CN110238403B - Composite material with lightweight sandwich structure and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Composite material with lightweight sandwich structure and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110238403B CN110238403B CN201810196260.9A CN201810196260A CN110238403B CN 110238403 B CN110238403 B CN 110238403B CN 201810196260 A CN201810196260 A CN 201810196260A CN 110238403 B CN110238403 B CN 110238403B
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/002—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature
- B22F7/004—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature comprising at least one non-porous part
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F2003/145—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously by warm compacting, below debindering temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
Abstract
The invention provides a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure and a preparation method thereof, wherein the sandwich structure consists of a sandwich layer and an outer layer arranged outside the sandwich layer, wherein: the sandwich layer is mixed powder of metal powder and hollow ceramic particles; the outer layer is made of metal powder. The technical scheme of the invention adopts a simple and convenient powder metallurgy method to prepare the composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure, has less processes and can greatly reduce the production cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of metal matrix composite materials, in particular to a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the development of aviation and navigation, light weight design of ships, aircrafts and the like is required to reduce the influence of continuous vibration or fluctuation. Accordingly, ships and aircraft are required to use materials having high impact resistance and energy absorption. Among them, the development of metal-based foam composite materials using ceramic hollow microspheres is an important development direction. The ceramic hollow microsphere has the characteristics of larger sphere diameter/wall thickness ratio, low density, high specific strength, large specific surface area and the like. Under the impact action, the hollow microspheres can not be restored and deformed, and meanwhile, a certain safety protection space can be provided, so that the hollow microspheres have good bearing performance and energy absorption capacity. Therefore, the metal foam composite material prepared by using the ceramic hollow microspheres can inherit a large number of holes of the hollow microspheres, so that the composite material has the characteristics of low density, high rigidity-weight ratio and high strength-weight ratio.
At present, the metal-based foam composite material has a problem to be solved urgently, namely low strength. Severely restricting the wide application of the composite material as a structural member. Therefore, there is a need to develop a method for improving the strength of such composite materials to develop a lightweight, high strength metal foam composite material. In order to improve the mechanical properties of the metal foam material, it is necessary to provide a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure and a preparation method thereof.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure and a preparation method thereof, and the composite material can overcome the defects of the prior art and has the characteristics of low density, high modulus, high strength, high toughness, energy absorption, sound absorption and the like.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
as shown in fig. 1 to 2, according to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a composite material of a lightweight sandwich structure, the sandwich structure being composed of a sandwich layer and an outer layer disposed outside the sandwich layer, wherein: the sandwich layer is mixed powder of metal powder and hollow ceramic particles; the outer layer is made of metal powder; preferably, the particle size of the metal powder for the sandwich layer is 40 to 90 μm; the particle size of the metal powder used for the outer layer is 30 to 70 μm.
The grain diameter of the metal powder used for the outer layer is 30-70 mu m, the grain diameter of the metal powder used for the sandwich layer is 40-90 mu m, the toughness and the rigidity of the outer layer are improved, and the material of the sandwich layer can bear larger deformation and absorb more energy.
The mixed powder of the metal powder and the hollow ceramic particles is used as the sandwich layer, so that a large number of holes exist in the sandwich layer, the hollow ceramic particles become bearing elements of stress under the pressure condition, and can absorb energy very well.
The outer layer of the sandwich layer formed by the metal powder and the hollow ceramic particles is put with the rigid and tough material (metal powder) to be made into a sandwich composite material, as shown in figures 1 and 2, the sandwich layer is made of the metal foam material (metal powder and hollow ceramic particles), and the upper layer, the lower layer or the peripheral outer layer are made of the rigid and tough material. The surface layer materials of the upper layer and the lower layer or the peripheral outer layer can improve the toughness and the rigidity of the material, the material of the sandwich layer can bear larger deformation and absorb more energy, and the material has good application prospect in vehicle anti-collision and explosion armors.
Further, the hollow ceramic particles are Al2O3、SiCHS、B4C or a mixture of any two or three of C. SiCHSIs hollow silicon carbide (SiC hollow sphere).
Further, the metal powder is one of magnesium alloy powder, aluminum alloy powder and titanium alloy powder or a mixture of the magnesium alloy powder and the aluminum alloy powder.
Further, the total volume fraction of the mixed powder is 100%, wherein the volume fraction of the metal powder is 40% to 80% (e.g., 42%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 62%, 65%, 70%, 73%, 76%, 78%), and the volume fraction of the hollow ceramic particles is 20% to 60% (e.g., 22%, 24%, 27%, 30%, 35%, 38%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 58%).
Further, the hollow ceramic particles are microsphere hollow ceramic particles, the microsphere has a sphere diameter of less than 3mm and a wall thickness of 10-120 μm (such as 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, 70 μm, 80 μm, 90 μm, 100 μm, 110 μm). The sphere diameter and the wall thickness of the microsphere directly influence the density and the strength of the microsphere, the sphere diameter is large, the wall thickness is small, the density of the microsphere is small, and the strength is low, so that the proper sphere diameter and wall thickness are selected according to requirements. The sphere diameter of the microsphere is less than 3mm, and the density and the strength of the microsphere can meet the requirements at the same time when the wall thickness is 10-120 mu m.
Further, as shown in fig. 1, the outer layers include an upper outer layer and a lower outer layer with a sandwich layer therebetween. The thickness ratio of the upper outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1:100 to 1: 5; the thickness ratio of the lower outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1:100 to 1: 5. The thickness ratio of the upper outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1: 100-1: 5, and the thickness ratio of the lower outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1: 100-1: 5, so that the requirements of the sandwich structure on weight, rigidity, toughness and the like are met. The upper and lower outer layers may be the same thickness or different thicknesses, as desired.
Further, as shown in fig. 2, the outer layer completely surrounds the sandwich layer, and preferably, the thickness ratio of the outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1:100 to 1: 5. The different locations in the outer layer may be the same thickness or not as thick as desired. The shape of the composite material shown in fig. 2 can be any geometric shape, the outer layer and the sandwich layer have the same or different shapes, the geometric shape of the mold is designed according to requirements, and a sintering furnace with corresponding size is used for hot-pressing sintering to obtain the composite material with corresponding geometric shape to meet different requirements.
On the other hand, the invention also discloses a method for preparing the composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure, which comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing powder: mixing metal powder for the sandwich layer with the hollow ceramic particles to obtain mixed powder;
(2) die filling: lay the three-layer in proper order by the bottom to the top of mould inside the mould, include: a layer of metal powder for the outer layer, a layer of mixed powder prepared in the step (1) and a layer of metal powder for the outer layer are sealed in a mold;
(3) hot-pressing and sintering: sintering the mold loaded in the step (2) in a hot-pressing sintering furnace at the sintering temperature of 400-,
(4) sampling: and taking the die out of the hot-pressing sintering furnace and opening the die to obtain the composite material with the sandwich structure.
The hot-pressing sintering process plays a decisive role in the performance of the composite material, and factors influencing the sintering effect mainly comprise sintering temperature, sintering pressure, heat-preservation and pressure-maintaining time and the like. Reasonable process parameters have crucial influence on the performance of the composite material, and through experimental research, the optimal process for exploring hot-pressing sintering is as follows:
(1) temperature and time of mold heat preservation: and preserving the heat for 25-35 minutes at 290-310 ℃. Heating the mould to 290-310 ℃ at the speed of 8-12 ℃/min and preserving heat for 25-35 minutes at the temperature, wherein the treatment mainly has two functions, namely protecting the mould; secondly, the powder particles in the outer layer and the sandwich layer can be simultaneously insulated for 25-35 minutes at the temperature, so that the temperature of the powder particles is uniform; and (3) heating to the sintering temperature in the following step (2), wherein if the powder particles are directly heated to the sintering temperature, the temperature of the powder particles may be inconsistent, the sintering effect is influenced, and the performance of the composite material is further influenced.
(2) Sintering pressure: generally speaking, the larger the pressure is, the tighter the powder particles are contacted, the smaller the pores between the powders are, and the greater the density of the composite material is, the pressure selected by the invention is 20 MPa-60 MPa (such as 28MPa, 30MPa, 32MPa, 35MPa, 38MPa, 42MPa, 45MPa, 48MPa, 50MPa, 55MPa, 58MPa), and thus the pores between the powders can be increased on the premise of ensuring the performance of the composite material, so as to reduce the density of the composite material.
(3) Sintering temperature: the sintering temperature is one of the important factors affecting the sintering effect. The higher the sintering temperature, the faster the densification speed and the higher the densification. However, when the sintering temperature is too high, abnormal growth of crystal grains or interface reaction between the reinforcement and the matrix may occur, for example, SiC particles and the aluminum alloy matrix are liable to react to form Al4C3The mechanical property of the product is reduced; in the present invention, the sintering temperature is preferably 400-.
(4) And (3) heat preservation and pressure maintaining time: the heat preservation and pressure maintaining time is the time for material densification, grain development and internal stress elimination, and if the time is too short, the densification cannot be completed in time and the internal stress elimination is not sufficient, and if the time is too long, abnormal grain growth is easily caused. The heat preservation time selected by the invention is 40-120min (such as 50min, 60min, 70min, 80min, 90min, 100min and 110 min).
The composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure prepared by adopting a hot-pressing sintering method has compact structure and good performance.
Further, the following steps are included between the step (1) and the step (2):
preparing a precast block: and (2) putting the mixed powder prepared in the step (1) into a mould, then putting the mould into a hot-pressing sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature for preparing the precast block is 400-.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
1. the process is less, and the preparation method is simple: the preparation method adopts a simple and convenient powder metallurgy method to prepare the composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure, has few processes and can greatly reduce the production cost.
2. The tissue is uniform, and the strength is high: the preparation method overcomes the problems of uneven distribution of the reinforcement and the segregation on the upper part due to buoyancy in the preparation of a liquid preparation method.
3. The lightweight sandwich-structured composite material prepared by the method has uniform tissue, and less or even no reinforcement segregation phenomenon, thereby improving the comprehensive mechanical property of the composite material.
4. The application range is wide: the preparation method is suitable for the preparation of various materials. When the material is prepared, the base metal can be various, such as magnesium, aluminum, titanium and the like, and the applicable size is wide.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. Wherein:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a lightweight sandwich structured composite material according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a lightweight sandwich structured composite material according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals: 1, a sandwich layer; 2, outer layer; 21 an upper outer layer; 22 lower outer layer.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure, which is prepared by the following steps:
(1) mixing powder: mixing metal 6061 aluminum alloy powder for sandwich layer with Al2O3Mixing the hollow ceramic particles to obtain mixed powder, wherein the particle size of the metal powder is 41-53 mu m, the volume of the metal powder is 42% of the total volume of the mixed powder, the hollow ceramic particles are microsphere hollow ceramic particles, the sphere diameter is 3mm, the wall thickness is 100 +/-5 mu m, and the volume of the hollow ceramic particles is 58% of the total volume of the mixed powder;
(2) die filling: sequentially laying the materials from the bottom to the top of the mold inside the mold: a layer of metal powder for the outer layer with a thickness of 1mm, a layer of mixed powder prepared in the step (1) with a thickness of 80mm, and a layer of metal powder for the outer layer with a thickness of 1mm, and then sealing the mold;
(3) hot-pressing and sintering: putting the die loaded in the step (2) into a hot-pressing sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 500 ℃, the sintering pressure is 35MPa, and the sintering time is 60 min;
(4) sampling: and taking the die out of the hot-pressing sintering furnace and opening the die to obtain the composite material with the sandwich structure.
The composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure prepared by the embodiment has the following properties:
density: 1.580-1.714 g/cm3(ii) a Compressive strength: 187.20 +/-19.4 MPa.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure, which is prepared by the following steps:
(1) mixing powder: mixing metal powder for the sandwich layer with hollow ceramic particles to obtain mixed powder, wherein the particle size of the metal powder is 41-53 mu m, the volume of the metal powder is 42% of the total volume of the mixed powder, the hollow ceramic particles are microsphere hollow ceramic particles, the sphere diameter is 2mm, the wall thickness is 70 +/-5 mu m, and the volume of the hollow ceramic particles is 58% of the total volume of the mixed powder;
(2) die filling: sequentially laying the materials from the bottom to the top of the mold inside the mold: a layer of metal powder for the outer layer, the thickness of which is 2mm, a layer of mixed powder prepared in the step (1), the thickness of which is 50mm, and a layer of metal powder for the outer layer, the thickness of which is 2mm, and then sealing the mold;
(3) hot-pressing and sintering: putting the die loaded in the step (2) into a hot-pressing sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 500 ℃, the sintering pressure is 35MPa, and the sintering time is 60 min;
(4) sampling: and taking the die out of the hot-pressing sintering furnace and opening the die to obtain the composite material with the sandwich structure.
The composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure prepared by the embodiment has the following properties:
density: 1.425 to 1.65g/cm3(ii) a Compressive strength: 149.1 +/-5.5 MPa.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a composite material with a lightweight sandwich structure, which is prepared by the following steps:
(1) mixing powder: mixing metal 6061 aluminum alloy powder for sandwich layer with Al2O3Mixing the hollow ceramic particles to obtain mixed powder, wherein the particle size of the metal powder is 41-53 mu m, the volume of the metal powder is 52 percent of the total volume of the mixed powder, the hollow ceramic particles are microsphere hollow ceramic particles, the sphere diameter is 3mm, the wall thickness is 100 +/-5 mu m, and the volume of the hollow ceramic particles is 48 percent of the total volume of the mixed powder;
(2) die filling: sequentially laying the materials from the bottom to the top of the mold inside the mold: a layer of metal powder for the outer layer with a thickness of 1mm, a layer of mixed powder prepared in the step (1) with a thickness of 80mm, and a layer of metal powder for the outer layer with a thickness of 1mm, and then sealing the mold;
(3) hot-pressing and sintering: putting the die loaded in the step (2) into a hot-pressing sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 500 ℃, the sintering pressure is 35MPa, and the sintering time is 60 min;
(4) sampling: and taking the die out of the hot-pressing sintering furnace and opening the die to obtain the composite material with the sandwich structure.
The composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure prepared by the embodiment has the following properties:
density: 1.722-1.884 g/cm 3; compressive strength: 200 plus or minus 18.5 MPa.
The composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure prepared by the hollow ceramic particles has low density, high rigidity-weight ratio and high strength-weight ratio, and because a large number of holes exist, the microspheres become stress bearing elements under a pressure condition, so that the energy can be well absorbed. In addition, because the hollow ceramic particles are gradually crushed under the compression condition, the hollow ceramic particles can have larger strain, and the material has high damage tolerance and can keep damage localization, so that the internal impact bearing capacity of the composite material is very obvious, the composite material can inhibit mechanical vibration and attenuate wave propagation, and can be widely applied to the fields of aviation, aerospace, military, medical use, civil use and the like, such as ballistic armors, airplane structures, automobile structural parts, automobile buffer zones, medical prostheses, sound barriers, shock absorbers and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the lightweight sandwich structure composite material and the preparation method thereof provided by the invention have the following advantages:
1. the process is less, and the preparation method is simple: the preparation method adopts a simple and convenient powder metallurgy method to prepare the composite material with the lightweight sandwich structure, has few processes and can greatly reduce the production cost.
2. The tissue is uniform, and the strength is high: the preparation method overcomes the problems of uneven distribution of the reinforcement and the segregation on the upper part due to buoyancy in the preparation of a liquid preparation method.
3. The lightweight sandwich-structured composite material prepared by the method has uniform tissue, and less or even no reinforcement segregation phenomenon, thereby improving the comprehensive mechanical property of the composite material.
4. The application range is wide: the preparation method is suitable for the preparation of various materials. When the material is prepared, the base metal can be various, such as magnesium, aluminum, titanium and the like, and the applicable size is wide.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A composite material of a lightweight sandwich structure, wherein the sandwich structure is comprised of a sandwich layer and an outer layer disposed outside the sandwich layer, wherein:
the sandwich layer is mixed powder of metal powder and hollow ceramic particles;
the outer layer is made of metal powder;
the particle size of the metal powder used for the sandwich layer is 40-90 μm;
the particle size of the metal powder used for the outer layer is 30-70 μm;
the thickness ratio of the outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1:100 to 1: 5;
the composite material is prepared by hot-pressing sintering, the sintering temperature is 450-550 ℃, the sintering pressure is 20-60MPa, and the heat preservation time is 40-120 min.
2. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the hollow ceramic particles are Al2O3、SiCHS、B4C or a mixture of any two or three of C.
3. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the metal powder is one of magnesium alloy powder, aluminum alloy powder, titanium alloy powder, or a mixture of magnesium alloy powder and aluminum alloy powder.
4. The composite material according to claim 1,
the total volume fraction of the mixed powder is 100%, wherein the volume fraction of the metal powder is 40% -80%, and the volume fraction of the hollow ceramic particles is 20% -60%.
5. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the hollow ceramic particles are microsphere hollow ceramic particles having a sphere diameter of less than 3mm and a wall thickness of 10-120 μm.
6. The composite of claim 1, wherein the outer layer comprises an upper outer layer and a lower outer layer, the sandwich layer being positioned between the upper outer layer and the lower outer layer.
7. The composite material according to claim 6,
the thickness ratio of the upper outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1:100 to 1: 5;
the thickness ratio of the lower outer layer to the sandwich layer is 1:100 to 1: 5.
8. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the outer layer completely surrounds the sandwich layer, the outer layer being of the same or different shape as the sandwich layer.
9. A method of making a composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of:
(1) mixing powder: mixing the metal powder for the sandwich layer with the hollow ceramic particles to obtain mixed powder;
(2) die filling: lay the three-layer in proper order by the bottom to the top of mould inside the mould, include: a layer of the metal powder for the outer layer, a layer of the mixed powder produced in the step (1), a layer of the metal powder for the outer layer, and then sealing the mold;
(3) hot-pressing and sintering: putting the die assembled in the step (2) into a hot-pressing sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 450-550 ℃, the sintering pressure is 20-60MPa, and the heat preservation time is 40-120 min;
(4) sampling: and taking the die out of the hot-pressing sintering furnace and then opening the die to obtain the composite material with the sandwich structure.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, between step (1) and step (2), the steps of:
preparing a precast block: and (2) filling the mixed powder prepared in the step (1) into a mold, then placing the mold into a hot-pressing sintering furnace for sintering, wherein the sintering temperature is 400-900 ℃, the sintering pressure is 20-60MPa, and the heat preservation time is 40-120min, and obtaining the precast block of the sandwich layer after sintering.
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| CN201810196260.9A CN110238403B (en) | 2018-03-09 | 2018-03-09 | Composite material with lightweight sandwich structure and preparation method thereof |
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| CN201810196260.9A CN110238403B (en) | 2018-03-09 | 2018-03-09 | Composite material with lightweight sandwich structure and preparation method thereof |
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| CN110238403B true CN110238403B (en) | 2021-05-14 |
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