CN110381732A - 包含微原纤化纤维素的培养基 - Google Patents

包含微原纤化纤维素的培养基 Download PDF

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CN110381732A
CN110381732A CN201880015038.2A CN201880015038A CN110381732A CN 110381732 A CN110381732 A CN 110381732A CN 201880015038 A CN201880015038 A CN 201880015038A CN 110381732 A CN110381732 A CN 110381732A
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K.巴克福尔克
I.海斯卡宁
E.索克科宁
E.斯克尔菲
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Stora Enso Oyj
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Abstract

本发明涉及培养基,其包含无土壤基质、微原纤化纤维素和亲水或两亲聚合物。本发明在无土壤农业中是特别有用的,比如用于基于无土壤基质(比如矿物或玻璃棉)的园艺/农业用途。这些类型的培养基通常用于温室中,但也可用于室外园艺或农业。

Description

包含微原纤化纤维素的培养基
技术领域
本发明涉及培养基,其包含无土壤基质、微原纤化纤维素和亲水或两亲聚合物。本发明在无土壤农业中是特别有用的,比如用于基于无土壤基质(比如矿物或玻璃棉)的园艺/农业用途。这些类型的培养基通常用于温室中,但也可用于室外园艺或农业。
背景技术
包含无土壤基质(比如矿物棉、玻璃棉或其他材料)的培养基通常用于无土壤栽培中,比如在温室中,但也用于室外用途。无土壤栽培的一个益处在于其帮助避免土壤传播的疾病。
培养基典型地包括如下的基质,比如矿物棉、玻璃棉、膨胀黏土、生长石、椰壳泥炭或可可泥炭、稻壳、珍珠岩、蛭石、浮石、羊毛、岩棉、砖碎片、木屑(其可经化学和/或热改性)、木纤维或其他天然纤维或聚苯乙烯。
基于这些类型的培养基的问题在于其典型地具有差的保水性并且必须以受控的速率和条件将水递送至植物。被加入的水典型地从培养基快速蒸发。就使用粘合剂将组分基质组分粘合在一起来说,粘合剂典型地为合成的且可为疏水的,由此进一步降低了培养基的保水性。
一种解决方案是使用阴离子表面活性剂,其改进基质的亲水性和湿润性。然而,这些材料还可具有一些缺点,比如成本,或作为时间的函数的效率损失或当某些营养物质加入至培养基时的效率损失。
现存生长培养基的一个问题在于其随时间劣化。典型地,生长培养基只能使用一季或两季,并且随后将需要更换。
WO2004098270涉及水栽生长培养基,特别是多层的纤维素纤维或聚酯纤维的生长培养基。
US2016/0219810涉及基于泥炭藓的生长培养基和使用泡沫铺设方法用于其制造。泥炭藓典型地为强酸性的且该藓的确切的内容物是变化的。就使用的纤维来说,其以发泡的分散体的形式提供并且得到包含至少两层的产品。泥炭藓典型地包括活的植物、细枝、根、树枝等。
需要改进的培养基,特别是相对于现有的基于矿物质或玻璃的基质有改进的培养基。
发明内容
已经令人惊奇地发现通过向适合用于无土壤栽培的基质加入微原纤化纤维素(MFC)和至少一种亲水或两亲聚合物,可改进保水能力以及降低对作为用于培养基所需的粘合剂的基于石油的化学品的需求。微原纤化纤维素和聚合物还可促进培养基的元素之间的粘附,比如用于培养基的基质的纤维之间的粘附。
本发明因此涉及用于无土壤栽培的培养基,其包含基于非土壤的基质、微原纤化纤维素和至少一种疏水聚合物。
根据本发明使用的基质为适合无土壤栽培的任何基质。基质可为有机或无机的。基质可为天然产品或合成的。这样的基质的实例为矿物棉、玻璃棉、膨胀黏土、生长石、椰壳泥炭或可可泥炭、稻壳、木屑(其可为天然的或经化学和/或热改性)、木纤维或其他天然纤维、珍珠岩、蛭石、浮石、羊毛、岩棉、砖碎片或聚苯乙烯。在一种实施方式中,基质为合成基质,比如矿物棉或玻璃棉。
根据本发明有用的微原纤化纤维素任选地使用本领域已知方法改性或衍生化,以进一步提高其亲水或两亲性。这样的改性或衍生化的实例包括微原纤化纤维素的羧基化和TEMPO氧化。微原纤化纤维素的这样的改性或衍生化的进一步实例包括磷酸化、磺酸化、甲基化、羧甲基化、乙酰化。微原纤化纤维素还可为交联的。
根据本发明使用的亲水或两亲聚合物可为天然存在的聚合物或合成聚合物。聚合物也可为交联的。
根据本发明使用的亲水聚合物为适合用于无土壤栽培的任何亲水聚合物。亲水聚合物的实例为葡聚糖,低聚糖,多聚糖,淀粉,蛋白质,羧甲基纤维素钠,纤维素衍生物,木质素,木质素衍生物,木质素磺酸盐,果胶和半纤维素,比如木聚糖或半乳葡甘露聚糖。
根据本发明使用的两亲聚合物为适合用于无土壤栽培的任何两亲聚合物。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,通过将基质与微原纤化纤维素和聚合物混合而制造培养基。混合可在基本上为液体的介质中进行,随后对其进行干燥以得到根据本发明的培养基。或者,还可将微原纤化纤维素和聚合物喷洒到基质上。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,在制造根据本发明的培养基时,加入营养物质、盐、矿物质、表面活性剂和其他适合用于无土壤栽培的添加剂。在这样的实施方式中,添加剂典型地与基质、微原纤化纤维素和聚合物在干燥前混合。添加剂的实例包括糖蜜和来自纸浆和造纸工艺的残留的溶解组分和交联的纤维素纤维。得到的培养基可容易地以干燥形式运输和储存。通过向根据本发明的干燥的培养基加入水,培养基吸收水并且溶胀(膨胀)。培养基然后即可用于无土壤栽培。
为了控制微生物活性,可将培养基暴露于诸如消毒的处理以减少培养基中存在的微生物的数量。这样的处理典型地在最终产品上进行,但也可对各个组分进行,例如在制造培养基之前,通过分别地对基质和MFC消毒。为了进一步提供对微生物活性的控制,还可向培养基加入抗微生物剂。
根据本发明的生长培养基的pH典型地接近中性pH并且培养基的pH优选不在制造培养基的过程期间通过加入酸或碱来调节。
本发明的一个实施方式是提高用于无土壤栽培的培养基的保水性的方法,包括以下步骤:提供基于非土壤的基质和将该基质与微原纤化纤维素和亲水或两亲聚合物混合。在一种实施方式中,将微原纤化纤维素作为水溶液或分散体提供至培养基。在一种实施方式中,微原纤化纤维素溶解在或分散在用于在无土壤栽培期间提供水的水溶液或分散体中。在一种实施方式中,用于在无土壤栽培期间提供水的水溶液或分散体还可包含半纤维素和/或其他组分。
具体实施方式
用于根据本发明的培养基的微原纤化纤维素的量取决于培养基的所需的具体特征,但一般范围为培养基的1重量%至75重量%。
用于根据本发明的培养基的亲水或两亲聚合物的量取决于培养基的所需的具体特征,但一般范围为培养基的1重量%至75重量%,比如培养基的1重量%至50重量%或1重量%至25重量%或1重量%至10重量%。
根据本发明的干燥的培养基的密度范围为5至750kg/m3,比如10至500kg/m3或20至250kg/m3或40至200kg/m3或50至150kg/m3。培养基典型地具有高孔隙度。
用于根据本发明的培养基的微原纤化纤维素可使用本领域中已知的方法制备。
用于培养基的微原纤化纤维素的量的范围优选为培养基的干重量的1至50wt-%,更优选的范围为培养基的干重量的5至30wt-%,比如5至20wt-%。
微原纤化纤维素(MFC)在本专利申请的上下文中意指至少一个维度小于100nm的纳米尺度的纤维素颗粒纤维或纤丝。MFC包括部分或全部原纤化的纤维素或木质纤维素纤维。被释放的纤丝的直径小于100nm,而实际的纤丝直径或粒径分布和/或纵横比(长度/宽度)取决于来源和制造方法。
最小的纤丝被称为基元纤丝且直径为约2-4nm(见例如Chinga-Carrasco,G.,Cellulose fibres,nanofibrils and microfibrils,:The morphological sequence ofMFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view,Nanoscale research letters 2011,6:417),而常见的是基元纤丝的附聚形式,也称作微纤丝(Fengel,D.,Ultrastructural behavior of cell wall polysaccharides,TappiJ.,March 1970,Vol 53,No.3.),其为当例如通过使用延长精磨方法或压降解离方法制造MFC时得到的主产物。取决于来源和制造方法,纤丝的长度可在约1微米至大于10微米变化。粗MFC级分(grade)可含有显著分数的原纤化纤维,即从管胞(纤维素纤维)突出的纤丝,和一定量的从管胞(纤维素纤维)释放出的纤丝。
MFC存在不同的缩写,比如纤维素微纤丝、原纤化纤维素、纳米原先化纤维素、纤丝附聚物、纳米尺度纤维素纤丝、纤维素纳米纤维、纤维素纳米纤丝、纤维素微纤维、纤维素纤丝、微原纤纤维素、微纤丝附聚物和纤维素微纤丝附聚物。MFC的特征还在于各种物理或物理化学性质,比如高表面积或其在分散在水中时在低固体物下(1-5重量%)形成凝胶状材料的能力。优选将纤维素纤维原纤化至这样的程度,即所形成的MFC的最终比表面积为约1至约300m2/g,比如1至200m2/g,或更优选50-200m2/g,当用BET方法为冷冻干燥的材料测定时。
存在多种制造MFC的方法,比如单次或多次精磨、预水解后接纤丝的精磨或高剪切解离或释放。通常需要一个或多个预处理步骤以便使得MFC制造为能量有效且可持续的。因此,可将待提供的纸浆的纤维素纤维用酶或化学方式预处理,例如以降低半纤维素或木质素的量。在原纤化之前可将纤维素纤维化学改性,其中纤维素分子含有不同于(或多于)在原始纤维素中发现的官能团。这样的基团包括尤其羧甲基(CM)、醛基和/或羧基(通过N-氧基介导的氧化例如“TEMPO”得到的纤维素)或季铵(阳离子纤维素)。在用上述方法之一改性或氧化之后,更容易将纤维解离成为MFC或纳米原纤尺寸纤丝。
纳米原纤纤维素可含有一些半纤维素;该量取决于植物来源。经预处理的纤维(例如经水解、预溶胀、或氧化的纤维素原材料)的机械解离用合适的设备进行,比如精磨机、研磨机、均质机、胶体排除装置(colloider)、摩擦研磨机、超声超声波仪、流化器比如微流化器、宏观流化器或流化器型均质机。取决于MFC制造方法,产物还可能含有细料(fines),或纳米结晶纤维素,或例如在木纤维或造纸方法中存在的其他化学品。产物还可含有各种量的未被有效原纤化的微米尺寸的纤维颗粒。
由木纤维素纤维,包括由阔叶木或针叶木纤维两者生产MFC。其还可由微生物来源、农业纤维如麦草浆、竹子、甘蔗渣或其他非木纤维来源制得。其优选由纸浆制成,包括来自原生纤维的纸浆,例如机械、化学和/或热机械浆。其还可由损纸或再生纸制得。
以上描述的MFC的定义包括,但不限于,对纤维素纳米纤丝(CMF)新提出的TAPPI标准W13021,其定义了含有多个基元纤丝的纤维素纳米纤维材料,具有结晶和无定型区域。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,所使用的MFC可冷冻干燥或通过升华干燥。MFC可充当培养基中的超吸收剂以降低或完全替代合成的超吸收剂的使用。在本发明的一个实施方式中,冷冻干燥或升华干燥的MFC可以干燥形势加入至培养基。还可通过使用溶剂加入MFC,其能够保持高吸收性,从而使得MFC在干燥加入至培养基之前进行溶剂交换和干燥。
合适的用于培养基的基质是已知的且可使用本领域中已知的方法制备。
鉴于本发明的上述详细描述,其他修改和变化对于本领域技术人员来说将变得显而易见。然而,应该显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以实现这些其他修改和变化。

Claims (15)

1.用于无土壤栽培的培养基,其包含基于非土壤的基质、微原纤化纤维素和至少一种亲水或两亲聚合物,其中在干燥时的培养基的密度的范围为5至750kg/m3
2.根据权利要求1所述的培养基,其中基于非土壤的基质为矿物棉,玻璃棉,膨胀黏土,生长石,椰壳泥炭或可可泥炭,稻壳,珍珠岩,蛭石,浮石,羊毛,岩棉,砖碎片,木屑,其可任选地被化学改性和/或热改性,木纤维或其他天然纤维或聚苯乙烯。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的培养基,其中基于非土壤的基质是合成的。
4.根据权利要求3所述的培养基,其中基于非土壤的基质为矿物棉或玻璃棉。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的培养基,其中该聚合物为两亲的。
6.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的培养基,其中该聚合物为亲水的。
7.根据权利要求6所述的培养基,其中亲水聚合物选自葡聚糖、低聚糖、多聚糖、淀粉或半纤维素。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的培养基,其中微原纤化纤维素经改性或经衍生化以提高其亲水性。
9.根据权利要求8所述的培养基,其中微原纤化纤维素已经被羧基化、磷酸化、磺酸化、甲基化、羧甲基化或被TEMPO氧化。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的培养基,其中微原纤化纤维素的量的范围为干培养基的1重量%至75重量%。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的培养基,其中聚合物的量的范围为干培养基的1重量%至75重量%。
12.提高用于无土壤栽培的培养基的保水性的方法,其包括以下步骤:提供基于非土壤的基质,以及将该基质与微原纤化纤维素和亲水或两亲聚合物混合。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中将微原纤化纤维素作为水溶液或分散体提供至培养基。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中微原纤化纤维素溶解在或分散在水溶液或分散体中,其用于在无土壤栽培期间提供水。
15.制造培养基的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)在液体介质中提供包含微原纤化纤维素和至少一种亲水或两亲聚合物的悬浮体;
b)将来自步骤a)的悬浮体施加在适合用于培养基的基于非土壤的基质上或将来自步骤a)的悬浮体与适合用于培养基的基于非土壤的基质混合;和
c)任选地干燥步骤b)的产物。
CN201880015038.2A 2017-03-01 2018-02-27 包含微原纤化纤维素的培养基 Pending CN110381732A (zh)

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