CN110335522A - Utilize the miniature quantum interferometer of piezoelectric ceramics simulation gravitational wave - Google Patents
Utilize the miniature quantum interferometer of piezoelectric ceramics simulation gravitational wave Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of miniature quantum interferometers using piezoelectric ceramics simulation gravitational wave, use He-Ne laser as laser light source, and interferometer system includes 50: 50 beam splitters, reflecting mirror, continuously adjustable attenuator；Gravitational wave simulation system includes piezoelectric ceramics and drive power supply for piezoelectric ceramics, signal generator, high-voltage amplifier with reflecting mirror；Detection system includes condenser lens, Si-based photodetectors, oscillograph, spectrum analyzer.The electric signal that signal generator generates inputs piezoelectric ceramics after high-voltage amplifier amplifies, and piezoelectric ceramics generates corresponding periodical telescopic variation, influence of the extraneous minor change such as simulation gravitational wave between optical path difference M-Z interferometer two light beams.Element of the invention is more simply commonly used, and structure and light path design are compact flexibly, can adjust on demand, is had the characteristics that small in size, low cost, simple and easy, is a kind of miniature quantum interferometer system that can be used for quantum accurate measurement.With very high researching value and application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of quantum measurement, relates to exploration and verification of a gravitational wave measurement principle, and particularly relates to a small quantum interferometer for simulating a gravitational wave by utilizing piezoelectric ceramics.
Background
1. Gravitational wave and laser interference gravitational wave astronomical table (LIGO)
Gravitational waves refer to ripples in the spatial-temporal curvature that propagate outward from a radiation source in the form of waves that transmit energy in the form of gravitational radiation. In 1916, einstein predicted the presence of gravitational waves based on generalized relativity theory. When a gravitational wave passes through an observer, the observer will find the space-time distorted due to the strain (strain) effect. A rhythmic increase and decrease in the distance between the objects occurs, this frequency corresponding to the frequency of the gravitational wave. The intensity of this effect is inversely proportional to the distance between the sources of the gravitational waves. Revolutionary double neutron star systems are predicted to be very strong gravitational wave sources when they merge, usually very far from these sources, and therefore have very little effect when viewed on earth, with deformation effects of less than 10-21Therefore, the measurement of gravitational waves requires high precision instruments.
The most successful case of detecting gravitational waves is the laser interference gravitational wave astronomical optical bench (LIGO). LIGO is essentially a very large michelson interferometer improved by utilizing an F-P cavity, but the interferometer is expensive and complex in operating system, and is very difficult to realize as a local experiment in a common physical laboratory. In general physical experiments, michelson interference is known to students in physics as a comprehensive experiment. However, in such optical experiments, the interference phenomenon of the optical field is generally recognized and the optical interference formula is examined by observing the number of spatial interference fringes. In gravitational wave measurement, the basic interference phenomenon and the rough observation of spatial interference fringes are not concerned, but quantum measurement technology is adopted, and the final displacement is obtained by measuring the noise and the signal size of an interference light field.
2. State of the art
At present, quantum mechanical experiments are also rare in college physical experiment courses, because quantum mechanical experiments involve microscopic phenomena and have very high requirements on experimental equipment and acquisition and detection devices, which results in that most of the experimental equipment required by quantum experiments is very expensive, millions of equipment is often used, and even tens of millions of experimental platforms are used, and obviously, the operation and debugging of the experimental platforms are very complicated. The requirements and characteristics of university physical experiment teaching are clear physical images, intuitive experimental phenomenon, easy operation and maintenance of instruments, and the price can be accepted by most university physical laboratories. In conclusion, the contradiction between the two is also the root cause of no quantum mechanical experiment in the university physical experiment course so far. To date, few researchers have simulated gravitational wave measurements in basic physical laboratory environments. Therefore, the invention proposes that piezoelectric ceramics are utilized to simulate the influence of gravitational waves on one optical path of the M-Z interferometer, and a small and movable quantum interferometer is built.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: on the basis of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (M-Z interferometer), a scheme for simulating gravitational wave measurement in a basic physical laboratory environment is provided. The small quantum interferometer is flexible in design, easy to implement and easy to integrate.
The specific technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows:
a small quantum interferometer for simulating gravitational waves by utilizing piezoelectric ceramics comprises a helium-neon laser, a polarization beam splitter, a polarizing film, a first beam splitter, a first reflector, a second reflector, a third reflector, a second beam splitter, a converging lens, a photoelectric detector, an attenuation sheet, piezoelectric ceramics with reflectors, a signal generator, a voltage amplifier, a frequency spectrograph or an oscilloscope; the helium-neon laser, the polarization beam splitter, the polaroid, the first beam splitter, the first reflector, the second reflector, the third reflector, the second beam splitter, the converging lens and the photoelectric detector are sequentially connected in an optical path; the first beam splitter, the attenuation sheet and the piezoelectric ceramic with the reflector are connected in sequence through an optical path; the signal generator, the voltage amplifier and the piezoelectric ceramic with the reflector are sequentially connected in a circuit; the piezoelectric ceramic with the reflector is connected with the optical path of the second beam splitter; the photoelectric detector is connected with a frequency spectrograph or an oscilloscope circuit; the helium-neon laser emits laser, enters the polarization beam splitter and the polaroid to modulate light intensity, enters the beam splitter to split the light to obtain two beams, and one beam enters the beam splitter through the first reflecting mirror, the second reflecting mirror and the third reflecting mirror; the other beam of light enters the attenuation sheet for attenuation, enters the piezoelectric ceramic for adjusting the optical path of the beam of light and is reflected to enter the beam splitter; the two beams of light entering the beam splitter are combined again, converged by a converging lens, then converted into an electric signal by a photoelectric detector and enter a frequency spectrograph or an oscilloscope for signal analysis; the signal generator sends out a signal, and the piezoelectric ceramic is regulated and controlled through the voltage amplifier; the method is used for simulating the influence of gravitational waves on an optical path.
The electric signal generated by the signal generator is of any amplitude and any frequency, and is biased when amplified by the voltage amplifier, so that the signal input into the piezoelectric ceramic is positive; the piezoelectric ceramic drives the reflector to generate certain displacement, so that phase change is generated on one arm.
The invention is a linear laser M-Z interferometer, which is used for keeping input and output energy constant and has passive devices in the processes of interference beam splitting and beam combination. And observing the interference contrast by using an oscilloscope or detecting and analyzing an output signal and noise of the interferometer by using a spectrum analyzer.
The miniature quantum interferometer of the present invention can be used for observing the relative phase shift change generated by the two collimated light beams after the light beams emitted from the single light source are split into two paths and pass through different paths and media. Compared with the Michelson interferometer, the quantum interferometer has the advantages that interference light paths are not overlapped, flexible and changeable and the like.
Furthermore, a periodic signal output by the signal source is input into the piezoelectric ceramic to control a reflector in one light path of the quantum interferometer, so that the optical path difference between two light beams of the interferometer is changed. Similar to the principle of LIGO measuring gravitational waves: one laser beam is changed into two laser beams through a spectroscope, the distance between two arms is increased through two resonant cavities of 4 kilometers, then the two laser beams are combined into one beam through the spectroscope, and finally measurement is carried out; when the two arms are equal in length, the two beams will interfere destructively, but if there is a gravitational wave passing through the detector, it will distort time and space, causing a very small change in the relative lengths of the two pipes, thus changing the interference pattern of the two beams, and ultimately causing a change in the signal on the photodetector. Because the gravitational wave source is quite far away from the earth observation point and the gravitational wave signal is small, the system sensitivity is further improved by the aid of F-P cavity, vibration isolation and other technologies; and the optical path difference change caused by the piezoelectric ceramic is large enough to simulate the measurement of gravitational waves by means of a small quantum interferometer in the environment of a basic physics laboratory.
Further, using the electro-optical modulator to give a certain controllable signal, such as a signal with a known size of one micron, and observing the spectrum analyzer, the signal-to-noise ratio can be known; the displacement measurement limit of the system is thus obtained, i.e. the minimum signal-to-noise ratio of the signal that can be measured. When the signal size is equivalent to the noise size, the signal can be measured; if the signal is less than the noise, the system cannot measure the signal.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: based on the gravitational wave measurement principle, the method for changing the optical path difference of two paths of light beams of the quantum interferometer by utilizing the piezoelectric ceramics is used for building the small-sized and portable quantum interferometer. The application of the basic principle of quantum mechanics in precision measurement, such as gravitational wave measurement, can be demonstrated, and the limitation of vacuum noise on the measurement precision can be further analyzed. The understanding of students on the basic principle of quantum mechanics is deepened, and the difference between the quantum mechanics and the classical physics is realized. Through an application experiment of gravitational wave measurement, the interest of students in the research of the field of quantum mechanics is stimulated. At present, experimental teaching instruments relating to interferometers generally recognize the interference phenomenon of a light field and examine a light interference formula by observing spatial interference fringes and the number of the fringes, and rarely relate to quantum measurement technology.
The small quantum interferometer for simulating gravitational waves by utilizing piezoelectric ceramics uses common laboratory equipment including a laser, an optical element and a measuring instrument, and is mature in technology and commercially produced. The invention is simple and easy to implement, has the characteristics of small volume and low manufacturing cost, and is a novel small-sized quantum interferometer.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the basic principle of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram of a spectrum analyzer according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which a triangular signal with an amplitude of 2V and a frequency of 5Hz is amplified by an amplifier and then input as a driving signal to a piezoelectric ceramic, and the incident light intensity is 250 μ W;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a spectral diagram fitting coefficient | α |. in a non-reflective state in a reflective state under different incident light intensities according to an embodiment of the present invention２Linear dependence of the intensity of the incident light.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the basic principle schematic diagram includes: two 50: 50 BS beam splitters 11 and 13, a mirror 121 and a piezo ceramic 122 with a mirror, photodetectors 141 and 142 and a spectrometer 15.
As shown in FIG. 1, a laser beam (referred to as Beam one)) After passing through a 50: 50 beam splitter 11, the beam is divided into two beamsAnd light beam threeThen respectively propagating in different paths, and reflecting by a mirror 121 and a piezoelectric ceramic 122 with a mirror, then spatially combining on a second beam splitter 13, and finally outputting from two output ports, namely interference outputAnd interference outputThe signals are detected by the two photodiodes 141 and 142 and subtracted, that is, a balanced homodyne detection method in quantum optics is adopted, and the subtracted signals are amplified and then input into the spectrum analyzer 15 for analysis.
A laser beamIs split into two beams by a first BS beam splitter 11And light beam threeThe light intensities of (a) and (b) are respectively:
wherein,a quantum operator being the electric field strength of the beam a,as a quantum operatorThe complex conjugate operator of (c).A quantum operator being the electric field strength of the beam B,as a quantum operatorThe complex conjugate operator of (c). And a light beam twoAnd light beam threeAre respectively:
in the above formulaFor the vacuum field energy operator incident on the beam splitter,quantum operator of the intensity of the laser electric field emitted by the laser. Phase factor eiθResulting from the vibrational displacement of piezoelectric ceramic 122. After passing through the second BS splitter 13, the interference outputAnd interference outputRespectively as follows:
here, theAndare respectively beams of lightAnd a light beamQuantum operator of the electric field strength. Thus, interfere with outputThe strength of (A) is:
here, theAre respectively quantum operatorsAndthe complex conjugate operator of (a); i is a complex number, (i squared ═ minus 1).
After the signal C is directly detected by the photodetector 141, the signal C is analyzed by the spectrum analyzer 15 to obtain the noise level at each phase, and the variance finally output by the spectrum analyzer 15 is:
examples
As shown in fig. 2, the laser light source used in this embodiment is a continuous 632.8nm laser.
As shown in fig. 2, after being collimated, the laser light source 21 is divided into two paths by the 50: 50 beam splitter 24, one path passes through one set of mirrors 251, 261, 271 and enters the other 50: 50 beam splitter 28 for transmission; the other path is reflected by the piezo-ceramic 262 with a mirror and is reflected again in the beam splitter 28. The two light beams have equal optical paths and are combined on the outgoing beam splitter 28; and then focused on the detection surface of the photodetector 210, and the focal length of the focusing lens 29 is 100 mm. One set of the reflectors comprises three reflectors 251, 261 and 271 arranged at an angle of 45 degrees with the light path, and the three reflectors are used for facilitating adjustment to enable the two light beams to be perfectly combined.
As shown in fig. 2, a polarization beam splitter 22 and a polarizer 23 are used to form a light attenuation system in front of the interferometer system, which can be used to change the light intensity of the incident laser light. By using the adjustable attenuation sheet 252 in one path of the split beam optical path, the light intensity of the two paths of the split beam optical path is approximately the same, and the interference contrast is further improved.
As shown in fig. 3, the phase θ is simulated by the cyclic expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric ceramics 262, and if the input signal is a triangular wave, the phase θ provided by the piezoelectric ceramics 262 satisfies, in a half cycle:
θ＝kt (7)
k is a proportionality coefficient, is proportional to the amplitude of the triangular wave and is inversely proportional to the period of the triangular wave, and the above formula is substituted into the varianceThe following can be obtained:
the equation is the relationship between the detected signal on the spectrometer and the time in a half cycle. In this embodiment, the signal generator 211 generates a triangular wave signal with an amplitude of 2V and a frequency of 5Hz, which is amplified by the amplifier 272 and then input as a driving signal to the piezoelectric ceramic 262. The piezoelectric ceramics 262 provide a small optical path difference in the beam splitting branch for simulating small changes such as gravitational waves. The triangular wave signal makes the optical path difference of the two paths of the interferometer change back and forth linearly, and although the movement of the fringes in the interference pattern generated after the combination cannot be observed directly, a sinusoidal signal curve can be obtained within a period through the photoelectric detector 210, the oscilloscope 212 and the spectrum analyzer 213.
As shown in FIG. 4, in the embodiment of the present invention, the total incident light intensity is changed, and 7 incident light intensities are selected in the interval of 100-250 μ WData points to obtain corresponding oscillogram and fitting coefficient of sine function | alpha ¬ non calculation2And satisfies a good linear relation with the incident light intensity.
The optimization scheme of the invention also comprises the following aspects:
the invention is suitable for various laser light sources, and has no special requirements on wavelength, repetition frequency and pulse width. The light intensity of the incident interference system can obviously improve the amplification signal-to-noise ratio of the tiny signal, and a good sinusoidal signal can be observed on a frequency spectrograph more easily for a laser light source with higher power. If the laser light source is changed into a light source with other wavelengths, the reflecting mirror, the attenuation sheet, the photoelectric detector and the like are only required to be changed into elements with corresponding wavelength ranges, and the rule of obtaining the experimental result at the output end is unchanged.
The piezoelectric ceramic for simulating gravitational wave signals can also work under the driving signals with other frequencies, amplitudes and waveforms (such as sine waves). That is, the system can measure any signal within the measurement limit range regardless of the frequency and the size of the gravitational wave signal.
Using the electro-optical modulator to give a certain controllable signal, and observing the spectrum analyzer if the signal size is known, such as one micron, to know the signal-to-noise ratio; thereby obtaining the displacement measurement limit of the system. The displacement measurement limit is one of important characterizing parameters of system measurement accuracy, and when the signal size is equivalent to the noise size, the signal can be measured; if the signal is less than the noise, the system cannot measure this signal.
The analysis shows that the small quantum interferometer is built on the basis of the gravitational wave measurement principle, the building of the experimental instrument can be completely realized in a basic physical laboratory, a quantum mechanical experiment is incorporated into an experiment course system of the department, more quantum precision measurement researches can be further carried out, and the experimental instrument has high deep research and application values.
Claims (3)
1. The small quantum interferometer for simulating gravitational waves by using piezoceramics is characterized by comprising a helium-neon laser (21), a polarization beam splitter (22), a polarizing plate (23), a first beam splitter (24), a first reflecting mirror (251), a second reflecting mirror (261), a third reflecting mirror (271), a second beam splitter (28), a converging lens (29), a photoelectric detector (210), an attenuation sheet (252), piezoceramics (262) with reflecting mirrors, a signal generator (211), a voltage amplifier (272) and a frequency spectrograph (213) or an oscilloscope (212), wherein the helium-neon laser (21), the polarization beam splitter (22), the polarizing plate (23), the first beam splitter (24), the first reflecting mirror (251), the second reflecting mirror (261), the third reflecting mirror (271), the second beam splitter (28), the converging lens (29), The photoelectric detectors (210) are connected in turn by optical paths; the first beam splitter (24), the attenuation sheet (252) and the piezoelectric ceramic (262) with the reflecting mirror are connected in sequence through an optical path; the signal generator (211), the voltage amplifier (272) and the piezoelectric ceramics (262) with the reflector are sequentially connected by a circuit; the piezoelectric ceramic (262) with the reflecting mirror is connected with the optical path of the second beam splitter (28); the photoelectric detector (210) is in circuit connection with the frequency spectrograph (213) or the oscilloscope (212);
continuous laser emitted by the helium-neon laser (21) enters a polarization beam splitter (22) and a polaroid (23) to modulate light intensity, and enters a beam splitter (24) for splitting to obtain two beams, and one beam enters a beam splitter (28) through a first reflector (251), a second reflector (261) and a third reflector (271); the other beam of light enters an attenuation sheet (252) for attenuation, enters piezoelectric ceramics (262) with a reflecting mirror to adjust the optical path length of the beam of light, and is reflected to enter a beam splitter (28); the two beams of light entering the beam splitter (28) are combined again, converged by a converging lens (29), then converted into electric signals by a photoelectric detector (210), and enter a frequency spectrograph (213) or an oscilloscope (212) for signal analysis; the signal generator (211) sends out signals, and the signals are regulated and controlled by the piezoelectric ceramics (262) after passing through the voltage amplifier (272) so as to simulate the influence of gravitational waves on one optical path.
2. The small-scale quantum interferometer using piezoceramic simulation gravitational wave of claim 1, wherein the electrical signal generated by the signal generator (211) is of any amplitude and any frequency, and is biased when amplified by the voltage amplifier (272) to ensure that the signal input to the piezoceramic (262) is positive; the piezoelectric ceramic (262) drives the reflector to generate a certain displacement, thereby generating phase change on one arm.
3. The compact quantum interferometer using piezoceramics for simulating gravitational waves according to claim 1, characterized in that the interference contrast is observed with an oscilloscope (212); the interferometer output signal and noise are detected and analyzed by a spectrum analyzer (213).
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