CN110410188B - 用于确定可电加热的催化器的温度的方法 - Google Patents

用于确定可电加热的催化器的温度的方法 Download PDF

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CN110410188B
CN110410188B CN201910328045.4A CN201910328045A CN110410188B CN 110410188 B CN110410188 B CN 110410188B CN 201910328045 A CN201910328045 A CN 201910328045A CN 110410188 B CN110410188 B CN 110410188B
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H.瑙曼
S.波克纳
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于确定可电加热的催化器的温度的方法。可电加热的催化器(24、28)具有带有加热电阻(48)的电加热元件,加热电阻根据可电加热的催化器(24、28)的构件温度改变其电阻。根据可电加热的催化器(24、28)上的电流强度(I)和电压(U)确定该电阻,并且基于存储在控制设备(40)中的特性曲线根据其确定催化器(24、28)的构件温度。在此,为了确定构件温度而对加热电阻(48)的通电相应地仅在很短的时间内进行,以便最小化到加热电阻中的能量输入,因此避免对加热电阻的过度加热。此外,通过短的时间间隔来最小化用于确定可电加热的催化器(24、28)的构件温度的能量需求。

Description

用于确定可电加热的催化器的温度的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于确定内燃机的排气装置中的可电加热的催化器的温度的方法以及具有这种可电加热的催化器的排气装置。
背景技术
在内燃机中,燃烧气体的废气后处理通过布置在内燃机的排气装置中的催化器进行。然而,因为尤其是在内燃机冷起动之后,这些催化器尚未达到其转换有害物质所需的温度,因此有害物质的转换在这种冷起动阶段中是不充分的。从现有技术中已知可电加热的催化器,其中,可以与废气流无关地通过电加热元件加热催化器。因此,可以缩短催化器在冷起动之后尚未达到其转换有害物质所需的温度的时间段。因此,在冷起动之后,可以更快地转换有害的废气成分,因此减少机动车的排放。
可电加热的催化器的运行需要用于电流输送的调节单元。作为调节单元,例如可以使用具有用于测量电流和电压的装置的可控的变流器。
通常,关注机动车的排气装置中的催化器的构件温度,以便一方面监视催化器功能,另一方面遵循温度极限,从该温度极限开始,催化器的功能受到限制和/或即将发生催化器的热损坏。
原则上,可以通过在排气装置中使用温度传感器来确定催化器的构件温度。然而,这导致排气装置的相应的成本提高。因此,通常基于模型来确定构件温度,这些模型借助测量或者计算的废气温度来计算排气装置中的催化器的构件温度。
通过使用可电加热的催化器,可以在冷起动阶段提高催化器的温度,因此在冷起动之后加速有害的废气成分的转换。这种可电加热的催化器不仅可以布置在紧耦合(motornahe(近发动机))位置,而且可以布置在机动车的底部位置。在根据计算模型确定构件温度时,由于大量的环境影响,必须考虑随着催化器与内燃机出口的距离的增大而增大的不确定性。因此,在催化剂处于机动车的底部位置的情况下,可能仅能够对废气温度进行不充分的模型化,并且所确定的温度可能对应地与实际的构件温度有很大的偏差。
从现有技术中已知,在可电加热的催化器中,借助电加热元件的电阻来确定构件温度。因为可电加热的催化器的加热电阻通常与构件温度具有高的相关性,并且在电流强度相同的情况下随着构件温度的提高而增大,因此在已知电压并且已知电流强度的情况下,可以根据加热电阻推导出可电加热的催化器的构件温度。
从DE 8 905 073 U1中已知一种用于确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度的方法,催化器由导电外壳构成,其中,通过由温度引起的电阻的改变来确定温度。
从DE 10 2004 046 917中已知,在可电加热的催化器中,通过电热丝的电阻的改变来确定催化器的温度,其中,一旦以这种方式确定的构件温度处于催化剂的活化温度(Light-Off-Temperatur(起燃温度))以上,随后催化剂以化学方式通过催化反应被进一步加热,则切断对催化器的电加热。
DE 10 2011 017 675 A1公开了一种方法,其中,根据由温度引起的可电加热的催化器的加热元件的电阻的改变,来确定可电加热的催化器的温度特性曲线。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题在于,进一步改善根据由温度引起的加热电阻的改变对可电加热的催化器的构件温度的确定。
根据本发明,上述技术问题通过用于确定内燃机的排气装置中的可电加热的催化器的温度的方法来解决。在此,可电加热的催化器具有加热电阻,加热电阻具有与温度相关的电阻,其中,根据加热电阻的与温度相关的电阻来确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度。设置为,通过闭合连接机动车的电池和加热电阻的电路中的开关来对加热电阻通电,其中,在已知的电流强度和已知的电压下,根据电阻确定构件温度。通过根据本发明的方法,可以在没有附加的温度传感器的情况下确定可电加热的废气催化器、尤其是可电加热的三元催化器(Drei-Wege-Katalysator)或者可电加热的四元催化器(Vier-Wege-Katalysator)的平均构件温度。在此,加热电阻优选构造为加热盘(Heizscheibe),其与可电加热的催化器的催化器体以机械方式连接,以便能够将电能有效地引入催化器体中。在此,基于测量值来确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度,因此相对来说不易受环境影响干扰,在基于模型的温度确定中不能考虑或者仅能够不充分地考虑环境影响。通过可开关的电路,可以特别简单地对加热电阻进行控制,从而相应地仅短时间地对加热电阻通电、因此加热,由此可以提高加热电阻和可电加热的催化器的能效和耐用性。
通过在从属权利要求中提到的特征,能够有利地改进并且扩展在独立权利要求中给出的用于可电加热的催化器的构件温度的温度确定方法。
在本发明的优选设计方案中设置为,在不对可电加热的催化器提供电加热的运行阶段,确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度。通过短时间地控制加热电阻,仅少量能量被引入可电加热的催化器中,从而可电加热的催化器的温度在测量期间仅能够不明显地改变,并且可以近似地视为是恒定的。因此,尤其是在不对催化器提供电加热的运行状态下,可以相对准确地确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度。
在此优选的是,用于电阻测量的通电持续时间在这种阶段中选择为在50μs至200μs之间。测量阶段被相应地短地设计,以保持到加热电阻中的能量输入小。由此避免对加热元件的过度加热以及过高的电力消耗。进一步更短的控制持续时间可能导致测量误差,因为在测量持续时间较短的情况下,测量系统还没有达到其稳定(eingeschwungen)的状态。较长的测量阶段导致不必要地高的能量输入以及由此产生的加热电阻的增加的老化。
在所述方法的一个有利的实施方式中设置为,确定修正因子,修正因子考虑加热电阻的电阻由于可电加热的催化器的老化而产生的变化。通过修正因子,可以补偿由运行引起的加热电阻的电阻的老化,因此可以在可电加热的催化器的使用寿命内改善构件温度的测量精度。
在本发明的一个优选设计方案中设置为,借助脉宽调制控制的降压转换器
Figure BDA0002036839320000031
的,将功率输入到测量电路中。借助脉宽调制控制的降压转换器,尤其是具有MOSFET开关、特别优选具有实现为多相的MOSFET电路的降压转换器,可以呈现0和最大功率之间的任意功率输入。在此,通过电池电压和加热电阻的电阻来限制功率输入。
在此优选的是,在一个脉宽调制周期内进行至少十次电流强度和电压的测量。电流的调节也需要对电流进行测量。该对电流强度I和电压U的测量应当在一个脉宽调制周期内进行至少十次,以使得能够良好地求得平均值。也可以在未加热可电加热的催化器的阶段确定加热电阻的电阻,并且根据其计算构件温度。这要么通过一次接通电路中的开关,要么在小的脉宽调制比下通过多次循环(Takten)进行,直到系统稳定为止。在一次接通的情况下,通电的持续时间应当是电气系统时间常数的至少五倍,电气系统时间常数近似地由加热电阻和电感L的串联电路得到。
在此,特别优选用于可电加热的催化器的温度调节使用降压转换器作为连续的电流调节器(Stromsteller)。在此,提供对电流强度和电压的连续测量。
在对所述方法的进一步改进中设置为,在计算温度时,除了加热电阻的电阻之外,还考虑电导体的线路电阻。在最简单的情况下,线路电阻被视为是恒定的,并且从测量的加热电阻的电阻中减去线路电阻。
在本发明的另一个优选的设计方案中设置为,借助四线测量法(Vierdraht-Messmethode)进行电阻测量。如果在确定加热电阻的电阻时要进一步提高测量精度,则所谓的四线测量法是合适的。原则上由此不改变测量和控制方法,然而可以改善测量精度。
根据本发明,提出了一种用于内燃机的废气后处理系统,内燃机具有排气装置,在排气装置中布置有可电加热的催化器、尤其是可电加热的三元催化器或者可电加热的四元催化器。废气后处理系统包括控制设备、尤其是内燃机的发动机控制设备,控制设备被配置为用于,当通过控制设备执行机器可读的程序代码时,执行根据本发明的方法。在根据本发明的废气后处理系统中,可以以相对节能的方式准确地确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度,从而催化器可以以高效率运行。因此,可以提高催化器的转换功率和/或改善催化器的老化特性。
本发明的其它优选设计方案从在从属权利要求中提到的其余特征中得到。
除非在个别情况下另外指出,否则在本申请中提到的本发明的不同的实施方式可以有利地相互组合。
附图说明
下面,借助附图在实施例中说明本发明。
图1示出了具有排气装置的内燃机,在排气装置中布置有可电加热的催化器,用于内燃机的燃烧气体的废气后处理;
图2示出了用于控制用于对催化器进行电加热的加热电阻的开关电路;
图3示出了用于控制可电加热的催化器的加热电阻的另一个开关电路;
图4示出了用于对可电加热的催化器的加热电阻进行温度和电流调节的调节装置;以及
图5示出了用于控制可电加热的催化器的加热电阻的另一个开关电路。
具体实施方式
图1示出了内燃机10,内燃机10利用其出口16与排气装置20连接。内燃机10优选根据汽油机原理(Ottoprinzip)实施为外源点火的内燃机10,并且具有多个燃烧室12,在燃烧室12处分别布置用于点燃可燃的燃料-空气混合物的至少一个火花塞14。替换地,内燃机10也可以根据柴油机原理实施为自点火的内燃机。内燃机10优选实施为借助废气涡轮增压器18增压的内燃机10。替换地,内燃机10也可以实施为非增压的自吸式发动机或者借助压缩机或者电动压缩机增压的内燃机10。排气装置20包括废气通道26,其中,沿废气通过排气装置20的流动方向,布置有废气涡轮增压器的紧耦合(motornahe)的涡轮机22,在涡轮机22的下游布置有紧耦合的催化器24,并且进一步在下游、优选在机动车的底部位置布置有第二催化器28。催化器中的至少一个实施为可电加热的催化器24、28、优选实施为可电加热的三元催化器或者可电加热的四元催化器38。替换地,可电加热的催化器24、28也可以实施为SCR催化器或者其它废气后处理部件。催化器24、28、38中的至少一个具有电加热元件30、32、尤其是加热盘,利用其可以与内燃机10的废气流无关地对催化器24、28、38进行加热。为此,电加热元件30、32分别通过信号线路34、36与内燃机10的控制设备40连接。
图2示出了用于电加热元件30、32、尤其是用于加热电阻48的开关电路。在此,开关电路包括将机动车的电池42与加热电阻48连接的电路44。加热电阻48优选作为金属薄膜或者金属线集成到可电加热的催化器24、28、38的载体材料中。此外,开关电路具有开关46,利用开关46,可以以简单的方式中断或者激活到加热电阻48的电流输送。电池42例如可以是具有内燃机的机动车的12伏特的电池或者48伏特的电池。替换地,在混合动力车辆中,电池42也可以是用于驱动电机的高压电池。优选通过微控制器μc对加热电阻48上的电压UR进行采样。优选通过分流器或者通过变流器结合微控制器μc测量电流强度IR。开关46例如构造为继电器或者MOSFET。加热电阻R由电压UR和电流强度IR通过关系R=UR/IR得到。于是,可电加热的催化器24、28、38的构件温度是根据催化器24、28、38的温度改变的电阻R的函数。在最简单的情况下,加热电阻48的通电可以通过临时接通电路44来进行。如果达到了可电加热的催化器24、28、38的期望的构件温度,或者经过了一定的时间间隔,则又通过断开开关46将电路44断开。也可以在不加热催化器24、28、38的运行阶段期间,通过对加热电阻48短时间通电来进行电阻测量。测量阶段相应地设计为很短,以便保持到加热电阻48中的能量输入尽可能小。由此避免加热电阻48的过度加热以及过高的电流消耗。
通过所提出的方法来确定平均构件温度。平均构件温度具有测量技术基础,因此相对于环境影响是鲁棒的,在通过模型计算确定构件温度时不能考虑环境影响。当在相应地老化的构件中以及已知的环境温度下确定电阻时,可以适应加热电阻48的老化作用。
定时(getaktet)地断开和闭合开关46产生定时的电压U和定时的电流强度I,其可以解释为平均电压或者平均电流强度。定时(Taktung)可以与像在降压转换器中一样的脉宽调制定时类似地进行,或者以更小的时钟频率进行。这种测量一般在内燃机10冷起动之后在可电加热的催化器24、28、38的接通阶段期间进行。
图3示出了用于加热可电加热的催化器24、28、38的电路44的一个优选实施例。借助优选利用MOSFET开关46、50实现的脉宽调制控制的降压转换器,可以呈现0和最大功率之间的任意功率输入。相对于图2所示的实施例,电路44附加地包括第二开关50和电感、尤其是线圈54。电流的调节也需要对电流进行测量。电流强度IR和电压UR的测量应当在一个脉宽调制周期内进行至少十次,以使得能够良好地求得平均值。通过加热电阻48的与温度相关的电阻R来确定可电加热的催化器的构件温度,例如可以通过以电气系统时间常数的至少五倍的持续时间接通一次开关46或者在小的脉宽调制比下通过定时地多次进行开关来进行。
图4示出了图3所示的测量装置的一个扩展方案。在此,对可电加热的催化器24、28、38进行温度调节60,其中,图3所示的降压转换器用作连续的电流调节器58。
图5示出了用于加热可电加热的催化器24、28、38的电路44的另一个实施例。因为在实际运行中,除了加热电阻48的电阻R之外,线路也具有电阻52、56,因此也可以考虑这些电阻52、56。可以在计算加热电阻48的电阻R的过程中以适当的形式补偿线路和接触电阻。在最简单的形式中,假定线路电阻是恒定的,并且从测量的电阻R中减去线路电阻。如果在确定可电加热的催化器24、28、38的电阻R时要进一步提高测量精度,则所谓的四线测量是合适的,其在图5中示出。由此原则上不改变测量和控制方法,然而在测量电阻时预期的测量精度提高。由此也可以进一步减小可电加热的催化器24、28、38的构件温度的温度确定中的偏差。
附图标记列表
10 内燃机
12 燃烧室
14 火花塞
16 出口
18 废气涡轮增压器
20 排气装置
22 涡轮机
24 紧耦合的催化器
26 废气通道
28 第二催化器
30 第一加热元件
32 第二加热元件
34 信号线路
36 信号线路
38 四元催化器
40 控制设备
42 电池
44 电路
46 第一开关
48 加热电阻
50 第二开关
52 线路电阻
54 线圈
56 第二线路电阻
58 电流调节器
60 温度调节器
I 电流强度
L 线圈
R 电阻
S 开关
U 电压
t 时间。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于确定内燃机(10)的排气装置(20)中的可电加热的催化器(24、28)的温度的方法,其中,可电加热的催化器(24、28)具有加热电阻(48),加热电阻具有与温度相关的电阻,并且其中,根据加热电阻(48)的与温度相关的电阻确定可电加热的催化器(24、28)的构件温度,其中,通过将电路(44)中的开关(46、50)闭合来对电加热电阻(48)通电,所述电路连接电池(42)和加热电阻(48),其中,在已知电流强度(I)并且已知电压(U)的情况下,根据电阻(R)确定构件温度,其特征在于,借助脉宽调制控制的降压转换器将功率输入到测量电路中,其中,在一个脉宽调制周期内进行至少十次电流强度(I)和电压(U)的测量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在不提供电加热的运行阶段,确定可电加热的催化器(24、28)的构件温度。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,用于电阻测量的通电持续时间被选择为在50μs至200μs之间。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,确定修正因子,所述修正因子考虑加热电阻(48)的电阻(R)由于可电加热的催化器(24、28)的老化而产生的改变。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,用于可电加热的催化器(24、28)的温度调节使用降压转换器作为连续的电流调节器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在计算温度时,除了加热电阻(48)的电阻(R)之外,还考虑电导体的线路电阻(52、56)。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,电阻测量借助四线测量法进行。
8.一种用于内燃机(10)的废气后处理系统,其具有排气装置(20)和控制设备(40),在所述排气装置中布置有可电加热的催化器(24、28),所述控制设备被配置为用于,当通过所述控制设备(40)执行机器可读的程序代码时,执行根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法。
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