure BDA0002205323900000026
b. magnetostrictive force calculation
The magnetostrictive physical force f generated in the test piece can be obtained according to the magnetostrictive constitutive relation of the ferromagnetic materialMsThe expression of (a) is:
Figure BDA0002205323900000027
wherein, muLLambda being the Lame constant of ferromagnetic materialtIs the magnetostriction coefficient of the material, HsIs the static bias magnetic field strength.
c.SH0Ultrasonic guided wave amplitude calculation
The magnetostrictive physical force is converted into surface force, and SH can be obtained according to the reciprocal relation0Ultrasonic guided wave amplitude ASH0Comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002205323900000031
wherein, beta0In terms of the wave number, the number of waves,
Figure BDA0002205323900000032
p is the density of the material and,
Figure BDA0002205323900000033
amplitude of 0-order modal particle motion velocity, P, on the surface of the plate in the x direction00L is the sensor width, a normalization factor, i.e. the time-averaged power flow in the y-direction of the 0 th order mode per unit waveguide width in the x-direction.
d. Magnetostriction coefficient calculation
The magnetostriction coefficient expression of the material obtained according to the expression (4) is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205323900000034
only μ in expression (5)rOther parameters are constants related to the static magnetic field intensity, the constants can be used as a parameter K to be obtained in actual measurement through calibration, and then the expression of the magnetostriction coefficient is as follows:
Figure BDA0002205323900000035
therefore, the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism generates SH in the ferromagnetic thin plate test piece to be tested0Transduction efficiency and material of modal ultrasonic guided wavesThe magnetostriction coefficient of the magnetic field is in direct proportion, and the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism is utilized to measure the bias magnetic field H in different static statessLower excitation of SH0Amplitude A of modal ultrasonic guided wavesSH0To obtain magnetostrictive SH0And (3) a change curve of the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave. Combined magnetic permeability murAnd (5) calculating the magnetostriction curve of the material by using the expression (6).
2. SH of magnetostriction curve0System construction of modal ultrasonic guided wave measurement method
SH of magnetostriction curve0The system of the modal ultrasonic guided wave measurement method comprises an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostriction mechanism, an excitation module, a data acquisition system 12 and a measured ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11; the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostrictive mechanism is composed of a shell 3, an excitation coil 4, a magnetic core 5, a pre-tightening spring 6, a positioning pin 7, a sliding block 8, a Hall element 9 and a return coil 10, wherein the excitation coil 4 and the magnetic core 5 form an electromagnet, and a static bias magnetic field is provided for a tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11. The pre-tightening spring 6, the positioning pin 7 and the sliding block 8 form a pre-tightening mechanism, so that the lifting distance is ensured to be constant during measurement; the excitation module consists of an arbitrary function generator 1, a bipolar power amplifier 2 and a pulse excitation/reception device 13. The double-channel arbitrary function generator 1 respectively generates a direct current bias voltage signal and a Hanning window modulated sine wave signal, a channel for generating the direct current bias voltage signal is connected with the bipolar power amplifier 2, the signal is amplified and input to the magnet exciting coil 4 of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism, a static bias magnetic field is generated in the tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11 and is measured by the Hall element 9, the channel for generating the Hanning window modulated sine wave is connected with the pulse excitation/receiving device 13, the signal is amplified and input to the retracing coil 10 of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism, and a dynamic magnetic field is generated in the tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11. SH is generated in the tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11 under the combined action of the dynamic and static magnetic fields0Modal ultrasound guided waves. The data acquisition system 12 acquires and stores the static magnetic field signal and SH0Modal ultrasound guided waves.
Will be based on magnetismAn electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor of a stretching mechanism is arranged on a square ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11 to be tested (the side length of the thin plate is more than or equal to 20 times of SH0Modal ultrasound guided wave wavelength) to perform SH0Excitation and detection of modal ultrasonic guided waves (described by taking self-excitation and self-reception as an example) ensure that a sine wave modulated by a Hanning window is not changed, change the amplitude of a direct-current bias voltage signal introduced into the excitation coil 4, realize the adjustment of the static bias magnetic field intensity, and respectively collect the static magnetic field intensity signal and the excited SH0Modal ultrasound guided wave signals. And extracting SH under different static bias magnetic field strengths0And echo amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave. The static magnetic field strength and the SH excited under the static magnetic field strength0And (5) substituting the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave into the theoretical expression (6) to calculate the magnetostriction coefficient. Similarly, an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostriction mechanism is rotated, so that the excited SH0And changing the propagation direction of the modal ultrasonic guided waves, and repeating the steps to measure the magnetostrictive curves of the sheet material in different directions.
The invention has the characteristics and beneficial effects that:
1. deriving SH of the magnetostriction curve0The theory of the modal ultrasonic guided wave measurement method is used for obtaining the excited SH of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism0And (3) calculating the magnetostrictive curve of the material by measuring the magnetostrictive amplitude curve and using an expression (6) according to the relation between the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the magnetostrictive coefficient of the material.
2. The electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostrictive mechanism constructs a measuring system, realizes the convenient, rapid and non-contact measurement of the magnetostrictive curve of the ferromagnetic material, and can be applied to the field on-line detection of the magnetostrictive curve of the material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 SH of magnetostriction curves of ferromagnetic materials0A schematic diagram of a modal ultrasound guided wave measurement system;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an excitation signal of an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostrictive mechanism;
FIG. 3 SH generation in the ferromagnetic thin plate test piece to be tested0A schematic diagram of modal ultrasound guided waves;
FIG. 4SH0A graph of the relationship between the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the static bias magnetic field strength;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a magnetostrictive curve inversion;
FIG. 6 is a model of a dynamic magnetic field calculation provided by a meander coil;
FIG. 7 impact of magnetostriction curves of materials on the transducer efficiency of a sensor;
in fig. 1: 1-double-channel arbitrary function generator 2-bipolar power amplifier 3-shell 4-magnet exciting coil 5-magnetic core 6-pre-tightening spring 7-positioning pin 8-slide block 9-Hall element 10-folding coil 11-tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 12-data acquisition system 13-pulse excitation/receiving device
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiment uses nickel plate as the ferromagnetic material to be tested. The measuring method comprises the following steps:
as shown in fig. 1, an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostrictive mechanism is placed in the middle of a ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11 to be tested (self excited self collected is taken as an example). The electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostrictive mechanism is composed of a shell 3, an excitation coil 4, a magnetic core 5, a pre-tightening spring 6, a positioning pin 7, a sliding block 8, a Hall element 9 and a return coil 10, wherein the excitation coil 4 and the magnetic core 5 form an electromagnet, and a static bias magnetic field is provided for a tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11. The pre-tightening spring 6, the positioning pin 7 and the sliding block 8 form a pre-tightening mechanism, and the lifting distance during measurement is ensured to be constant. A double-channel arbitrary function generator 1 is used for generating a direct current bias voltage signal, as shown in figure 2, the direct current bias voltage signal is input to a bipolar power amplifier 2 for amplification, and then the direct current bias voltage signal is led to an excitation coil 4 of an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostrictive mechanism to provide a static bias magnetic field HsAnd magnetizing the surface of the ferromagnetic thin plate test piece 11 to be tested. While generating a Hanning Window modulated sine wave Signal by means of a two-channel Arbitrary function Generator 1(>20kHz) which is amplified by the pulse excitation/reception means 13 as shown in fig. 2Then input into a reverse-turn coil 10 to generate a dynamic magnetic field H in the test pieced. Material in static bias magnetic field HsAnd a dynamic magnetic field HdUnder the combined action, generates magnetostriction force and excites SH0The direction of polarization of the guided wave is parallel to the static magnetic field, and the direction of propagation perpendicular to the static magnetic field is shown in fig. 3. The signal acquisition system 12 measures the static magnetic field intensity H of the Hall element 9sSH received by the signal and pulse excitation/reception means 130Acquiring and recording a modal ultrasonic guided wave signal;
converting the static magnetic field intensity signal collected by the Hall element 9 into a static magnetic field intensity HsAnd extracting SH output from the reverse coil 100Detecting the peak value of the signal by the modal ultrasonic guided wave;
the magnetostriction SH measured in the step 20Respectively substituting the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the magnetic conductivity and the calibration coefficient K of the material into the expression (6) to obtain the magnetostriction coefficient of the material;
continuously changing the amplitude of the DC bias voltage output from the double-channel arbitrary function generator 1 to the bipolar power amplifier 2 to make the static bias magnetic field change and gradually reach the maximum value HsmaxRepeating the steps 1-3 to obtain the magnetostriction coefficient, namely the magnetostriction curve of the sheet material, under different static magnetic field strength conditions as shown in FIG. 4;
similarly, an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostriction mechanism is rotated, so that the excited SH0Changing the propagation direction of the modal ultrasonic guided waves, and repeating the steps 1-4 to measure the magnetostrictive curves of the sheet material in different directions;
FIG. 5 shows SH of the magnetostrictive curve0Inverting the flow process by using a modal ultrasonic guided wave measurement method;
FIG. 6 shows a model of the dynamic magnetic field calculation provided by the meander coil;
fig. 7 shows the effect of the material magnetostriction curve on the transducer efficiency of the sensor.

Claims (2)

1. SH of ferromagnetic material magnetostriction curve0Modal ultrasonic guided wave measurementThe method is characterized in that the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism is excited in the ferromagnetic thin plate to generate SH0The transduction efficiency of the modal ultrasonic guided wave is in direct proportion to the magnetostriction coefficient of a sheet material, and the SH excited by the sensor under the condition of static bias magnetic fields with different strengths0The relation curve of the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the magnetic field intensity indirectly reflects the magnetostrictive curve of the sheet material; using the calculation theory of the transduction efficiency of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostrictive mechanism to measure the SH0Starting from a relation curve of the amplitude of the modal ultrasonic guided wave and the magnetic field intensity, and inverting a magnetostrictive curve of the sheet material;
an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostriction mechanism is arranged on a square ferromagnetic sheet test piece to be tested for SH0The excitation and detection of modal ultrasonic guided waves, electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor adopt the inflection coil to provide the dynamic magnetic field, the static bias magnetic field is provided by the electro-magnet that excitation coil and magnetic core are constituteed, through changing the direct current bias voltage size of letting in excitation coil, adjust the intensity of static bias magnetic field, the intensity of static bias magnetic field is measured by placing the hall element on the material surface in, specific magnetostrictive curve measures the step as follows:
a. constructing a measurement system
The electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostrictive mechanism is arranged in the middle of a tested ferromagnetic thin plate test piece, two channels of a double-channel arbitrary function generator are respectively connected with a bipolar power amplifier and a pulse excitation/receiving device, the bipolar power amplifier is connected with an excitation coil of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostrictive mechanism, an excitation channel of the pulse excitation/receiving device is connected with a retracing coil, and a receiving channel and a Hall element of the pulse excitation/receiving device are connected with a data acquisition system;
b. signal acquisition
The signal output to the pulse excitation/receiving device by the double-channel arbitrary function generator is kept as a sine wave modulated by a Hanning window with fixed central frequency, the signal output to the bipolar power amplifier by the double-channel arbitrary function generator is a direct-current bias voltage signal, and the measured thin plate test piece detected by the inflection coil isSH in (1)0The modal guided wave signal and the static magnetic field intensity signal measured by the Hall element are recorded and stored by a data acquisition system;
c. signal parameter and feature extraction
Converting the static magnetic field intensity signal collected by the Hall element into static magnetic field intensity, and extracting SH output by the retracing coil0Detecting the peak value of the signal by the modal ultrasonic guided wave;
d. magnetostriction coefficient calculation
The static magnetic field strength and SH0Substituting the peak value of the modal ultrasonic guided wave detection signal into a calculation formula of the energy conversion efficiency of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor, so as to calculate the magnetostriction coefficient;
e. changing the amplitude of the DC bias voltage output to the bipolar power amplifier by the double-channel arbitrary function generator, and repeating the steps b to d to obtain magnetostriction coefficients under different static magnetic field intensity conditions, namely magnetostriction curves of the sheet materials;
f. rotating an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostrictive mechanism so that an excited SH is generated0Changing the propagation direction of the modal ultrasonic guided waves, and repeating the steps b to e to measure the magnetostrictive curves of the sheet material in different directions.
2. SH of the magnetostriction curve of a ferromagnetic material according to claim 10The modal ultrasonic guided wave measurement method is characterized in that for an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor with given structural dimension parameters, the derivation process is as follows:
1) dynamic magnetic field calculation
Establishing a two-dimensional simplified model according to the configuration condition of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on the magnetostriction mechanism, and obtaining the expression of a dynamic magnetic field generated in the test piece according to the Maxwell equation and the electromagnetic boundary condition as
Figure FDA0003178862590000021
Wherein Hdy(y, z) is the dynamic magnetic field in the y directionComponent of (A) and (B)dz(y, z) is the component of the dynamic magnetic field in the z direction, a is the width of the wire of the meander coil, D is the period of the meander coil, hlFor deflecting the coil by a lifting distance, murIs the relative permeability of the material, mu0Is a vacuum permeability, I0Is the excitation current of the flyback coil, omega is the angular frequency of the excitation current, t is the time, delta is the skin depth,
Figure FDA0003178862590000022
σeis the electrical conductivity of the material, An、knAnd q isnAs a factor related to the size of the sensor turn-back coil,
Figure FDA0003178862590000023
Figure FDA0003178862590000024
and q isnIs a positive number, n is a natural number from 0 to ∞, and j is an imaginary unit;
due to Hdy(y,z)>>Hdz(y, z), the dynamic magnetic field generated by the inflection coil in the ferromagnetic material is a component in the y direction, i.e. the dynamic magnetic field in the test piece is simplified as follows:
Figure FDA0003178862590000025
2) magnetostrictive physical force calculation
The magnetostrictive physical force f generated in the test piece can be obtained according to the magnetostrictive constitutive relation of the ferromagnetic materialMsThe expression of (a) is:
Figure FDA0003178862590000031
wherein, muLLambda being the Lame constant of ferromagnetic materialtIs the magnetostriction coefficient of the material, HsIs the static bias magnetic field strength;
3)SH0ultrasonic guided wave amplitude calculation
The magnetostrictive physical force is converted into surface force, and SH can be obtained according to the reciprocal relation0Ultrasonic guided wave amplitude ASH0Comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0003178862590000032
wherein, beta0In terms of the wave number, the number of waves,
Figure FDA0003178862590000033
p is the density of the material and,
Figure FDA0003178862590000034
amplitude of 0-order modal particle motion velocity, P, on the surface of the plate in the x direction00Is a normalization factor, i.e. the time-averaged power flow in the y-direction of the 0 th order mode per unit waveguide width in the x-direction, L is the sensor width;
4) magnetostriction coefficient calculation
The magnetostriction coefficient expression of the material obtained according to the expression (4) is as follows:
Figure FDA0003178862590000035
only μ in expression (5)rOther parameters are constants related to the static magnetic field intensity, the constants can be used as a parameter K to be obtained in actual measurement through calibration, and then the expression of the magnetostriction coefficient is as follows:
Figure FDA0003178862590000041
at different static bias magnetic fields HsUnder the condition, SH is measured by using an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor based on a magnetostrictive mechanism0Amplitude A of modal ultrasonic guided waveSH0Can obtain magnetismElectrostrictive SH0The amplitude variation curve of the modal ultrasonic guided wave is determined according to the magnetic permeability mu of the materialrWill experimentally determine SH0Substituting the amplitude change curve of the modal ultrasonic guided wave into the expression (6) to calculate the magnetostrictive curve of the material.
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