CN110468064A - 一种苜蓿青贮剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
- A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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- A23V2400/113—Acidophilus
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- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/169—Plantarum
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- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/173—Reuteri
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种苜蓿青贮剂及其制备方法,该苜蓿青贮剂包括以下质量份数的组分:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)4.5份、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)3份、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)2.5份、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)2.5份、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)2份、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscoagulans)1.5份、纤维素酶1份。本发明通过筛选高性能乳酸菌,针对苜蓿营养成分特性,进行科学配伍,成功研制出一种苜蓿青贮剂,能在正常的青贮管理生产条件下,实现快速降低苜蓿青贮原料的pH值,抑制乙酸菌、酵母菌、肠杆菌、梭菌、芽胞杆菌、霉菌和李氏杆菌等杂菌,生产出高价值的优质苜蓿青贮饲料。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种苜蓿青贮剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
苜蓿是豆科多年生草本植物,蛋白含量较高,可消化纤维丰富,适口性好,是优质的蛋白类饲料,目前是国内外栽培面积较大的牧草之一。因规模化生产的需求,苜蓿需要通过青贮来减少蛋白等营养成分的流失,保持其青绿特性。但苜蓿的可溶性碳水化合物含量较低,与玉米、禾本科牧草等相比,青贮发酵速度较慢,pH值的下降速度也较慢,所以常规发酵很难达到最佳发酵状态,属于难青贮的豆科牧草。
苜蓿青贮管理需注意以下几点:1.最佳刈割时间;2.切割长度;3.干物质含量;4.青贮料入窖压实;5.密封。然而,青贮管理过程中虽贯彻了以上几点,青贮品质仍会差,或者可能会失败,主要原因是随着环境污染,植物中自然附生的乳酸菌种类和数量在减少,杂菌和腐败菌在增多,有针对性的乳酸菌含量比较低,无法快速发酵苜蓿青贮原料中的糖分,生成乳酸,快速降低pH值,以抑制其它杂菌的生长繁殖。
发明内容
为了克服上述缺陷,本发明提供了一种苜蓿青贮剂及其制备方法,能在良好的青贮管理措施的基础上,提升苜蓿青贮品质,减少青贮失败率。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明通过筛选高性能乳酸菌,针对苜蓿营养成分特性,进行科学配伍,成功研制出一种苜蓿青贮剂,能在正常的青贮管理生产条件下,实现快速降低苜蓿青贮原料的pH值,抑制乙酸菌、酵母菌、肠杆菌、梭菌、芽胞杆菌、霉菌和李氏杆菌等杂菌,生产出高价值的优质苜蓿青贮饲料。
具体实施方式
一种苜蓿青贮剂,包括以下质量份数的组分:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillusplantarum)4.5份、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)3份、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)2.5份、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)2.5份、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)2份、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscoagulans)1.5份、纤维素酶1份。
上述苜蓿青贮剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,培养基制作:
A培养基的制作:首先,将酪蛋白胨4.5份、牛肉膏4份、酵母粉2份、葡萄糖1份、乙酸钠1份、轻质碳酸钙2份、柠檬酸铵0.4份、吐温80 0.2份、氯化钾0.1份、硫酸镁0.1份、硫酸锰0.1份、蒸馏水100份,加热至70℃,搅拌使各原料溶解;再以123℃灭菌20分钟后,将温度降至37℃,获得灭菌的A培养基;
B培养基的制作:首先,将蛋白胨1.5份、葡萄糖4份、酵母膏2份、磷酸氢二钾0.02份、硫酸锰0.02份、氯化钠0.01份、蒸馏水75份,加热至70℃,搅拌使各原料溶解;然后,以20%氢氧化钠溶液调pH值至7.0,完成配料;再以123℃灭菌20分钟,温度冷却至37℃,获得灭菌的B培养基;
步骤2,菌种的活化及扩大培养:
将冷藏的植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum(菌种编号:CGMCC1.103)接种于100ml上述灭菌的A培养基进行一次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测,检测达标后将100ml菌液全部接入500ml上述灭菌的A培养基进行二次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测达标后,接入上述灭菌的A培养基进行扩大培养48小时;
嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.1854)的活化及扩大培养同上述植物乳杆菌;
乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.123)的活化及扩大培养同上述植物乳杆菌;
罗伊氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus reuteri(菌株保藏编号:CICC 6127)的活化及扩大培养同上述植物乳杆菌;
将冷藏的枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.7417)接种于100ml上述灭菌的B培养基进行一次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测,检测达标后将100ml菌液全部接入500ml上述灭菌的B培养基进行二次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测达标后,接入上述灭菌的B培养基进行扩大培养48小时;
凝结芽孢杆菌Bacillus coagulans(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.2009)的活化及扩大培养同上述枯草芽孢杆菌;
步骤3,菌泥的收集:
用离心机对发酵后的植物乳杆菌液进行离心,并收集菌泥;
嗜酸乳杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
乳酸片球菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
罗伊氏乳杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
枯草芽孢杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
凝结芽孢杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
步骤4,菌泥的干燥:
以包被菌粉处理工艺将步骤3所收集的植物乳杆菌泥进行冷冻干燥制备,具体步骤为:a.菌泥加入11%比例的脱脂乳,混匀;b.盛入冷冻平皿在-30℃冷冻50分钟;c.在-80℃冷冻60分钟;d.在冷冻真空干燥机上冷冻干燥15小时;e.制得的菌粉密闭保存-4℃冰箱中;
嗜酸乳杆菌的菌泥冷冻干燥方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
乳酸片球菌的菌泥冷冻干燥方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
罗伊氏乳杆菌的菌泥冷冻干燥方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
以喷雾干燥处理工艺将步骤3所收集的枯草芽孢杆菌泥进行喷雾干燥制备,具体步骤为:a.菌泥加入15%的β-环糊精,混匀;b.设定喷雾干燥机参数为:出口温度75℃,入口温度125℃,入料速度600ml/h,进行喷雾干燥制粉;c.制得的菌粉密闭保存2~4℃环境中;
凝结芽孢杆菌的菌泥喷雾干燥方法同上述枯草芽孢杆菌;
步骤5,成品制备:
取步骤4中制备的菌粉,其中植物乳杆菌4.5份、嗜酸乳杆菌3份、乳酸片球菌2.5份、罗伊氏乳杆菌2.5份、枯草芽孢杆菌2份、凝结芽孢杆菌1.5份,另取纤维素酶1份,在无菌状态下混匀装袋,获得一种苜蓿青贮剂。
本发明的作用原理为:在苜蓿原料青贮初期,枯草芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌迅速消耗氧气,造成厌氧条件,再利用植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌,将苜蓿青贮原料中可溶性碳水化合物转化为乳酸,然后利用纤维素酶降解部分半纤维素和纤维素,以使青贮原料的pH快速降到4.2以下,达到抑制乙酸菌、酵母菌、肠杆菌、梭菌、芽孢杆菌、霉菌和李氏杆菌等不受欢迎微生物的生长繁殖,保持苜蓿的营养特性,生产出高价值的优质苜蓿青贮饲料。以下对本发明的效果做详细说明。
1、实验材料
1)试验地点:内蒙古通辽市开鲁县可心奶牛养殖场,天津丰泰农牧科技有限公司。
2)青贮材料:苜蓿,孕蕾期刈割,保证原料的含水量在65%~70%。
3)青贮剂:本发明苜蓿青贮剂。
4)添加量:1吨苜蓿青贮原料添加5~15克本发明苜蓿青贮剂。
2、实验设计
苜蓿青贮实验设对照组(未添加本发明苜蓿青贮剂)、实验组(添加本发明苜蓿青贮剂),实验组添加的苜蓿青贮剂实施例(见表1)。其中,实验组分三个处理组,实验组1:按1吨苜蓿青贮原料添加5g苜蓿青贮剂、实验组2:按1吨苜蓿青贮原料添加10g苜蓿青贮剂、实验组3:按1吨苜蓿青贮原料添加15g苜蓿青贮剂。
表1.实施例
3、实验方法
1)苜蓿青贮原料切割,切割长度为2cm左右,按比例均匀混入本发明苜蓿青贮剂,入窖压实,排出青贮料中的空气,压实密度不小于750kg/m3。
2)实验室分析:
样品抽取:按NY/T 2129的规定执行。
pH值:用pH电极测试表测定。
干物质(DM)含量:采用65℃干燥法测定。
粗蛋白(CP)含量:采用GB6432-86测定。
氨态氮(TBN)含量:采用直接蒸馏法测定。
纤维素(中性洗涤纤维NDF、酸性洗绦纤维ADF和酸性洗涤木质素ADL)含量:采用范氏纤维测定法测定。
可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量:采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定。
有机酸含量:采用高效液相色谱法测定。
3)从苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质和化学成分进行对比分析。
4、数据处理与分析
数据统计方式采用Excel软件处理基础数据,采用SPSS软件17.0版本对数据进行方差分析。
5、结果与分析
实验一:内蒙古通辽市开鲁县可心奶牛养殖场苜蓿青贮实验
苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质(见表2):实验组的pH值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);实验组的乳酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);丁酸和氨态氮含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由数据分析可知,实验组的苜蓿青贮饲料品质显著优于对照组。
苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分(见表3):实验组粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组的酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);实验组的可溶性碳水化合物含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由数据分析可知,实验组的苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分显著优于对照组。
表2.苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质
注:同列表不同小写字母表示平均数差异显著(P<0.05),未标注的未比较,下表同。
表3.苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分
实验二:天津丰泰农牧科技有限公司苜蓿青贮实验
苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质(见表4):实验组的pH值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);实验组的乳酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);丁酸和氨态氮含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由数据分析可知,实验组的苜蓿青贮饲料品质显著优于对照组。
苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分(见表5):实验组粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组的酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);实验组的可溶性碳水化合物含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由数据分析可知,实验组的苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分显著优于对照组。
表4.苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质
表5.苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分
6、实验结论
由实验一和实验二的数据分析可知:实验组的苜蓿青贮饲料品质显著优于对照组;实验组的苜蓿青贮饲料化学成分显著优于对照组。
综上所述,本发明苜蓿青贮剂能在正常的青贮操作生产条件下,实现快速降低青贮苜蓿的pH值,抑制乙酸菌、酵母菌、肠杆菌、梭菌、芽孢杆菌、霉菌和李氏杆菌的生长繁殖活动,提高苜蓿青贮饲料的品质和化学成分,生产出高价值的优质苜蓿青贮饲料。
Claims (2)
1.一种苜蓿青贮剂,其特征在于,包括以下质量份数的组分:植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)4.5份、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)3份、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)2.5份、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)2.5份、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)2份、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscoagulans)1.5份、纤维素酶1份。
2.一种如权利要求1所述的苜蓿青贮剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,培养基制作:
A培养基的制作:首先,将酪蛋白胨4.5份、牛肉膏4份、酵母粉2份、葡萄糖1份、乙酸钠1份、轻质碳酸钙2份、柠檬酸铵0.4份、吐温80 0.2份、氯化钾0.1份、硫酸镁0.1份、硫酸锰0.1份、蒸馏水100份,加热至70℃,搅拌使各原料溶解;再以123℃灭菌20分钟后,将温度降至37℃,获得灭菌的A培养基;
B培养基的制作:首先,将蛋白胨1.5份、葡萄糖4份、酵母膏2份、磷酸氢二钾0.02份、硫酸锰0.02份、氯化钠0.01份、蒸馏水75份,加热至70℃,搅拌使各原料溶解;然后,以20%氢氧化钠溶液调pH值至7,完成配料;再以123℃灭菌20分钟,温度冷却至37℃,获得灭菌的B培养基;
步骤2,菌种的活化及扩大培养:
将冷藏的植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum(菌种编号:CGMCC1.103)接种于100ml上述灭菌的A培养基进行一次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测,检测达标后将100ml菌液全部接入500ml上述灭菌的A培养基进行二次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测达标后,接入上述灭菌的A培养基进行扩大培养48小时;
嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.1854)的活化及扩大培养同上述植物乳杆菌;
乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.123)的活化及扩大培养同上述植物乳杆菌;
罗伊氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus reuteri(菌株保藏编号:CICC 6127)的活化及扩大培养同上述植物乳杆菌;
将冷藏的枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.7417)接种于100ml上述灭菌的B培养基进行一次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测,检测达标后将100ml菌液全部接入500ml上述灭菌的B培养基进行二次活化,温度为37℃,24小时后检测达标后,接入上述灭菌的B培养基进行扩大培养48小时;
凝结芽孢杆菌Bacillus coagulans(菌种编号:CGMCC 1.2009)的活化及扩大培养同上述枯草芽孢杆菌;
步骤3,菌泥的收集:
用离心机对发酵后的植物乳杆菌液进行离心,并收集菌泥;
嗜酸乳杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
乳酸片球菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
罗伊氏乳杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
枯草芽孢杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
凝结芽孢杆菌的菌泥收集方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
步骤4,菌泥的干燥:
以包被菌粉处理工艺将步骤3所收集的植物乳杆菌泥进行冷冻干燥制备,具体步骤为:a.菌泥加入11%比例的脱脂乳,混匀;b.盛入冷冻平皿在-30℃冷冻50分钟;c.在-80℃冷冻60分钟;d.在冷冻真空干燥机上冷冻干燥15小时;e.制得的菌粉密闭保存-4℃冰箱中;
嗜酸乳杆菌的菌泥冷冻干燥方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
乳酸片球菌的菌泥冷冻干燥方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
罗伊氏乳杆菌的菌泥冷冻干燥方法同上述植物乳杆菌;
以喷雾干燥处理工艺将步骤3所收集的枯草芽孢杆菌泥进行喷雾干燥制备,具体步骤为:a.菌泥加入15%的β-环糊精,混匀;b.设定喷雾干燥机参数为:出口温度75℃,入口温度125℃,入料速度600ml/h,进行喷雾干燥制粉;c.制得的菌粉密闭保存2~4℃环境中;
凝结芽孢杆菌的菌泥喷雾干燥方法同上述枯草芽孢杆菌;
步骤5,成品制备:
取步骤4中制备的菌粉,其中植物乳杆菌4.5份、嗜酸乳杆菌3份、乳酸片球菌2.5份、罗伊氏乳杆菌2.5份、枯草芽孢杆菌2份、凝结芽孢杆菌1.5份,另取纤维素酶1份,在无菌状态下混匀装袋,获得一种苜蓿青贮剂。
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