CN110225431A - The expansion system and its design method of woofer - Google Patents
The expansion system and its design method of woofer Download PDFInfo
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- CN110225431A CN110225431A CN201810174407.4A CN201810174407A CN110225431A CN 110225431 A CN110225431 A CN 110225431A CN 201810174407 A CN201810174407 A CN 201810174407A CN 110225431 A CN110225431 A CN 110225431A
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- woofer
- expansion system
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- volume
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 241000723298 Dicentrarchus labrax Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2807—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements
- H04R1/2811—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements for loudspeaker transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R31/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of transducers or diaphragms therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R2499/00—Aspects covered by H04R or H04S not otherwise provided for in their subgroups
- H04R2499/10—General applications
- H04R2499/11—Transducers incorporated or for use in hand-held devices, e.g. mobile phones, PDA's, camera's
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of expansion system of woofer, suitable for portable electronic devices, including woofer, preceding speaker and rear speaker, it is respectively arranged in the body of the portable electronic devices, wherein rear speaker be enclosure space, the volume of preceding speaker is greater than the volume of rear speaker, and preceding speaker is formed with loud-speaker opening in the body surface of portable electronic devices.Separately disclose a kind of design method of the expansion system of woofer.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of expansion system of woofer and its design methods.
Background technique
Microspeaker is widely used, and many portable electronic devices carry loudspeaker, to play music or audio.
However, electronic device develops towards slimming for the requirement being convenient for carrying in response to user for electronic device, so that
Internal loudspeaker must be also thinned.But the volume for reducing mobile phone, must involve the efficiency of horn module, and citing comes
It says, the speaker volume size system of horn module and the quality of output sound have close relationship, and industry discovery is in loudspeaker
During slimming development, bass audio can be seriously affected.In general, even if by various trials, bass
Audio is usually only capable of reaching 600Hz, can not show 600Hz bass audio below, and is unable to satisfy user acoustically
Impression.
Especially with tablet computer for, there is certain size limitation in the thickness of body, therefore further limit
The design condition of loudspeaker and its speaker.How under the confined condition, moreover it is possible to further play loudspeaker in bass model
The performance enclosed, the project that actually thinking solves needed for related personnel.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides the expansion system and its design method of a kind of woofer, to be limited to cabinet size item
It remains to generate bass effect under part.
The design method of the expansion system of woofer of the invention is suitable for portable electronic devices, the design
Method includes: to obtain portable electronic devices to predetermined volume needed for installing expansion system;Pass through according to predetermined volume
The wave equation of plane wave carries out the operation of cutoff frequency;Passage length and the channel of expansion system are obtained by the operation
Sectional area;And the passage length and the channel cross-sectional area are formed into the preceding speaker of the expansion system, and adapt to institute
It states in the body of portable electronic devices.
The expansion system of woofer of the invention is suitable for portable electronic devices, the extension system of woofer
System includes woofer, preceding speaker and rear speaker, is respectively arranged in the body of portable electronic devices, wherein rear speaker
For enclosure space, the volume of preceding speaker is greater than the volume of rear speaker, and preceding speaker forms bass loudspeaker hole in the surface of body.
Based on above-mentioned, the default sky of the expansion system by obtaining the portable electronic devices woofer to be arranged
Between after, the present invention can carry out the fortune of cutoff frequency (i.e. bass resonance frequency) by the wave equation of plane wave simultaneously
Calculate, and further obtain the passage length and channel cross-sectional area of expansion system via operation, and with the passage length with
Channel cross-sectional area forms the preceding speaker of expansion system in the body of portable electronic devices, and separately by the specification of woofer
The volume of speaker after acquirement, and make the volume of preceding speaker greater than the volume of rear speaker, finally by the forward and backward speaker according to body
Component environment and adapt within body, to complete the expansion system of woofer.This measure allows such as tablet computer because of machine
Concrete conditions in the establishment of a specific crime (size, configuration) and limited portable electronic devices, remain to the expansion system for favorably accomplishing woofer
Design.That is, this measure can allow as remained to be smoothly through in the case of the more harsh utilization rate in above-mentioned internal body space
The setting of expansion system and allow portable electronic devices to remain to have the effect of bass loudspeaker, to improve the operation sense of user
By.
To make the foregoing features and advantages of the present invention clearer and more comprehensible, special embodiment below, and it is detailed to cooperate attached drawing to make
Carefully it is described as follows.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the front view of the portable electronic devices of an embodiment according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the design method flow chart of the expansion system of woofer of the present invention;
Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D and Fig. 4 A to Fig. 4 D is showing according to difference expansion system acquired by previous designs method respectively
It is intended to;
Fig. 5 A shows the vibrating diaphragm amplitude and power relation figure of woofer;
Fig. 5 B shows the vibrating diaphragm amplitude of woofer and the relational graph of rear speaker volume;
Fig. 6 A shows the frequency versus impedance relational graph of expansion system;
Fig. 6 B shows frequency-acoustic pressure relational graph of expansion system;
Fig. 7 shows frequency-acoustic pressure relational graph of expansion system.
Drawing reference numeral explanation:
10: body
100,300: the expansion system of woofer
110,310: woofer
120A, 120B, 130A, 330A: space
130B, 330B: channel
140,340: bass loudspeaker hole
150,350: cover board
160,360: upper casing
161,162,164,165,171,172,173,174,361,362,371,372: subspace
163,363,365: opening
170,370: lower casing
200L: left channel loudspeaker system
200R: right channel loudspeaker system
364: fin
F1: preceding speaker
R1,320: rear speaker
S110~S160: step
Specific embodiment
Fig. 1 is the front view of the portable electronic devices of an embodiment according to the present invention.Fig. 2 is woofer of the present invention
Expansion system design method flow chart.It please also refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, in the present embodiment, the extension system of woofer
The design method of system is to be suitable for portable electronic devices with body 10 and it is arranged herein by taking tablet computer as an example
Interior loudspeaker module includes expansion system 100, left channel loudspeaker system 200L and the right channel loudspeaking of woofer
Device system 200R.Here, left channel loudspeaker system 200L and right channel loudspeaker system 200R can be obtained just like the prior art
Know, to handle medium, high frequency sound, so it will not be repeated.
In the present embodiment, to allow tablet computer as shown in Figure 1 to remain to successfully configure woofer in body 10,
Therefore special characteristic of the present invention (design method) need to be further advanced by and generated.Firstly, in step s 110, needing leading
The pre-set space of the expansion system 100 of portable electronic devices woofer to be installed is obtained, then, in the step s 120,
The operation of cutoff frequency is carried out according to aforementioned pre-set space and by the wave equation of plane wave.Here, cutoff frequency is
For the resonant frequency of low-frequency sound to be obtained, in this present embodiment, the cutoff frequency is greater than or equal to 250Hz.Such one
Come, bass to be made can be obtained in step s 130 and carry out transmitting required channel size, i.e. passage length and channel cross-section
Product.At the same time, in other steps (step S140 and step S150), by obtaining the specification of woofer, and can evidence
To set the rear speaker volume of woofer.Finally, in step S160, aforementioned channels are dimensioned to expansion system
Preceding speaker, and be adapted to together with rear speaker volume to the body 10 of portable electronic devices, meanwhile, speaker is in body before making
10 surface forms bass loudspeaker hole, and space enclosure space where making rear speaker, can complete the present embodiment bass loudspeaker
The expansion system 100 of device.It should be noted that the adaptation movement refers to according to the configuration condition in body 10 (by body 10
Portion space and surrounding member) influence and it is different.
It can be seen from the above, it is that later loudspeaker box structure is set as what bass transmitted that the present embodiment, which changes existing bass extension technology,
Meter, that is to say, that the present invention is to change to be imposed a condition by the wave equation of plane wave and its periphery, and make woofer
Giving up needs that bass can be transmitted by the rear speaker of large volume (thickness) under the prior art (for example, by using vented port)
Situation, therefore the prior art can be improved can not provide bass loudspeaker effect under the limited steric requirements of thin type electronic device.
It further says, above-mentioned design is foundation formula to reach: fp=[(2m+1) × C]/4L, wherein fpIt is that low frequency is total
Vibration frequency, C is the velocity of sound (unit m/s), and L is guide length, can be considered passage length herein, that is, low-frequency sound is from raising
Sound device is to the transmitting distance between sound outlet hole.In addition, m=0,1,2 ..., are exciting mode (mode of vibration).
Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D and Fig. 4 A to Fig. 4 D is respectively according to difference expansion system acquired by previous designs method.
It please refer to Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D, only locally made shared by the body 10 with the expansion system of woofer 100 herein
For signal.In the present embodiment, be arranged in the woofer in body 10 expansion system 100 include woofer 110,
Preceding speaker F1 and rear speaker R1.Here, the preceding speaker F1 is given with rear speaker R1 system using woofer 110 as benchmark
It limits, preceding speaker F1 is as sound (sound wave) caused by directly transmitting woofer 110, and it is in the surface shape of body 10
At bass loudspeaker hole 140, sound caused by woofer 110 is sent out except body 10.Speaker R1 is closing afterwards
Space, as provide woofer 110 caused by sound wave carry out resonance be used, and allow resonance after sound wave equally via
Preceding speaker F1 and bass loudspeaker hole 140 are spread out of except body 10.
Speaker R1 further includes space 120A, 120B afterwards, and wherein the side of space 120A is configured with woofer
110, and space 120A is between space 120B and woofer 110.Preceding speaker F1 includes space 130A and channel
130B, medium and low spectrum loudspeaker 110 are spaced between space 120A and space 130A, and sound caused by woofer 110
Sound and its via rear speaker R1 resonance after sound be to spread out of machine via space 130A, channel 130B and bass loudspeaker hole 140
Except body 10.
As described in abovementioned steps S140 and S150, the volume of rear speaker R1 need to depending on the specification of woofer 110,
This, the woofer 110 that the present embodiment is applicable in means that power is less than or equal to for 2w person, and its dimensions (long ×
It is wide) it is (16mm × 9mm), (32mm × 9mm) or (34mm × 11mm).Therefore, the volume of rear speaker R1 only need less volume with
Sound wave resonance can be reached.Fig. 5 A shows the vibrating diaphragm amplitude and power relation figure of woofer.Fig. 5 B shows bass loudspeaker
The relational graph of the vibrating diaphragm amplitude of device and rear speaker volume.It please also refer to Fig. 5 A and Fig. 5 B, can be learnt by Fig. 5 A, power is 1W's
Woofer, vibrating diaphragm amplitude (500Hz~700Hz) is reachable close to 0.3mm~0.35mm, and working as the power is 1W's
When the volume settings of the rear speaker of woofer are 2c.c, the sound wave after resonance, which may cause, allows the vibrating diaphragm of woofer
Amplitude (500Hz) woofer is more than 0.45mm.That is, power is the volume reality of the rear speaker of the woofer of 1W
No more than 2c.c on border, the vibrating diaphragm amplitude of woofer otherwise will be caused to damage beyond limit of power.Accordingly, this reality
Applying example side's volume of speaker R1 after the setting of abovementioned steps S140, S150 should be 3c.c hereinafter, being wherein preferably configured to correspondingly-sized
Specification (long × wide) is that the rear speaker volume of (16mm × 9mm) is 1c.c, and correspondingly-sized specification (long × wide) is (32mm × 9mm)
Rear speaker volume be 2c.c, correspondingly-sized specification (long × wide) is that the rear speaker volume of (34mm × 11mm) is 2c.c.It needs
Bright, the rear speaker volume is upper limit value.
Then, above-mentioned steps and Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D please be compare, herein with dimensions (long × wide) for (16mm × 9mm)
For the woofer 110 of (and with a thickness of 3mm or 2.5mm), wherein the volume of rear speaker R1 is preferably set as 1c.c.Again
Person is 133.92mm × 33mm × 5.13mm according to pre-set space acquired by abovementioned steps S110, wherein thickness 5.13mm be by
Range of the thickness of body 10 no more than 10mm is as illustration.It accordingly, is logical according to channel size acquired by abovementioned steps S130
Road length 291.65mm and channel cross-sectional area 13mm2.Therefore, by the channel size be adapted to the present embodiment body 10 it
When interior, channel 130B need to be bent configuration, and form the state as shown in Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D, wherein be sound shown in arrow
Wave direction of transfer.In this way, which the equivalent volume of the channel 130B of preceding speaker F1 is 3.53c.c, and the volume of space 130A is
0.18c.c, and the volume for forming preceding speaker F1 accordingly is 3.71c.c, and the volume settings of aforementioned rear speaker R1 are 1c.c, because
This, total measurement (volume) needed for the expansion system 100 of woofer described in the present embodiment is 4.71c.c, and as shown in Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D
Configuration, can successfully be set within the body 10 of portable electronic devices.
Specifically, Fig. 3 B and Fig. 3 C shows the structure group of the expansion system 100 of woofer respectively with different perspectives
At and Fig. 3 D shows the partial sectional view of expansion system 100, in the present embodiment comprising upper casing 160 and lower casing 170 and
Cover board 150, woofer 110 are placed in the space between upper casing 160 and lower casing 170 via the opening 163 of upper casing, thereon
Again with the covering of cover board 150, and make to keep space to exist between cover board 150 and woofer 110.Furthermore upper casing 160 includes more
Sub-spaces 161,162,164,165, and lower casing 170 also accordingly include multiple subspaces 171~174, when upper casing 160, under
Shell 170 assemble after, subspace 162 and 172 in conjunction with and form channel 130B, subspace 161 and 171 in conjunction with and form space 130A
A part, and existing space becomes another part of space 130A between carrier board 150 and woofer 110,
And it is as shown in Figure 3D.Accordingly, speaker F1 before space 130A and channel 130B just can be made to be formed.Relatively, subspace 173 is located at low
The lower section of sound loudspeaker 110, and subspace 164 and subspace 173 are partially formed space 120A, as shown in Figure 3D, and subspace
174 form space 120B, accordingly, speaker R1 after space 120A, 120B are just formed with subspace 165.
It refer again to Fig. 4 A to Fig. 4 D, in the expansion system 300 of the woofer of the present embodiment, woofer
310 is identical as aforementioned 110 specification of woofer, rear speaker 320 just like speaker R1 after aforementioned volume settings (1c.c), only according to
There is the difference in configuration according to pre-set space 136.3mm × 31.3mm × 4.96mm.Here, according to space acquired by abovementioned steps
330A is 0.13c.c, the length 188.23mm and sectional area 19.5mm of channel 330B2.Therefore, the equivalent volume of channel 330B is
2.8c.c, and channel 330B and space 330A form preceding speaker.Arrange in pairs or groups again it is described after speaker 320, the present embodiment woofer
Expansion system 300 needed for total measurement (volume) be 3.93c.c, wherein (space 330A and channel 330B) and rear speaker are substantial for preceding speaker
It is in the same plane.
Similar to the STRUCTURE DECOMPOSITION signal of earlier figures 3A to Fig. 3 D, Fig. 4 B and Fig. 4 C shows that bass is raised respectively with different perspectives
The structure composition of the expansion system 300 of sound device, and Fig. 4 D shows the partial sectional view of expansion system 300.In the present embodiment,
Including upper casing 360 and lower casing 370 and cover board 350, woofer 310 be similarly provided between upper casing 360 and lower casing 370 and
Corresponding to opening 363, and with the covering of cover board 350 and opening 363,365 and make to exist between cover board 350 and woofer 310
Space.Furthermore upper casing 360 includes multiple subspaces 361 and 362, and lower casing 370 includes multiple subspaces 371 and 372 and institute
State bass loudspeaker hole 340.After upper casing 360 and lower casing 370 are combined, the formation of subspace 372 and 362 channel 330B, and due to
Upper casing 360 also separates two openings 363,365 with fin 364, therefore woofer 310 can be via the space of corresponding opening 363
So that sound is crossed fin 364 and reach the space of corresponding opening 365, shown in the arrow shown such as Fig. 4 D, with and then from space
330A is sent to channel 330B, and forms preceding speaker (space 330A and channel 330B).In addition, subspace 371 and 361 is formed
Space be expansion system rear speaker 320.
It should be noted that the acquirement process of the preceding speaker of Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3 D and Fig. 4 A to Fig. 4 D illustration, and in this, as
The main frame of expansion system 300, but it is not so limited its dimensions and configuration mode.
Fig. 6 A shows the frequency versus impedance relational graph of expansion system.Fig. 6 B shows frequency-acoustic pressure relational graph of expansion system.
It please also refer to Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6 B, as shown in Figure 6A, the dimensions through preceding speaker acquired by above-mentioned steps can be learnt
In 500Hz frequency response below, therefore low-frequency sound can be generated as expected.Meanwhile as shown in Figure 6B, in bass
Acoustic pressure at (500Hz) can also reach 70dB or more, that is, represent its sound wave and can successfully spread out of except body 10.
Fig. 7 shows frequency-acoustic pressure relational graph of expansion system, wherein darker curve is with the expansion of above-mentioned woofer
For exhibition system 100, and another curve is then the existing bass system being set on portable electronic devices, by institute in box
It is shown in for low-frequency sound 200Hz~500Hz, the expansion system 100 of woofer is obviously more than than existing bass system
10dB or more, therefore more will appreciate that the expansion system of woofer caused by foundation abovementioned steps compared to the prior art
It is implicitly present in apparent bass effect.
In conclusion in the above embodiment of the invention, the extension of portable electronic devices woofer to be arranged
After the pre-set space of system, the present invention can carry out cutoff frequency by the wave equation of plane wave simultaneously, and (i.e. bass is total
Vibration frequency) operation, and obtain the passage length and channel cross-sectional area of expansion system, and via operation further with described
Passage length and channel cross-sectional area form the preceding speaker of expansion system in the body of portable electronic devices, and are separately raised by bass
The volume of speaker after the specification of sound device obtains, and make the volume of preceding speaker greater than the volume of rear speaker.
Finally, then by the forward and backward speaker according to the component environment of body it adapts within body, is raised with completing bass
The expansion system of sound device.The portable electronic devices that this measure allows such as tablet computer to be limited by body conditions (size, configuration),
Remain to favorably accomplish the design of the expansion system of woofer.That is, this measure can allow such as above-mentioned internal body space
In the case of more harsh utilization rate, remains to the setting for being smoothly through expansion system and portable electronic devices is allowed to remain to have
The effect of bass loudspeaker
Although the present invention is disclosed as above with embodiment, however, it is not to limit the invention, any technical field
Middle technical staff, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, when can make a little change and retouching, therefore protection of the invention
Subject to range ought be defined depending on claim.
Claims (14)
1. a kind of design method of the expansion system of woofer is suitable for portable electronic devices, which is characterized in that described
Design method includes:
The portable electronic devices are obtained to predetermined volume needed for installing the expansion system;
The operation of cutoff frequency is carried out by the wave equation of plane wave according to the predetermined volume;
The passage length and channel cross-sectional area of the expansion system are obtained by the operation;And
The passage length and the channel cross-sectional area are formed into the preceding speaker of the expansion system, and adapted to described portable
In electronic device.
2. the design method of the expansion system of woofer according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the cutoff frequency
More than or equal to 250Hz.
3. the design method of the expansion system of woofer according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the bass loudspeaker
Device is Microspeaker, and the power of the Microspeaker is less than or equal to 2w.
4. the design method of the expansion system of woofer according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the miniature loudspeaking
The dimensions of device is long 16mm × wide 9mm, long 32mm × wide 9mm or long 34mm × wide 11mm.
5. the design method of the expansion system of woofer according to claim 4, which is characterized in that further include:
Speaker volume after setting, wherein the rear speaker volume of the long 16mm of correspondingly-sized specification × wide 9mm is 1c.c, wherein corresponding ruler
The rear speaker volume of the very little long 32mm of specification × wide 9mm is 2c.c, wherein the rear speaker of the long 34mm of correspondingly-sized specification × wide 11mm
Volume is 2c.c.
6. the design method of the expansion system of woofer according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further include:
According to the woofer specification setting after speaker, wherein it is described after speaker be enclosure space, and it is described after speaker
Volume is less than or equal to 3c.c.
7. the design method of the expansion system of woofer according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the portable electricity
The body thickness of sub-device is less than or equal to 10mm.
8. a kind of expansion system of woofer is suitable for portable electronic devices, which is characterized in that the woofer
Expansion system include:
Woofer is configured in the body of the portable electronic devices;And
Preceding speaker and rear speaker, are respectively arranged in the body, wherein speaker is enclosure space after described, the preceding speaker
Volume is greater than the rear speaker, and the preceding speaker forms bass loudspeaker hole in the surface of the body.
9. the expansion system of woofer according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the woofer is miniature raises
Sound device, and the power of the Microspeaker is less than or equal to 2w.
10. the expansion system of woofer according to claim 9, which is characterized in that the size of the Microspeaker
Specification is long 16mm × wide 9mm, long 32mm × wide 9mm or long 34mm × wide 11mm.
11. the expansion system of woofer according to claim 10, which is characterized in that the long 16mm of correspondingly-sized specification ×
The rear speaker volume of wide 9mm is 1c.c, and wherein the rear speaker volume of the long 32mm of correspondingly-sized specification × wide 9mm is 2c.c, wherein
The rear speaker volume of the long 34mm of correspondingly-sized specification × wide 11mm is 2c.c.
12. the expansion system of woofer according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the volume of speaker is less than after described
Or it is equal to 3c.c.
13. the expansion system of woofer according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the thickness of the body be less than or
Equal to 10mm.
14. the expansion system of woofer according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the preceding speaker and the rear sound
Case is generally aligned in the same plane.
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CN107147975A (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2017-09-08 | 北京大学 | A kind of Ambisonics matching pursuit coding/decoding methods put towards irregular loudspeaker |
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