CN110373531B - Method for treating cutting edge, member having cutting edge, and tool having cutting edge - Google Patents
Method for treating cutting edge, member having cutting edge, and tool having cutting edge Download PDFInfo
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- CN110373531B CN110373531B CN201810330408.3A CN201810330408A CN110373531B CN 110373531 B CN110373531 B CN 110373531B CN 201810330408 A CN201810330408 A CN 201810330408A CN 110373531 B CN110373531 B CN 110373531B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
- C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
- C21D7/08—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by burnishing or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/18—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for knives, scythes, scissors, or like hand cutting tools
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
- C21D2221/02—Edge parts
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a processing method of a cutting edge, a member with the cutting edge and a tool with the cutting edge, belonging to the cutting edge processing technology, wherein the existing blade and stainless steel tool can not lead the cutting edge to have larger hardness and wear resistance on the basis that a matrix has relatively lower hardness and higher toughness. Compared with the blade with the conventional cutting edge, the cutting service life of the blade after laser quenching is prolonged by 2-3 times. The laser quenching of the invention refines the grain diameter of the steel material at the cutting edge part, the grain size level reaches 10-11 levels, and the strength of the cutting edge part is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cutting edge processing technology, in particular to a cutting edge processing method, a member with a cutting edge and a tool with the cutting edge.
Background
The conventional blade used on the utility knife mostly adopts high-carbon tool steel (including but not limited to T8, T8Mn, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13 and the like) as a substrate, and is subjected to line marking, quenching and tempering, grinding and edge cutting, and then assembled for shipment. Generally, the blade is subjected to heat treatment (including quenching and tempering) only once in an atmosphere protection heating furnace, the heating speed and the cooling and quenching speed are relatively slow, the grain size of the blade after quenching is large, the grain size grade is about 7-9 grade, and the strength is low. The hardness of each area on the whole blade (including the cutting edge and the substrate) is nearly uniform. However, the grinding heat generated during grinding the cutting edge causes the effect similar to tempering on the cutting edge, and the hardness of the cutting edge after grinding is even about 0.5-1.0HRC lower than that of the matrix. When the overall hardness of the blade is higher, the abrasion resistance of the cutting edge is better, but the overall brittleness of the blade is higher; when the integral hardness of the blade is lower, the integral toughness of the blade is better, but the abrasion resistance of the cutting edge is lower, and the service life is not good.
The traditional tools with stainless steel cutting edges, such as folding knives, single knives, hacking knives, daggers, scissors, pliers, pipe cutters, shovel knives and the like, mostly adopt martensitic stainless steel (including but not limited to 20Cr13, 30Cr13, 40Cr13, 50Cr15MoV, 68Cr17, 95Cr18, 90Cr18MoV and the like) as a base body, and are subjected to blanking, conventional quenching and tempering, grinding and edge cutting, and then assembled for shipment. Generally, the tools are subjected to heat treatment (including quenching and tempering) only once in an atmosphere protection heating furnace, the heating speed and the cooling and quenching speed are relatively slow, the grain size of the stainless steel tools after quenching is large, the grain size grade is about 7-9 grades, and the strength is low. The hardness of each part of the whole stainless steel cutter (including the cutting edge and the basal body) is nearly uniform and consistent. However, the grinding heat generated during grinding the cutting edge causes the effect similar to tempering on the cutting edge, and the hardness of the cutting edge after grinding is even about 0.5-1.5HRC lower than that of the matrix. When the overall hardness of the tool is higher, the abrasion resistance of the cutting edge is better, but the overall brittleness of the tool is higher; when the overall hardness of the tool is low, the overall toughness of the tool is good, but the abrasion resistance of the cutting edge is low, and the service life is not good.
Therefore, it is a significant attempt to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the cutting edge and thus the actual service life of the utility knife while maintaining the relatively low hardness and high toughness of the blade of the utility knife and the substrate of the stainless steel knife.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems and provide a technical task for overcoming the defect that the existing blade and stainless steel cutter can not enable the cutting edge to have higher hardness and wear resistance on the basis of relatively lower hardness and higher toughness of a base body, and provides a processing method of the cutting edge, a member with the cutting edge and a tool with the cutting edge.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention relates to a method for processing a cutting edge, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) blanking raw materials as a matrix;
2) integrally quenching the matrix;
3) integrally tempering the matrix;
4) grinding and edging the substrate, and alternately carrying out laser quenching and grinding on a cutting edge;
5) and (4) tempering the whole matrix at low temperature.
The preferable technical means of the method for treating the cutting edge of the present invention is: when the laser quenching is carried out, the direction of the laser beam is vertical to the plane of the cutting edge.
The preferable technical means of the method for treating the cutting edge of the present invention is: the times of alternately carrying out laser quenching and grinding on the cutting edge are 3-5 times.
The preferable technical means of the method for treating the cutting edge of the present invention is: the substrate is a high-carbon tool steel blade, and the laser beam is fixed in position and moves at the speed of 1.0-30.0m/min during laser quenching.
The preferable technical means of the method for treating the cutting edge of the present invention is: the substrate is a martensitic stainless steel tool fitting, and the position of the substrate is fixed and the laser beam moves at the speed of 2.0-15.0mm/s during laser quenching.
The preferable technical means of the method for treating the cutting edge of the present invention is: the temperature of the low-temperature tempering is 100-180 ℃, and the heat preservation time of the low-temperature tempering is 2-6H.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a member having a cutting edge, which is obtained by grinding an edge of a substrate, comprising: the blade surface layer is the sclerosis layer, and the hardness on sclerosis layer is higher than the hardness of base member.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the hardness of the hardened layer is more than or equal to 58 HRC.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the hardness of the hardened layer is between 62 and 68 HRC.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the hardness of the hardened layer was 66 HRC.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the hardness of the matrix is 4-5HRC lower than that of the hardened layer.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the depth of the hardened layer is between 0.2 and 1.0 mm.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the depth of the hardened layer is between 0.3 and 0.6 mm.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the depth of the hardened layer is 0.45 mm.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: a transition zone is present between the hardened layer and the substrate.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the transition zone includes a portion of a hardened layer transition zone extending from the hardened layer and a laser heat affected zone proximate the hardened layer transition zone.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the hardness of the laser heat affected zone is less than that of the substrate.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the hardness of the transition area of the hardened layer is consistent with that of the laser heat affected area.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the depth of the transition zone is 0.1-0.8 mm.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the depth of the transition zone is 0.2-0.6 mm.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the depth of the transition zone is 0.3 mm.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the component is a blade using high carbon tool steel as a base body.
The preferable technical means of the member with cutting edge of the invention is as follows: the member is a tool fitting having a martensitic stainless steel as a base.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a tool having a cutting edge, comprising: comprising a blade according to the invention which is fitted replaceably to the tool.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a tool having a cutting edge, comprising: comprising a tool accessory according to the invention, which is fitted to the tool.
According to the invention, the cutting edge is alternately subjected to laser quenching and grinding to form a hardened layer on the surface layer of the cutting edge, and the hardness of the hardened layer is improved by 4-5HRC compared with that of the matrix.
Compared with the blade with the conventional cutting edge, the cutting service life of the blade after laser quenching is prolonged by 2-3 times.
The laser quenching of the invention refines the grain diameter of the steel material at the cutting edge part, the grain size level reaches 10-11 levels, and the strength of the cutting edge part is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a blade according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a folding knife;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a pair of scissors;
FIG. 5 is a partial schematic view of a pair of pliers;
FIG. 6 is a partial schematic view of a pipe cutter;
FIG. 7 is a partial schematic view of a doctor blade;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a process for manufacturing the blade of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart of the manufacturing process of the tool with cutting edge according to the present invention;
the reference numbers in the figures illustrate:
01-substrate, 11-cutting edge, 12-quenching area, 13-transition area, 14-hardening layer transition area and 15-laser heat affected area;
02-basal body, 21-cutting edge,
03-basal body, 31-cutting edge,
04-basal body, 41-cutting edge,
05-basal body, 51-cutting edge,
06-substrate, 61-cutting edge.
Detailed Description
The invention is further explained by combining with the drawings of the specification, and in order to avoid redundant description, the method for processing the cutting edge, the member with the cutting edge and the tool with the cutting edge are combined together and explained by two embodiments.
Example 1
Fig. 8 is a flow chart of a manufacturing process of a blade using high carbon tool steel (including but not limited to T8, T8Mn, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, etc.) as a base, such as shown in fig. 1-2, the cutting edge of the blade is used for cutting an object, and the whole blade can be mounted on a cutter and is easy to replace.
As shown in the manufacturing process flow chart of the blade, the blade cutting edge processing method comprises the following steps:
1) blanking from a strip-shaped high-carbon tool steel raw material to be a substrate; if necessary, the substrate is scribed and printed;
2) integrally quenching the matrix;
3) integrally tempering the matrix;
4) grinding and edging the substrate, and alternately carrying out laser quenching and grinding on a cutting edge;
5) tempering the whole matrix at low temperature;
and finally, oiling and packaging the blade, and then discharging.
When the laser quenching is carried out, the direction of the laser beam is vertical to the plane of the cutting edge.
The laser used comprises CO2Gas laser, YAG solid laser, fiber laser, DIODE semiconductor laser. In the present invention, the above-mentioned various lasers can obtain laser cycle hardening layers with similar performance. Preferably, a DIODE semiconductor laser is used, and the laser power is not less than 500W.
The cutting edge is alternately quenched and ground by laser for 3-5 times, namely 3-5 times.
When the laser quenching is carried out, the laser beam position is fixed, and the matrix is moved according to the speed of 1.0-30.0 m/min.
The temperature of the low-temperature tempering is 100-. After the cutting edge is alternately subjected to laser quenching and grinding, the obtained workpiece is subjected to low-temperature tempering, so that the structure stress can be eliminated due to the hardened layer formed on the cutting edge and the transition region between the hardened layer and the matrix, and the performance is more stable. The heat treatment furnace used may be a continuous furnace with gas shield.
The blade manufactured by the method is a member with a cutting edge, the cutting edge is formed by grinding the edge of a substrate, the surface layer of the cutting edge is a hardened layer, and the hardness of the hardened layer is higher than that of the substrate. In particular, the hardness of the hardened layer is not less than 58HRC, the hardness of the hardened layer is preferably 62-68HRC, and the hardness of the hardened layer is most preferably 66 HRC. While the hardness of the harder layer of the substrate is 4-5HRC less. Therefore, the cutting edge has higher hardness and wear resistance on the basis that the substrate has relatively lower hardness and higher toughness, and the service life of the blade is prolonged.
The depth of the hardened layer is 0.2-1.0mm, the depth of the hardened layer is preferably 0.3-0.6mm, and the depth of the hardened layer is preferably 0.45 mm.
For the reason of alternating laser hardening and grinding of the cutting edge, a transition zone is present between the hardened layer and the substrate. The transition zone comprises a hardening layer transition zone and a laser heat affected zone, wherein the hardening layer transition zone extends from the hardening layer to the substrate, the laser heat affected zone is adjacent to the hardening layer transition zone, the hardness of the laser heat affected zone is smaller than that of the substrate, and the hardness of the hardening layer transition zone is approximately consistent with that of the laser heat affected zone. The depth of the transition zone is 0.1-0.8mm, preferably 0.2-0.6mm, most preferably 0.3 mm.
The blade can be mounted on a tool to form a tool with a cutting edge and is easy to replace.
The service life of the cutting edge of the blade is tested according to the standard of ISO8442.5, and the total cut paper thickness after 60 cycles of uninterrupted test is taken as the cutting life of the blade. The durability (namely the cutting life) of the trapezoidal blade treated by the process is between 480 and 570 mm; and the cutting life of the conventional trapezoidal blade on the market is about 180-220 mm.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 9, it is a flow chart of a manufacturing process of a tool having a stainless steel cutting edge using martensitic stainless steel (including but not limited to 20Cr13, 30Cr13, 40Cr13, 50Cr15MoV, 68Cr17, 95Cr18, 90Cr18MoV, etc.) as a base, such tools include a folding knife as shown in fig. 3, scissors as shown in fig. 4, pliers as shown in fig. 5, a cutting knife as shown in fig. 6, a shovel knife as shown in fig. 7, and a single-opening knife, a dagger, etc. which are not shown in the figures, the cutting edge of such tools is used for cutting, shearing, scraping objects, etc., and the member having the cutting edge is a spare part constituting such tools for assembling the tools.
As shown in fig. 9, the method for processing the cutting edge of the member includes the following steps:
1) blanking martensitic stainless steel raw materials as a substrate;
2) integrally quenching the matrix;
3) integrally tempering the matrix;
4) grinding and edging the substrate, and alternately carrying out laser quenching and grinding on a cutting edge;
5) tempering the whole matrix at low temperature;
and finally, assembling and packaging, and then discharging.
Similarly, the laser quenching is carried out in a way that the direction of the laser beam is vertical to the plane of the cutting edge. The laser used comprises CO2Gas laser, YAG solid laser, fiber laser, DIODE semiconductor laser. In the present invention, the above-mentioned various lasers can obtain laser cycle hardening layers with similar performance. Preferably, a DIODE semiconductor laser is used, and the laser power is not less than 500W.
The cutting edge is alternately quenched and ground by laser for 3-5 times, namely 3-5 times.
Because the components and the blade have different shapes and structures, when the laser quenching is carried out, the position of the substrate is fixed, and the laser beam moves at the speed of 2.0-15.0 mm/s.
The temperature of the low-temperature tempering is 100-. After the cutting edge is alternately subjected to laser quenching and grinding, the obtained workpiece is subjected to low-temperature tempering, so that the structure stress can be eliminated due to the hardened layer formed on the cutting edge and the transition region between the hardened layer and the matrix, and the performance is more stable. The heat treatment furnace used may be a gas-shielded cyclic furnace.
The component prepared by the method is also provided with a cutting edge by grinding the edge of the matrix, the surface layer of the cutting edge is a hardened layer, and the hardness of the hardened layer is higher than that of the matrix. In particular, the hardness of the hardened layer is not less than 58HRC, the hardness of the hardened layer is preferably 62-68HRC, and the hardness of the hardened layer is most preferably 66 HRC. While the hardness of the harder layer of the substrate is 4-5HRC less. Therefore, the cutting edge has higher hardness and wear resistance on the basis that the substrate has relatively lower hardness and higher toughness, and the service life of the blade is prolonged.
The depth of the hardened layer is 0.2-1.0mm, the depth of the hardened layer is preferably 0.3-0.6mm, and the depth of the hardened layer is preferably 0.45 mm.
For the reason of alternating laser hardening and grinding of the cutting edge, a transition zone is present between the hardened layer and the substrate. The transition zone comprises a hardening layer transition zone and a laser heat affected zone, wherein the hardening layer transition zone extends from the hardening layer to the substrate, the laser heat affected zone is adjacent to the hardening layer transition zone, the hardness of the laser heat affected zone is smaller than that of the substrate, and the hardness of the hardening layer transition zone is approximately consistent with that of the laser heat affected zone. The depth of the transition zone is 0.1-0.8mm, preferably 0.2-0.6mm, most preferably 0.3 mm.
Such members are used to assemble corresponding tools as shown in fig. 3-7 and the like.
By testing the abrasion condition of the cutting edge of the pliers shown in figure 5, the shearing life process of the cutting edge of the pliers is ' cutting a steel wire with the diameter of 1.6mm and the tensile strength of 1678Mpa 10000 times ', and the abrasion condition of the cutting edge and the change condition of the shearing force are checked every 5000 times '. The wear width of the two cutting edges of the pliers is 0.1501mm after 10000 times of steel wire shearing, while the wear width of the two cutting edges of the conventional pliers on the market is generally more than 0.80mm after 10000 times of steel wire shearing.
Claims (4)
1. The processing method of the cutting edge is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) blanking raw materials into a substrate, wherein the substrate is a high-carbon tool steel blade or a martensitic stainless steel tool accessory;
2) integrally quenching the matrix;
3) integrally tempering the matrix;
4) grinding and edging the substrate, and alternately carrying out laser quenching and grinding on a cutting edge; the direction of the laser beam is vertical to the plane of the cutting edge when the laser quenching is carried out; the times of alternately carrying out laser quenching and grinding on the cutting edge are 3-5 times;
5) and (4) tempering the whole matrix at low temperature.
2. The method for processing a cutting edge according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the low-temperature tempering is 100-180 ℃, and the heat preservation time of the low-temperature tempering is 2-6H.
3. The method for processing a cutting edge according to claim 1, wherein: when the substrate is a high-carbon tool steel blade, the laser beam is fixed in position during laser quenching, and the substrate moves at the speed of 1.0-30.0 m/min.
4. The cutting edge processing method according to claim 1, characterized in that: when the substrate is a martensitic stainless steel tool accessory, the position of the substrate is fixed during laser quenching, and the laser beam moves at the speed of 2.0-15.0 mm/s.
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| CN201810330408.3A CN110373531B (en) | 2018-04-13 | 2018-04-13 | Method for treating cutting edge, member having cutting edge, and tool having cutting edge |
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| CN109518179A (en) * | 2017-09-20 | 2019-03-26 | 杭州巨星科技股份有限公司 | A kind of tool and its manufacturing method with cutting edge |
| CN111286596A (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2020-06-16 | 浙江久恒光电科技有限公司 | Quenching strengthening process for cutting edge of thin blade |
| CN113084446B (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-03-22 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钛材有限公司 | Method for repairing and regenerating blade of titanium sponge slicer |
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| CN1063313A (en) * | 1991-01-16 | 1992-08-05 | 国光口琴厂 | The stack thermal treatment of tufting machine bearded needles |
| CN1062003A (en) * | 1991-10-21 | 1992-06-17 | 上海工程技术大学 | The heat treatment of medium carbon steel cutter |
| CN2106049U (en) * | 1991-11-13 | 1992-06-03 | 上海工程技术大学 | Steel wire cutting device |
| EP1308525A3 (en) * | 2001-10-30 | 2004-01-28 | Yamazaki Mazak Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of controlling hardening with laser beam and laser beam hardening device |
| CN2551418Y (en) * | 2002-07-22 | 2003-05-21 | 广州富通光科技术有限公司 | Tool with alloy layer edge deposited by laser |
| CN101665862B (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2011-06-01 | 武汉华工激光工程有限责任公司 | Surface laser quenching process of car panel die |
| EP2661340B1 (en) * | 2011-01-06 | 2018-07-25 | Edgewell Personal Care Brands, LLC | Razor blade technology |
| CN202317270U (en) * | 2011-12-07 | 2012-07-11 | 杭州巨星科技股份有限公司 | Cutter with edge subjected to laser quenching |
| CN103215411B (en) * | 2013-02-06 | 2015-07-08 | 武汉新瑞达激光工程有限责任公司 | Laser quenching method and device |
| CN103290176B (en) * | 2013-05-20 | 2015-08-26 | 华中科技大学 | A kind of multi irradiation laser-quenching method and device |
| CN104480255B (en) * | 2014-12-22 | 2017-04-05 | 中山市奥美森工业有限公司 | A kind of manufacture craft of disintegrating machine moving knife |
| JP6460529B2 (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2019-01-30 | 株式会社Ｓｕｂａｒｕ | Laser quenching method for crankshaft |
| CN106191385A (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2016-12-07 | 重庆齿轮箱有限责任公司 | A kind of sheet member laser-quenching method |
| JP2018079540A (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2018-05-24 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | Processing equipment and processing method |
| CN207998622U (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2018-10-23 | 杭州联和工具制造有限公司 | A kind of tool with cutting edge |
| CN110273050A (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2019-09-24 | 杭州联和工具制造有限公司 | A kind of tool and its manufacturing method with cutting edge |
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