CN110186398B - Rotary workbench with motion deviation real-time measurement function and measurement method - Google Patents

Rotary workbench with motion deviation real-time measurement function and measurement method Download PDF

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CN110186398B
CN110186398B CN201910404062.1A CN201910404062A CN110186398B CN 110186398 B CN110186398 B CN 110186398B CN 201910404062 A CN201910404062 A CN 201910404062A CN 110186398 B CN110186398 B CN 110186398B
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reading head
disc
main shaft
reading
code
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CN110186398A (en
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娄志峰
范光照
郝秀朋
刘力
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Dalian University of Technology
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/26Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes

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Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of precision machinery manufacturing and error measurement, and discloses a rotary workbench with a motion deviation real-time measurement function and a measurement method. The rotary table mainly comprises two sets of code disc measuring systems which are arranged on a main shaft up and down, wherein an upper code disc (code disc A) is provided with two reading heads with a 90-degree interval, a lower code disc (code disc B) is provided with three reading heads with a 90-degree interval in sequence, and the two reading heads of the code disc A and two of the three reading heads of the code disc B are respectively coaxial. In the rotation process of the main shaft, the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft can be obtained by calculating two reading heads which are arranged in the code disc B in a radial mode, the radial motion errors of A, B two points on the main shaft in X, Y two directions can be calculated according to the difference value of the absolute rotation angles of the other reading heads and the main shaft, and further the radial motion error of any point on the main shaft can be deduced.

Description

Rotary workbench with motion deviation real-time measurement function and measurement method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of precision machinery manufacturing and error measurement, and particularly relates to a method for measuring radial motion error and deflection error of a rotating shaft.
Background
The rotary worktable or the rotating shaft is widely applied to test equipment and automatic equipment, along with the popularization of intelligent equipment, the precision requirement on the rotary table is higher and higher, and like equipment such as a numerical control machine tool, a mechanical arm, a tracker and the like, the requirement on the positioning precision of the rotary angle is higher, and the radial motion error of the rotary table cannot be ignored. Currently, there are many methods for measuring the radial motion error of the rotating shaft, such as direct measurement using a reference sphere or cylinder, and eliminating the original error by an error separation technique. And the deflection error of the rotary table is measured by adopting a laser auto-collimation technology.
In order to improve the angle measurement and positioning accuracy of the rotary table, a plurality of rotary tables adopt the circular grating with multiple reading heads to measure the rotation angle, and the influence of the eccentric installation of the grating and the radial movement of the rotating shaft on the angle measurement can be eliminated by adopting a specific method through analyzing the readings of the multiple reading heads. Similarly, if the installation eccentricity of the circular grating relative to the rotating shaft is known, the radial motion error of the rotating shaft can be obtained through analysis according to the reading of the multi-reading head. Based on the rotary table, the invention provides the rotary table with the rotary shaft motion error capable of being measured in real time.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a rotary table capable of measuring errors of radial motion and yaw angle in real time, which mainly comprises two sets of coding disc measuring systems arranged up and down on a main shaft, wherein an upper coded disc (coded disc A) is provided with two reading heads at intervals of 90 degrees, and a lower coded disc (coded disc B) is provided with three reading heads at intervals of 90 degrees sequentially.
For convenience of description, the section where the code disc A is located and the axis of the spindle are intersected at a point A, and the section where the code disc B is located and the axis of the spindle are intersected at a point B; and a space rectangular coordinate system is established in Y direction and X direction respectively by taking the axis of the main shaft as Z axis and the directions of the reading head A and the reading head B of the code disc A.
A rotary worktable with a motion deviation real-time measurement function comprises a main shaft, a bearing end cover, a cover plate, a shell, a bearing, a reading head mounting disc A, a code disc A, a reading head mounting disc B, a code disc B, a reading head A, a reading head B, a reading head C, a reading head D and a reading head E; the reading head mounting disc A, the coded disc B and the reading head mounting disc B are sequentially and coaxially mounted with the main shaft; the reading head mounting disc A and the reading head mounting disc B are mounted on the shell; the coded disc A and the coded disc B are positioned and installed on the main shaft by an upper shaft shoulder and a lower shaft shoulder respectively; the reading head A and the reading head B are arranged on the reading head mounting disc A at the same circumference and at intervals of 90 degrees and are used for reading the rotation angle of the coded disc A; the reading head C, the reading head D and the reading head E are arranged on the reading head mounting disc B at the same circumference and sequentially at intervals of 90 degrees, and the rotation angle of the coded disc B is read; wherein the reading head A and the reading head C are coaxial; the reading head B and the reading head D are coaxial; bearing, apron, bearing end cover are all installed from inside to outside in proper order to reading head mounting disc A and reading head mounting disc B both sides, and this swivel work head is a sealed whole.
The measuring method of the rotary worktable with the real-time measuring function of the motion deviation comprises the following steps:
step 1, calibrating a mounting eccentricity error of a coded disc;
step 1-1: respectively fixing a coded disc A and a coded disc B at the upper and lower shaft shoulders of a rotary table main shaft;
step 1-2: fixing the main shaft by using a tip A and a tip B;
step 1-3: mounting a reading head A and a reading head B at an interval of 90 degrees in a matched manner with the code disc A; the reading head C, the reading head D and the reading head E are sequentially installed in a matching way with the code disc B at intervals of 90 degrees; simultaneously, the reading head A and the reading head C are coaxial, and the reading head B and the reading head D are coaxial;
step 1-4: starting from the zero position of the code disc, rotating the main shaft at a constant speed for one circle, and recording the numerical value of each reading head;
step 1-5: according to the reading of the reading head A, B, C, D, E, the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft and the radial movement amount of the coded disc A and the coded disc B along the X direction and the Y direction at each rotation angle are calculated; because the main shaft is used for positioning the center, and the connection line of a center hole (the axis of the main shaft) is fixed, the radial motion amount of the code disc along the X direction and the Y direction is the component of the installation eccentricity of the code disc relative to the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction;
step 2, measuring the motion error of the rotary table;
step 2-1: the main shaft and the two code discs which are calibrated and installed eccentrically are installed into a rotary table shell as a whole, and the reading heads are installed according to the relative position relation during calibration;
step 2-2: measuring the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft: in the working process, the reading of the reading head consists of an absolute angle rotated by the main shaft and an angle change caused by the radial movement of the coded disc; according to the readings of the reading head C and the reading head E which are arranged in a diameter-matching manner, the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft is calculated;
step 2-3: measuring the radial motion error of a code disc: according to the difference values of the absolute rotation angles of the reading head A, the reading head B, the reading head C and the reading head D and the main shaft, the radial movement amount of the coded disc A and the coded disc B in the X direction and the Y direction is solved;
step 2-4: and (3) calculating radial motion error of the spindle of the rotary table: the code disc radial movement amount measured in the step 2-3 consists of two parts, namely code disc installation eccentricity and main shaft radial movement error, and the code disc installation eccentricity is calibrated in the step 1, so that the code disc installation eccentricity calibrated in the step 1 is subtracted from the code disc radial movement amount measured in the step 2-3, and the radial movement errors of A, B two points on the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction are obtained;
step 2-5: calculating the deflection angle of the main shaft of the rotary table: and calculating the yaw angle of the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction according to the radial motion error of two points A, B on the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction and the center distance of the code wheel A, B.
The method has the advantages that the method can be embedded into a small-sized rotary table, non-contact on-line measurement of radial motion errors and yaw angle errors of the rotary table is realized, the influence of abrasion on the precision of a measurement system during long-time measurement is eliminated, and meanwhile, high-precision positioning of the rotary angle of the rotary table can be realized. The measuring method does not need to adopt a standard device, and eliminates the influence of the manufacturing error of the standard device on the measurement. The method adopts an error separation type to measure the radial motion error of the main shaft, has low requirement on the assembly precision of the circular grating, and reduces the assembly difficulty of the circular grating.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device for measuring eccentricity of a code disc installation;
FIG. 2 a dual-codetray turntable;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of measuring radial motion error of a code disc B;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of measuring radial motion error of a code disc A;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of spindle yaw angle error measurement;
in the figure: 1, center A; 2, a main shaft; 3, mounting a reading head on a disk A; 4 reading head A; 5 reading head B; 6, code disc A; 7, code disc B; 8 reading head C; 9 reading head D; 10 a reading head E; 11 a reading head mounting disc B; 12, a centre B; 13 bearing end caps; 14 bearings; 15 cover plate; 16 housing.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Step 1, calibrating the installation eccentricity of a grating disk, as shown in fig. 1:
step 1-1: the code discs A6 and B7 are respectively fixed at the shaft shoulders at the two sides of the main shaft 2.
Step 1-2: the main shaft 2 with the code disc installed is fixed by a centre A1 and a centre B12.
Step 1-3: mounting a reading head A4 and a reading head B5 at an interval of 90 degrees on one side of a code disc A6, and reading the rotation angle of a code disc A6; the reading head C8, the reading head D9 and the reading head E10 are sequentially arranged on one side of the code disc B7 at intervals of 90 degrees, and the rotating angle of the code disc B7 is read; simultaneously, the reading head A4 and the reading head C8 are coaxial, and the reading head B5 and the reading head D9 are coaxial.
Step 1-4: and starting from the superposition of the zero position of the code disc A6 and the reading head A4, rotating the main shaft at a constant speed for one circle, and recording the numerical value of each reading head.
Step 1-5: and (3) calculating the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft: as shown in FIG. 3, the reading head C8 and the reading head E10 are installed in a radial mode, the connecting line of the reading heads C8 and E10 is used as a Y axis, and the circle center of the code disc B7 is used as an origin to establish a coordinate system. Initially with the code wheel B7 in the solid line position of fig. 3, after the spindle has been rotated through an angle theta, the code wheel B7 moves to the dashed line position of fig. 3 under the influence of the mounting eccentricity E, the readhead C8 and readhead E10 each having an angle epsilonCAnd εEReading error of (2). The geometric relationship in the figure shows that:
θCread=θ+εC(θ) (1)
θEread=θ-εE(θ) (2)
in the formula, thetaCreadAnd thetaEreadReading head C8 and reading head E10, respectively, and theta is the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft, epsilonC(theta) and epsilonE(θ) reading errors of the reading head C8 and the reading head E10 caused by the movement of the code wheel B7 in the X direction, respectively.
From the geometrical relationship in FIG. 3, ε can be foundC(theta) and epsilonE(θ) is equal in magnitude so the average of the two readhead readings is the spindle absolute angle, i.e.:
Figure BDA0002060537820000051
substituting equation (3) into equation (1) yields the angle error read by the readhead C8 as:
Figure BDA0002060537820000052
step 1-6: and (3) calculating the mounting eccentricity of the code disc: from the geometrical relationship in FIG. 3, it can be seen that after the main shaft rotates by an angle θ, the amount of movement of code wheel B7 in the X direction is:
Figure BDA0002060537820000053
in the formula, deltaX(theta) is the amount of movement of the code wheel B7 in the X direction, and r is the mounting radius of the readhead.
Because the main shaft is positioned by the center and has no radial movement, the movement amount delta of the code disc B7 in the X direction at the momentX(θ) is a component of the mounting eccentricity e of the code wheel B7 with respect to the spindle in the X direction.
From the above analysis principle, and with reference to the geometrical relationship in fig. 3, it can be seen that the component of the mounting eccentricity e of the code wheel B7 in the Y direction is:
Figure BDA0002060537820000061
in the formula, deltaY(theta) is the amount of movement of the code wheel B7 in the Y direction, epsilonD(theta) is the reading error of the reading head D9 caused by the movement of the code wheel B7 in the Y direction, and thetaDreadIs the reading of reading head D9.
From the above principle, in conjunction with the geometrical relationship in FIG. 4, it can be seen that the components of the mounting eccentricity of the code wheel A5 in the X and Y directions are:
Figure BDA0002060537820000062
Figure BDA0002060537820000063
in formula (II), delta'X(theta) and delta'Y(theta) amounts of movement, epsilon, of the code wheel A5 in the X-direction and Y-direction, respectivelyA(θ) is the reading error of the reading head A4 caused by the movement of the code wheel A5 in the X direction, εB(theta) is the reading error of the reading head B5 caused by the movement of the code wheel A5 in the Y direction, and thetaAreadAnd thetaBreadReading head a4 and reading head B5, respectively.
After the installation eccentricity error of the grating is calibrated, the main shaft can be installed in the shell of the rotary table, and the motion state of the rotary table is monitored in real time. This is explained in detail below with reference to fig. 2.
Step 2: turntable rotation error measurement, as shown in fig. 2:
step 2-1: the main shaft of the rotary table and the calibrated code disc are arranged in the shell as a whole, and the relative position relationship of all the parts is consistent with the calibration time.
Step 2-2: measuring the rotation angle of the rotary table: the reading head C8 and the reading head E10 are installed in a radial mode, the influence of radial movement of the rotary table and eccentricity of the coded disc on the rotation angle can be eliminated, and the absolute rotation angle theta of the rotary table can be obtained by using a formula (3).
Step 2-3: measuring the radial motion error of a code disc: the main shaft is arranged in the shell and is fixed by the bearing 14, radial movement errors of the main shaft are necessarily accompanied during rotation, and meanwhile, due to installation eccentricity of the code disc, errors exist in the reading angle of the reading head. The radial motion errors of the code wheel B7 and the code wheel A6 in the X direction and the Y direction are calculated by the formulas (5), (6), (7) and (8).
Step 2-4: measuring radial motion error of the rotary table: the code disc radial motion error obtained in the step 2-3 consists of two parts, namely code disc installation eccentricity and rotary table radial motion error, and the installation eccentricity is calibrated in the step 1, so that the radial motion errors of A, B two points on the main shaft along the X direction and the Y direction can be obtained by subtracting the code disc installation eccentricity from the code disc radial motion error.
Step 2-5: calculating the deflection angle of the rotary table: according to the radial motion errors of the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction at A, B at two points obtained in step 2-4, the yaw angles of the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction can be calculated, taking the Y direction as an example, as shown in fig. 5:
Figure BDA0002060537820000071
in the formula βY(theta) is the yaw angle of the turntable in the Y direction after the turntable rotates by an angle theta,dAY(theta) is the radial motion error of point A on the main shaft in the Y direction, dBYAnd (theta) is the radial motion error of a point B on the main shaft in the Y direction, and L is the center distance of the two code discs.
The specific implementation process of the invention is different from the traditional rotary table, the invention provides the rotary table with the double code discs, and the accurate rotation angle of the rotary table and the radial movement and yaw angle errors of the rotary table in X, Y two directions can be calculated according to the reading difference of five reading heads which are matched with the code discs. By adopting the method, the radial motion and yaw angle error of any rotating device can be measured, and the high-precision positioning of the rotating angle can be realized. By adopting the method of the invention, corresponding reading heads can be arranged at the diameter alignment positions of the reading heads A4, B5 and D9, and the same or better measuring effect can be achieved. The turntable structure is shown in the figure only for the purpose of more clearly describing the method of the present invention, and by adopting the method of the present invention, the turntable is not necessarily limited to the structure shown in the figure.

Claims (2)

1. A measuring method of a rotary worktable with a real-time motion deviation measuring function is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, calibrating a mounting eccentricity error of a coded disc;
step 1-1: respectively fixing a coded disc A and a coded disc B at the upper and lower shaft shoulders of a rotary table main shaft;
step 1-2: fixing the main shaft by using a tip A and a tip B;
step 1-3: mounting a reading head A and a reading head B at an interval of 90 degrees in a matched manner with the code disc A; the reading head C, the reading head D and the reading head E are sequentially installed in a matching way with the code disc B at intervals of 90 degrees; simultaneously, the reading head A and the reading head C are coaxial, and the reading head B and the reading head D are coaxial; taking the axis of a main shaft as a Z axis, and establishing a space rectangular coordinate system in the Y direction and the X direction respectively by the directions of a reading head A and a reading head B of a coded disc A;
step 1-4: starting from the zero position of the code disc, rotating the main shaft at a constant speed for one circle, and recording the numerical value of each reading head;
step 1-5: according to the reading of the reading head A, B, C, D, E, the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft and the radial movement amount of the coded disc A and the coded disc B along the X direction and the Y direction at each rotation angle are calculated; the radial movement amount of the code disc along the X direction and the Y direction is the component of the mounting eccentricity of the code disc relative to the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction;
step 2, measuring the motion error of the rotary table;
step 2-1: the main shaft and the two code discs which are calibrated and installed eccentrically are installed into a rotary table shell as a whole, and the reading heads are installed according to the relative position relation during calibration;
step 2-2: measuring the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft: in the working process, the reading of the reading head consists of an absolute angle rotated by the main shaft and an angle change caused by the radial movement of the coded disc; according to the readings of the reading head C and the reading head E which are arranged in a diameter-matching manner, the absolute rotation angle of the main shaft is calculated;
step 2-3: measuring the radial motion error of a code disc: according to the difference values of the absolute rotation angles of the reading head A, the reading head B, the reading head C and the reading head D and the main shaft, the radial movement amount of the coded disc A and the coded disc B in the X direction and the Y direction is solved;
step 2-4: and (3) calculating radial motion error of the spindle of the rotary table: the radial movement amount of the coded disc measured in the step 2-3 consists of two parts, namely coded disc installation eccentricity and main shaft radial movement error, and the radial movement error of A, B two points on the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction is obtained by subtracting the coded disc installation eccentricity calibrated in the step 1 from the radial movement amount of the coded disc measured in the step 2-3;
step 2-5: calculating the deflection angle of the main shaft of the rotary table: and calculating the yaw angle of the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction according to the radial motion error of two points A, B on the main shaft in the X direction and the Y direction and the center distance of the code wheel A, B.
2. The rotary table with the real-time kinematic deviation measuring function applied to the rotary table measuring method according to claim 1 is characterized by comprising a main shaft (2), a bearing end cover (13), a cover plate (15), a shell (16), a bearing (14), a reading head mounting disc A (3), a code disc A (6), a reading head mounting disc B (11), a code disc B (7), a reading head A (4), a reading head B (5), a reading head C (8), a reading head D (9) and a reading head E (10); the reading head mounting disc A (3), the coded disc A (6), the coded disc B (7) and the reading head mounting disc B (11) are sequentially and coaxially mounted with the main shaft; the reading head mounting disc A and the reading head mounting disc B are mounted on the shell; the coded disc A and the coded disc B are positioned and installed on the main shaft by an upper shaft shoulder and a lower shaft shoulder respectively; the reading head A (4) and the reading head B (5) are arranged on the reading head mounting disc A at the same circumference and at intervals of 90 degrees and are used for reading the rotation angle of the coded disc A; the reading head C (8), the reading head D (9) and the reading head E (10) are arranged on the reading head mounting disc B at the same circumference and sequentially at intervals of 90 degrees, and the rotation angle of the coded disc B is read; wherein the reading head A (4) and the reading head C (8) are coaxial; the reading head B (5) and the reading head D (9) are coaxial; bearing (14), apron (15), bearing end cover (13) are all installed from inside to outside in proper order to reading head mounting disc A (3) and reading head mounting disc B (11) both sides, and this swivel work head is a sealed whole.
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