CN110372385B - 一种轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明为一种轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法。该方法将鳞片石墨、膨胀石墨或可膨胀石墨与橡胶基体一同混炼,使石墨片层剥离、并逐步均匀分散到基体中,形成石墨烯、或氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体;同时在橡胶基体剥离石墨的过程中,加入尿素等发泡材料颗粒,均匀混入石墨烯、或氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体中;进而利用加热焙烧的方法,使复合橡胶块迅速膨胀,橡胶基体分解、碳化,形成轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料。本发明制得的石墨烯碳泡沫的密度小于0.01g/cm3,且多为单层或少层石墨烯碳组成的泡沫,具有密度小、缺陷少、导热、导电性能好等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用橡胶混炼剥离鳞片石墨的高温碳化制备石墨烯碳泡沫材料的方法,属于新型纳米材料制备领域。
背景技术
石墨烯是碳原子以sp2杂化轨道连接形成的六边形蜂窝结构的单层,及2-10层的少层碳原子构成的平面晶化薄膜。单层石墨烯的理论厚度仅为0.35nm,比表面积达2.63×103m2/g,杨氏模量高达~1.0TPa,强度130GPa,为钢的100倍,是已知强度最高的材料。石墨烯的导热系数达~5000W/mK,透光率高达~97.7%,电子迁移率为2×105cm2/vs。石墨烯独特的2D结构,优异的力学、电学、光学、热学、磁学性能,及其可以与金属、金属氧化物、金属化合物,有机高分子等实现多种形式的纳米复合,制成功能独特、性能优异的新材料。并在超级电容器、锂离子电池、燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池和太阳能电池等化学电源,光电子元器件、传感器、能量转换和储存材料,多相催化材料、高性能复合材料、环境功能材料、医用及生物材料等众多领域中,均展示出独特优势和极佳的应用前景。
石墨烯的制备可以分为自下而上的“构筑法”和自上而下的“剥离法”两类。构筑法是利用各种含碳的物质,在激光、微波、等离子体等高能作用下热解或催化反应,在基体表面沉积或析出碳原子,经诱导成核、生长、晶化或重排,形成单层,或几层厚度的石墨烯纳米片,该方法对设备要求高、工艺复杂,产量极低,仅能满足高科技领域的研发需求,难以大规模工业化应用。自上而下的“剥离法”是以鳞片石墨为原料,利用各种外力,在不同类型的介质中通过高速分散,或化学插层作用,增加石墨片层间的晶面间距,并借助超声波、微波、高压,甚至电极反应,使鳞片石墨的晶体沿解理面不断剥离,最终成为单层或少层石墨烯的制备方法。上述石墨烯的制备方法或工艺,不仅效率低、污染排放和处置困难,得到的石墨烯的品质和尺寸也受制备方法和工艺条件的限制,不仅影响石墨烯的制备成本和效率,还直接影响石墨烯的层数、直径,晶格缺陷的密度,边缘官能团的类型及表面性质等,影响到后续的应用和功能性的发挥,已成为制约石墨烯大规模应用的重要因素。
泡沫碳具有密度低、比表面积大、吸附能力强、耐高温、高导热和导电等特性,广泛作为超级电容器、催化剂载体、热交换器和电极材料等,在环境治理方面,泡沫碳也广泛用于油污、重金属离子、有机污染物等污水的吸附净化处理。泡沫碳制备的相关专利有很多,如ZL.201410378018.5,ZL.201310004952.6,CN105272256A,ZL.201310527246.X,CN106976863A等都是以沥青或酚醛树脂为原料,通过沥青发泡生成泡沫沥青,再对其进行浸渍,碳化或石墨化获得;或利用酚醛树脂直接与发泡剂、催化剂等混合,利用有机物对其进行改性,固化或微波发泡,最后碳化,制备出孔径均匀的泡沫碳。但是工艺复杂,包括发泡、固化、碳化或石墨化等,不仅耗时长,能耗高,而且易产生污染物,尤其是以酚醛树脂为原料时,制备过程中需要加入多种有机催化剂,反应条件苛刻,过程复杂。直接利用碳材料自组装,在十二烷基苯磺酸钠的辅助下超声分散,经冷冻干燥制得泡沫碳,制备过程虽然简单,但是制备出的泡沫碳材料力学性能差。Hu等对石墨烯气凝胶快速微波处理,然后覆盖二茂铁,再次快速微波处理,二茂铁分解出铁离子作为催化剂,环戊二烯基官能团作为碳源制备碳纳米管,最终得到碳纳米管-石墨烯混合泡沫材料,其对汽油、柴油、植物油、泵油和芝麻油的吸附量均为自身重量的一百倍以上。Sun等人以氧化石墨烯薄片和纳米碳管为原料,经冷冻干燥和化学还原制备出碳气凝胶,对油的吸附量为自身重量的215~913倍。但是原材料价格昂贵,成本高,并且吸附的是纯油类物质,并没有在油水分离方面展现很好的吸附性能。ZL.201310192786.7将堇青石矿物与泡沫碳结合,制备出泡沫炭/堇青石复合材料,但其密度过大,比表面积较小,吸附容量限。上述制备方法各有优势,关键问题是石墨的剥层效率和制备出的石墨烯的数量有限,成本很高。
发明内容
本发明的目的为针对当前技术中存在的不足,提供一种轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法。该方法将鳞片石墨、膨胀石墨或可膨胀石墨与橡胶基体一同混炼,使石墨片层剥离、并逐步均匀分散到基体中,形成石墨烯、或氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体;同时在橡胶基体剥离石墨的过程中,加入尿素等发泡材料颗粒,均匀混入石墨烯、或氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体中;进而利用加热焙烧的方法,在高温下气化、膨胀、同时橡胶基体发生分解、碳化,最终进而形成体积密度小于0.01g/cm3的轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料。
本发明的技术方案为:
一种轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)橡胶剥离鳞片石墨晶体制备石墨烯复合橡胶,为以下两种方法之一:
方法一:将橡胶块加入运转中的对辊开炼机的两辊间,混炼,使橡胶包辊后,加入石墨粉体,继续混炼10~20min时,加入发泡剂颗粒,继续混炼,当从加入石墨粉体开始计时混炼60-120min后,出片,完成石墨片层的层间剥离,得到均匀的橡胶剥离石墨烯或氧化石墨烯混合块体;
其中,石墨加入的质量为橡胶总重量的5%~70%;
或者,方法二:利用液体橡胶和石墨粉体一起搅拌混合后,加入到盘磨机或胶体磨中进行循环剪切剥离60-120min,其中,剪切剥离15~20min时,加入发泡剂,最终形成含有发泡剂的石墨烯或氧化石墨烯均匀分散的复合橡胶乳膏;
其中,所述石墨粉包括鳞片石墨、膨胀石墨或可膨胀石墨,石墨粉加入的质量为橡胶总重量的25%~50%;
(2)石墨烯或氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体或乳膏的碳化
将得到石墨烯复合橡胶块或乳膏放入温度为500℃-1000℃的焙烧设备中加热焙烧,并保温10min-30min,使橡胶基体膨胀、分解和碳化,冷却后,得到轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料。
步骤(1)中所述石墨包括鳞片石墨、膨胀石墨或可膨胀石墨。
步骤(1)中所述鳞片石墨或可膨胀石墨粉的粒径范围0.5mm-5.0mm;
步骤(1)中所述橡胶包括:三元乙丙橡胶、氯丁橡胶、天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、羧基丁腈橡胶、端羟基丁腈橡胶、氢化丁腈橡胶及其液体橡胶中的一种或多种;
步骤(1)中两种方法中所述的发泡剂为尿素、碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、醋酸铵、草酸铵和氯化铵中的一种或多种的混合物,其粒径0.05mm-0.5mm,添加总量为橡胶或液体橡胶质量的1%到5%;
步骤(1)中方法二中,所述液体橡胶和石墨粉体的混合,是将液体橡胶与石墨粉体在搅拌机中一起搅拌,搅拌机的转速为300rpm-1000rpm,搅拌10~15min后完成。
上述步骤(2)中所述焙烧设备包括,管式炉、马弗炉、真空炉或微波炉。
本发明的实质性特点为:
本发明提出一种利用不同类型的橡胶化合物在一定温度范围内呈高粘性、回弹性和橡胶基体与鳞片石墨、可膨胀石墨、膨胀石墨的表面具有亲和性、浸润性的特点,在机械力驱使下,橡胶与石墨片层两相结合界面间形成高强度结合胶作为中间过渡相,由于过渡相的结合力远远大于石墨晶体层间的范德华结合力,从而在机械力的撕扯下,橡胶的粘性和回弹性的作用下,结合力较弱的石墨片层首先被撕开而分离,即通过橡胶分子牵扯过渡相,将石墨晶体的表层、近表层或结合力较弱的片层间撕开,新生表面再次与橡胶分子粘合被二次剥离,如此循环往复,最终鳞片石墨晶体被剥离成单层、少层石墨烯片,并均匀分散橡胶基体中,形成石墨烯橡胶复合块体;同时,通过在复合橡胶块体或乳膏中加入发泡剂,利用发泡剂在加热过程中迅速气化,使复合物基体迅速膨胀,形成无数微孔的特点,借助高温使橡胶基体分解、碳化,最终形成具大量微孔结构的超轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料。本发明开辟了石墨烯碳泡沫制备的一种全新工艺和思路。
本发明的有益效果为:
本发明实施过程中,不使用任何强酸、强碱、强氧化剂等环境污染物,符合经济、社会绿色环保发展的客观需求;并且,石墨矿是我国的优势资源,具有资源丰富、来源广范、价格低廉的特点;本发明利用市售鳞片石墨、可膨胀石墨或膨胀石墨制备石墨烯碳泡沫的工艺流程简便、设备投资省、占地面积小,生产过程和工艺条件可控、是大规模、低成本制备轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的首先方法。并且橡胶基体剥离的石墨烯可以直接用于功能复合材料,如高性能橡胶、功能导电胶、胶黏剂等,且价格远低于氧化-还原法和常规液相法获得的石墨烯的成本。利用该工艺制得的石墨烯碳泡沫的密度小于0.01g/cm3,且多为单层或少层石墨烯碳组成的泡沫,具有密度小、缺陷少、导热、导电性能好等优点,可用作高效的能源转换和储存材料、传感器材料、超轻吸附材料、光电材料、光催化材料、磁性吸波材料等新型功能材料。
附图说明
图1为实施例1,实施例2和剥离所用鳞片石墨的XRD分析曲线图;
图2实施例1石墨烯碳泡沫样品样品的扫描电镜照片;
图3实施例1石墨烯碳泡沫样品的透射电镜照片;
具体实施方式
本发明实验用鳞片石墨为市售鳞片石墨矿粉生产厂家为灵寿县硕隆矿产品加工厂的鳞片石墨;可膨胀石墨购于于青岛晨阳石墨有限公司;
所述膨胀石墨的原料为青岛晨阳石墨有限公司生产的可膨胀石墨,经2次膨胀获得的膨胀石墨;具体制备方法为:每次将盛有2g可膨胀石墨的1L烧杯放入功率900W的微波炉中,加热60s,取出搅匀,再次加热60s,取出,过40目标准筛,取筛上部分即为二次膨胀的膨胀石墨。
实施例1
步骤1橡胶剥离鳞片石墨晶体制备石墨烯复合橡胶块
将100g氯丁橡胶加入运转中的对辊开炼机的两辊间,混炼1min,使橡胶包辊后,加入70g直径5mm的鳞片石墨粉体,混炼剥离120min,其中,在剥离20min时,在辊间加入直径0.5mm发泡剂草酸铵5g;继续混炼至预定时间,期间打三角包10次,薄通、出片,得到均匀的含石墨烯质量百分比为40%的氯丁橡胶剥离石墨烯混合块体;
步骤2石墨烯复合橡胶块体的碳化
步骤(1)得到的氯丁橡胶剥离石墨烯混合块体5g放入100mm×50mm的瓷舟中,推入已经升温至500℃的管式炉中,按照15℃/min的升温速度升温至500℃时,计时,保温30min,取出,冷却后,取三块以上的石墨烯碳泡沫样品,利用单面刀片修饰整齐,直尺测量取样品块的长、宽、高,分析天平称取其重量,计算样品的体积密度,取平均值作为样品的测试结果,本实施例样品的体积密度为0.0068g/cm3的石墨烯碳泡沫块体材料。
鳞片石墨,石墨烯复合橡胶块体以及碳化后的石墨烯泡沫样品的X-射线衍射测试结果见图1,石墨烯碳泡沫的微观形貌测试结果见图2,石墨烯碳泡沫的尺寸结构见图3。从图1可以看出,鳞片石墨的衍射曲线(上面一条)鳞片石墨在2θ角为26.62°处的强衍射峰强度为344728,且对称,在54.7°处的次强衍射峰明显,说明使用的是结晶度很高的鳞片石墨;图1中最下面的一条曲线为石墨烯复合橡胶块体的XRD曲线,其在2θ角为26.62°处的强衍射峰强度大幅下降,由鳞片石墨衍射强度的344728减少到783,强度仅为鳞片石墨的0.23%,且54.7°处的衍射峰基本消失,表明该鳞片石墨样品被剥离为石墨烯,中间一条线为碳化后形成的石墨烯碳泡沫的XRD曲线,可见其在2θ角为26.62°处的强衍射峰强度虽比石墨烯复合橡胶块体的有所增强,当也仅为鳞片石墨衍射峰强度的,且衍射曲线在15°-25°间没有出现馒头峰,说明得到的是品质好的石墨烯碳泡沫材料。从图2样品的SEM照片观测,可知,形成的泡沫碳含有大量20μm-50μm的相互嵌套的孔道或孔隙,壁面很薄并存在大量褶皱;从图3可见,该石墨烯碳泡沫中,分布着大量单层石墨烯,及其二次叠合到一起,形成的少层石墨烯,部分片层的边缘出现折叠,卷曲的现象。
实施例2
步骤1橡胶剥离可膨胀石墨晶体制备石墨烯复合橡胶块
将50g天然橡胶和50g顺丁橡胶加入运转中的对辊开炼机的两辊间,混炼1min,使橡胶包辊后,加入5g直径0.5mm的可膨胀石墨粉体,混炼剥离60min,其中,在剥离10min时,在辊间加入直径0.05mm发泡剂碳酸氢铵1g,继续混炼至预定时间,期间打三角包10次,薄通、出片,得到均匀的含氧化石墨烯质量百分比为4.7%的混合橡胶剥离氧化石墨烯混合块体;步骤2氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体的碳化
步骤(1)得到的混合橡胶剥离氧化石墨烯混合块体5g放入100mm×50mm的瓷舟中,放入已经升温至1000℃的真空加热炉中,打开真空泵,保持炉内压力为1000Pa,按照15℃/min的升温速度升温至1000℃时,计时,保温25min,自然冷却,取出,实施例1同样方法,测得得样品的体积密度为0.0096g/cm3的石墨烯碳泡沫块体材料。
实施例3
步骤1橡胶剥离膨胀石墨晶体制备石墨烯复合橡胶块
将100g丁腈橡胶加入运转中的对辊开炼机的两辊间,混炼1min,使橡胶包辊后,加入40g筛上的膨胀石墨粉体,混炼剥离90min,其中,剥离15min时,在辊间加入直径0.2mm发泡剂尿素2.5g,继续混炼至预定时间,期间打三角包10次,薄通、出片,得到均匀的含氧化石墨烯质量百分比为28%的丁腈橡胶剥离氧化石墨烯混合块体;
步骤2石墨烯复合橡胶块体的碳化
步骤(1)得到的丁腈橡胶剥离氧化石墨烯混合块体5g放入100mm×50mm的瓷舟中,放入900W微波炉中,开始加热并计时,加热10min,取出,冷却后得到体积密度为0.0082g/cm3的石墨烯碳泡沫块体材料。
实施例4
步骤1液体橡胶与鳞片石墨混合
将100g液体三元乙丙橡胶加入搅拌桶中,加入50g直径2mm的鳞片石墨,设定搅拌机转速为1000rpm,搅拌10min后得到的鳞片石墨混合橡胶乳;
步骤2液体橡胶剥离鳞片石墨制备石墨烯复合橡胶乳块
将步骤1得到的鳞片石墨混合橡胶乳加入到正在运转中的盘磨机的料斗中循环剥离,在剥离15min时,在料斗中加入0.3mm醋酸铵发泡剂3g,继续循环剥离100min,最终形成粘稠的含有发泡剂石墨烯复合橡胶乳膏,其石墨烯的质量百分比为32.6%;
步骤3石墨烯复合橡胶乳膏的碳化
步骤(2)得到的石墨烯复合三元乙丙橡胶乳膏约5g放入100mm×50mm的瓷舟中,放入已经升温至700℃的马弗炉中,按照15℃/min的升温速度再次升温至700℃时,开始计时,保温20min,取出,冷却后得到体积密度为0.0057g/cm3的石墨烯碳泡沫块体材料。
实施例5
步骤1液体橡胶与可膨胀石墨混合
将100g液体丁苯橡胶加入搅拌桶中,加入25g直径1mm的可膨胀石墨,设定搅拌机转速为300rpm,搅拌10min后得到的可膨胀石墨混合橡胶乳;
步骤2液体橡胶剥离可膨胀石墨制备氧化石墨烯复合橡胶乳块
将步骤1得到的可膨胀石墨混合橡胶乳加入到正在运转中的胶体磨的料斗中循环剥离,剥离15min时,在料斗中加入0.2mm碳酸铵发泡剂4g,继续循环剥离60min,最终形成粘稠的含有发泡剂氧化石墨烯复合橡胶乳膏,其氧化石墨烯的质量百分比为19.7%;
步骤3氧化石墨烯复合橡胶乳膏的碳化
步骤(2)得到的氧化石墨烯复合丁苯橡胶乳膏约5g放入100mm×50mm的瓷舟中,放入900W微波炉中,开始加热并计时,加热15min,取出,冷却后得到体积密度为0.0069g/cm3的石墨烯碳泡沫块体材料。
实施例6
步骤1液体橡胶与鳞片石墨混合
将100g液体端羟基丁腈橡胶加入搅拌桶中,加入40g直径2mm的鳞片石墨,设定搅拌机转速为800rpm,搅拌10min后得到的鳞片石墨混合橡胶乳;
步骤2液体橡胶剥离鳞片石墨制备石墨烯复合橡胶乳块
将步骤1得到的鳞片石墨混合橡胶乳加入到正在运转中的盘磨机的料斗中循环剥离,在剥离15min时,在料斗中加入0.4mm氯化铵发泡剂3g,继续循环剥离120min,最终形成粘稠的含有发泡剂的石墨烯复合橡胶乳膏,其石墨烯的质量百分比为27.9%;
步骤3石墨烯复合橡胶乳膏的碳化
步骤(2)得到的石墨烯复合液体端羟基丁腈橡胶乳膏约5g放入100mm×50mm的瓷舟中,放入已经升温至900℃的碳棒炉中,按照15℃/min的升温速度再次升温至900℃时,开始计时,保温25min,取出,冷却后得到体积密度为0.0073g/cm3的石墨烯碳泡沫块体材料。
以上实施例形成石墨烯碳泡沫的机理为:本发明利用不同类型的橡胶基体在一定温度范围内呈高粘性和回弹性的特点,以及橡胶分子对鳞片石墨晶体表面具有天然的亲和性、浸润性的特点,在两相界面间形成高强度结合胶过渡相,过渡相的结合力远远大于鳞片石墨晶体层间的范德华结合力,更大于由于氧化而使层间距成倍扩大的可膨胀石墨或膨胀石墨的层间结合力,从而在机械力的撕扯下,结合力较弱的石墨晶体片层被撕开而分离,即通过橡胶分子牵扯过渡相,将石墨晶体的表层、近表层或从结合力较弱的片层间撕开,新生表面再次与橡胶分子粘合被二次剥离,如此循环往复,最终鳞片石墨晶体被剥离成单层、少层石墨烯片,并均匀分散橡胶基体中,形成石墨烯橡胶复合块体;再利用不同类型易于高温分解气化的化合物为发泡剂,在加热条件下,分解为气体,带动粘性橡胶基体膨胀,形成大量的微孔,随着橡胶基体的分解、碳化,最终形成轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料;另外由于膨胀石墨和可膨胀石墨剥离后形成的氧化石墨烯复合橡胶在高温分解、碳化过程中处于还原环境,所以氧化石墨烯在高温碳化过程中大多被还原为石墨烯,所以不管是鳞片石墨、还是可膨胀石墨或膨胀石墨的橡复合胶块体或乳膏,在经高温碳化后,得到的均为轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料。
本发明未尽事宜为公知技术。
Claims (5)
1.一种轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法,其特征为该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)橡胶剥离鳞片石墨晶体制备石墨烯复合橡胶,为以下两种方法之一:
方法一:将橡胶块加入运转中的对辊开炼机的两辊间,混炼,使橡胶包辊后,加入石墨粉体,继续混炼10~20min时,加入发泡剂颗粒,继续混炼,当从加入石墨粉体开始计时混炼60-120min后,出片,完成石墨片层的层间剥离,得到均匀的橡胶剥离石墨烯或氧化石墨烯混合块体;
其中,石墨加入的质量为橡胶总重量的5%~70%;
或者,方法二:利用液体橡胶和石墨粉体一起搅拌混合后,加入到盘磨机或胶体磨中进行循环剪切剥离60-120min,其中,剪切剥离15~20min时,加入发泡剂,最终形成含有发泡剂的石墨烯或氧化石墨烯均匀分散的复合橡胶乳膏;
其中,所述石墨包括鳞片石墨、膨胀石墨或可膨胀石墨,石墨粉加入的质量为橡胶总重量的25%~50%;
(2)石墨烯或氧化石墨烯复合橡胶块体或乳膏的碳化
将得到石墨烯复合橡胶块或乳膏放入温度为500℃-1000℃的焙烧设备中加热焙烧,并保温10min-30min,使橡胶基体膨胀、分解和碳化,冷却后,得到轻质石墨烯碳泡沫材料;
步骤(1)中所述石墨包括鳞片石墨、膨胀石墨或可膨胀石墨;
步骤(1)中所述橡胶包括:三元乙丙橡胶、氯丁橡胶、天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶和丁腈橡胶中的一种或多种。
2.如权利要求1所述的轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法,其特征为步骤(1)中所述鳞片石墨或可膨胀石墨粉的粒径范围0.5mm-5.0mm。
3.如权利要求1所述的轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法,其特征为步骤(1)中两种方法中所述的发泡剂为尿素、碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、醋酸铵、草酸铵和氯化铵中的一种或多种的混合物,其粒径0.05mm-0.5mm,添加总量为橡胶或液体橡胶质量的1%到5%。
4.如权利要求1所述的轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法,其特征为步骤(1)中方法二中,所述液体橡胶和石墨粉体的混合,是将液体橡胶与石墨粉体在搅拌机中一起搅拌,搅拌机的转速为300 rpm -1000rpm,搅拌10~15min后完成。
5.如权利要求1所述的轻质石墨烯碳泡沫的制备方法,其特征为步骤(2)中所述焙烧设备为管式炉、马弗炉、真空炉或微波炉。
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