CN110387240B - Passivator for repairing multi-metal composite contaminated soil and use method thereof - Google Patents
Passivator for repairing multi-metal composite contaminated soil and use method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 27
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 11
- 241000208818 Helianthus Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 240000000249 Morus alba Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000008708 Morus alba Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 241000907663 Siproeta stelenes Species 0.000 description 8
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004016 soil organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003900 soil pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013211 Adiantum capillus veneris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001148501 Adiantum pedatum Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000692870 Inachis io Species 0.000 description 1
- QPCDCPDFJACHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-bis{2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl}glycine Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(=O)O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O QPCDCPDFJACHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004382 potting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a passivator for repairing multi-metal composite contaminated soil and a use method thereof, wherein the passivator is prepared by mixing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 25.0 to 40.0 percent of coal-based activated carbon, 14.3 to 40.0 percent of illite, and 20.0 to 57.1 percent of zero-valent iron. When the soil passivator is used, the prepared passivator is added into polluted soil, the soil is fully and uniformly mixed, and water is added to maintain the water content of the soil to be 60% -70% of the maximum field water holding capacity for maintenance. The passivant can obviously reduce the content of the effective state of the heavy metal in the soil and the concentration of the heavy metal in the upper part of the plant; meanwhile, the pH value of the soil and the organic matter content of the soil can be improved, the soil property is improved, and the soil fertility is improved. The passivator belongs to an environment-friendly material, does not bring other harmful or polluting elements, has no secondary pollution risk, is low in cost, simple to operate, easy to implement and has good popularization and application values.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil remediation, in particular to a passivator for remediating multi-metal composite contaminated soil and a using method thereof.
Background
Soil, as an important component of the environment, is an important vector for the natural environment and agricultural production upon which humans live. The investigation bulletin of national soil pollution situation issued by the ministry of environmental protection and the ministry of national soil resources in 2014 shows that the standard exceeding rate of soil pollution points of cultivated land in China is 19.4%, and heavy metal and metalloid pollution is the main factor. According to the estimation of the ministry of environmental protection, the direct economic loss caused by the heavy metal polluted grains in China is over 200 million yuan each year. Heavy metal pollution in farmland not only causes huge economic loss, but also causes a series of environmental problems and seriously harms human health. Therefore, the method effectively solves the problem of heavy metal pollution in soil and reduces the harm of heavy metal, which is very important for sustainable development.
The soil in-situ passivation restoration technology is one of important ways for realizing safe planting of the heavy metal contaminated farmland, and is the most applied measure in the field of restoring the heavy metal contaminated soil of the farmland. Due to the complexity of the inherent matrix of the soil and the coexistence of multiple heavy metals in heavy metal contaminated soil to form composite pollution, complex interaction exists among the heavy metals and between the heavy metals and the soil interface, and a single passivator is difficult to synergistically passivate and repair multiple heavy metals. Therefore, the finding of the passivator capable of efficiently and synergistically repairing the multi-metal composite polluted farmland soil is extremely important.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of complexity of multi-metal composite polluted soil, and provides a composite passivator which can efficiently and synergistically passivate multiple heavy metals and effectively improve the soil structure and a use method thereof.
The invention solves the technical problems by the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a passivator for repairing multi-metal composite contaminated soil, which is prepared by mixing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 25.0 to 40.0 percent of coal-based activated carbon, 14.3 to 40.0 percent of illite, and 20.0 to 57.1 percent of zero-valent iron.
The organic matter content of the coal-based activated carbon is more than or equal to 67%, the ash content is less than or equal to 3%, the water content is less than or equal to 10%, and the pH value is more than 7.
The preparation method of the coal-based activated carbon comprises the following steps: the anthracite is taken as a raw material, firstly, the anthracite is crushed and screened, crushed to 0.3-0.6 mm, then dried for 12h at the temperature of 110 ℃, carbonized for 1h at the temperature of 550-650 ℃, then the carbonized product is activated for 1.5h at the temperature of 700-900 ℃ under the steam condition, and finally, the coal-based activated carbon with the grain diameter less than or equal to 60 meshes is obtained through grinding and refining treatment.
The illite is a transition product converted from montmorillonite to illite, and the particle size is less than or equal to 80 meshes.
The purity of the zero-valent iron is more than or equal to 98 percent, and the particle size is less than or equal to 80 meshes.
The use method of the passivator for repairing the multi-metal composite contaminated soil is operated according to the following steps: (1) fully and uniformly stirring the prepared passivator and the contaminated soil, wherein the addition amount of the passivator is 3% of the mass of the contaminated soil;
(2) adding water into the soil according to 60-70% of the maximum field water capacity;
(3) and (5) stably maintaining for at least 10 days, wherein the soil moisture is kept to be 60-70% of the maximum field moisture capacity.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) compared with the prior art, the passivator can be widely applied to various heavy metal contaminated soils, can better realize the high-efficiency synergistic passivation of multi-metal composite contaminated soils, and can respectively reduce the effective state contents of heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, lead, zinc and copper in the contaminated farmland soil by 30.09-38.42%, 35.66-44.92%, 45.68-47.79%, 59.62-61.69% and 27.68-29.82% compared with a blank control group;
2) the passivator can also improve the pH value of the modified soil and the content of organic matters in the soil, and effectively improve the soil structure;
3) the passivator is suitable for repairing large-area multiple metal composite polluted farmland soil, has the advantages of low cost, simple operation, easy method and good popularization and application values, and simultaneously, the applied passivator has no negative influence on the soil and does not cause secondary pollution.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the content of Cd in an active state in soil under passivation treatment according to different embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the content of As in the soil in the available state under the passivation treatment according to various embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the available Pb content in soil treated by different passivation methods.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the content of Zn in an available state in soil under passivation treatment according to different embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the available Cu content in soil under different embodiments of passivation treatment.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the pH of soil treated by different embodiments of passivation.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the organic matter content of soil treated by different embodiments of passivation.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the scope of the present invention.
The preparation method of the coal-based activated carbon adopted in the following examples is as follows: firstly, anthracite is crushed to 0.3-0.6 mm, then dried for 12h at the temperature of 110 ℃, carbonized for 1h at the temperature of 550-650 ℃, activated for 1.5h under the steam condition of 700-900 ℃, and finally ground and refined to obtain coal-based activated carbon with the particle size of less than or equal to 60 meshes, wherein the organic matter content of the obtained coal-based activated carbon is more than or equal to 67%, the ash content is less than or equal to 3%, the water content is less than or equal to 10%, and the pH value is more than 7.
The illite clay is purchased to Guangxi Shangsi, and the particle size is less than or equal to 80 meshes; the purity of the zero-valent iron is more than or equal to 98 percent, and the particle size is less than or equal to 80 meshes.
Example 1:
the soil used in the embodiment is 0-20 cm of plough layer soil of a certain corn field in the river pool in Guangxi province, the soil is naturally air-dried, sundries such As stones and the like are removed, the soil is sieved by a 10-mesh sieve, the soil is subjected to multi-metal composite pollution, the content of each heavy metal is Cd 4.43mg/kg, As 108mg/kg, Pb 255mg/kg, Zn 749mg/kg and Cu 76.9mg/kg, and the pH of the soil is 5.3.
The adopted passivator is prepared by uniformly mixing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 33.33 percent of coal-based activated carbon, 33.33 percent of illite, and 33.34 percent of zero-valent iron, and the mixture ratio is shown in Table 1.
Weighing 100g of contaminated soil passing through a 10-mesh sieve into a 250ml beaker, adding a passivator with the addition amount of 3% of the mass of the contaminated soil into the contaminated soil, fully mixing the passivator and the contaminated soil, adding a certain amount of water after uniformly stirring, keeping the soil moisture to be 60% -70% of the maximum field water capacity, and treating the soil without adding a passivator material as a blank control.
Maintaining for 10 days, supplementing water every other day, keeping constant water content, taking out the soil after 10 days, naturally air drying, grinding, and sieving with 18 mesh sieve.
The effective states of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in the soil are determined by adopting a DTPA extraction method, the effective state of As in the soil is determined by adopting a hydrochloric acid extraction method, the pH value and the organic matter content of the soil are determined simultaneously, and the determination results are shown in a graph 1-6.
Examples 2 to 4:
the difference from the example 1 lies in the mass percentage difference of each component of the passivating agent, which is detailed in the table 1. The preparation method, the using method and the measuring method of the passivator are the same as those of the embodiment 1.
Table 1: the passivating agents in the examples adopt raw material components
As seen in the drawings:
FIG. 1 reflects the effect of passivation on soil available Cd in various examples. Compared with the control group, the effective state Cd in the soil of the four examples is reduced by 30.09%, 32.87%, 36.11% and 38.42%.
FIG. 2 reflects the effect of the passivation treatment on the soil available As in various examples. The effective As in the soil of the four examples is reduced by 38.96%, 41.12%, 44.92% and 35.66% respectively compared with the control group.
FIG. 3 reflects the effect of the passivation treatment on the soil available state Pb in various examples. The effective Pb in the soil of the four examples is reduced by 45.95%, 45.68%, 47.43% and 47.79% respectively compared with the control group.
FIG. 4 reflects the effect of passivation treatment on the available Zn state of the soil in different examples. Compared with the control group, the effective Zn in the soil of the four examples is reduced by 59.62 percent, 60.77 percent, 61.25 percent and 61.69 percent respectively.
FIG. 5 reflects the effect of passivation treatment on soil available Cu in various examples. The effective Cu content in the soil of the four examples is respectively reduced by 28.50%, 27.68%, 28.00% and 29.82% compared with that of the control group.
As shown in the figures 1-5, the addition of the passivator can simultaneously reduce the effective state contents of Cd, As, Pb, Zn and Cu in the soil, and realize the synergistic remediation of the multi-metal contaminated soil.
FIG. 6 reflects the effect of passivator addition on soil pH in different examples. The soil pH was increased by 1.08, 0.96, 1.12, 1.27 units in the different treatments applied in the four examples compared to the control group.
FIG. 7 reflects the effect of the addition of passivating agent on the organic matter content of soil in various embodiments. Compared with the control group, the soil organic matter content in the different treatments of the four examples is respectively increased by 25.11%, 18.37%, 19.38% and 27.84%, and the soil organic matter content is increased along with the increase of the coal-based activated carbon ratio.
The experimental results show that the passivant can realize the synergistic passivation of Cd, As, Pb, Zn, Cu and other multiple metals in soil polluted by soil, and can improve the pH value and organic matter content of the soil, thereby achieving the purposes of passivating heavy metals in the soil and improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Example 5, contaminated farmland remediation potting experiment:
in order to investigate the practical application effect of the passivator, 3 groups of farmland heavy metal composite contaminated soil remediation pot experiments (which are respectively numbered As CK, P1 and P2, wherein CK is blank control) were carried out, the pH value of the contaminated soil is 6.2, and the total amounts of Cd, As, Pb, Zn and Cu are respectively 35.53mg/kg, 758mg/kg, 275mg/kg, 887mg/kg and 254 mg/kg. Three treatments were planted with mulberry, ornamental sunflower and maidenhair, each treatment set for 3 replicates.
The passivators obtained in the examples 1 and 3 are respectively mixed into P1 and P2 treatment groups according to 3% of the dry weight of polluted soil, mulberry seedlings are transplanted after water is added for maintenance for 5 days, ornamental sunflower and malachite seeds are sown, mulberry leaves, sunflowers and upper parts of malachite grassland are harvested after 60 days, the fresh weight of the mulberry leaves, the biomass of the upper parts of the ornamental sunflower and the malachite grassland and the content change of Cd, As, Pb, Zn and Cu in the upper parts of the mulberry leaves, the sunflower and the malachite grassland are measured, and the results are shown in tables 2 and 3, wherein the content of effective heavy metal elements in the malachite grassland planted in a control group is too high due to the toxic action of heavy metals in soil, the malachite grassland cannot grow normally, and is represented As that the plants are short, the stems are thin, the leaves are few, the malachite grassland gradually yellows to be withered and dead, and the detection of the heavy metal content cannot be supported due to too little sample amount.
Table 2: fresh weight of mulberry leaves, biomass change in upper parts of sunflower and malachite grassland
Table 3: changes in heavy metal content in the upper parts of mulberry leaves, ornamental sunflowers and peacock grasslands
As can be seen from tables 2 and 3, when the passivator is used for restoring soil of a multi-metal composite polluted farmland, the plant biomass can be effectively improved, and meanwhile, the content of Cd, As, Pb, Zn and Cu in mulberry leaves and the content of Cd, As, Pb and Zn in the overground part of ornamental sunflowers can be remarkably reduced. The results show that the passivant can reduce the bioavailability of the heavy metal after being added into the polluted soil, thereby effectively reducing the absorption of the heavy metal in the soil by plants, reducing the toxic action of the heavy metal on the plants, increasing the survival rate of crops and improving the biomass of the plants.
Claims (2)
1. The passivator for repairing multi-metal composite polluted soil is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: the passivator is prepared by mixing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 28.60% of coal-based activated carbon, 14.30% of illite, and 57.10% of zero-valent iron;
the preparation method of the coal-based activated carbon comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of taking anthracite as a raw material, crushing and screening the anthracite, crushing the anthracite into 0.3-0.6 mm, drying the anthracite for 12h at 110 ℃, carbonizing the anthracite for 1h at 550-650 ℃, activating a carbonized product for 1.5h at 700-900 ℃ under the steam condition, and finally grinding and refining the carbonized product to obtain the coal-based activated carbon with the particle size of less than or equal to 60 meshes, the ash content of less than or equal to 3%, the water content of less than or equal to 10% and the pH value of more than 7;
the illite is a transition product converted from montmorillonite to illite, and the particle size is less than or equal to 80 meshes; the purity of the zero-valent iron is more than or equal to 98 percent, and the particle size is less than or equal to 80 meshes.
2. The use method of the passivator for repairing multi-metal composite contaminated soil according to claim 1, characterized by operating according to the following steps:
(1) fully and uniformly stirring the prepared passivator and the contaminated soil, wherein the addition amount of the passivator is 3% of the mass of the contaminated soil;
(2) adding water into the soil according to 60% -70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field;
(3) and (5) stably maintaining for at least 10 days, wherein the soil moisture is kept to be 60-70% of the maximum water capacity of the field.
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