CN110184086A - 用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，包括裂解炉本体、初步裂解器和激冷锅炉，所述裂解炉本体的炉膛分为预热段和辐射段；所述预热段自上而下分为进出口相互串接的原料预热模块、锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块和裂解原料混合过热模块；所述原料混合过热模块的出口与初步裂解器壳侧上端进口相连，所述初步裂解器壳侧下端出口与辐射炉管进口相连；所述辐射炉管出口与初步裂解器管侧下端进口相连；所述初步裂解器管侧上端出口与激冷锅炉进口相连。本发明提高了反应转化率及产品收率，另外回收出料的高温热量，减少了辐射段的热负荷，同时减少了投资成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于石油化工领域的生产设备，具体为以乙烷、丙烷、丁烷等轻烃热裂解制备乙烯的环保型裂解炉。
背景技术
轻烃裂解指利用乙烷、丙烷、丁烷等轻烃在高温下不稳定、易分解、断链的原理，在隔绝空气、配入水蒸汽、高温条件下，使原料发生深度分解等多种化学转化的过程，用于生产以乙烯丙烯等烯烃。目前国内的乙烯资源缺乏，拟建及新增乙烯装置不断增多，其中原料的选择方面，由于轻烃资源的价格优势明显，轻烃裂解生产乙烯丙烯成为研究热点。轻烃资源由于原料清洁、分子结构简单，与传统的石脑油裂解工艺比较，具有乙烯收率高、清焦时间周期长的特点，所以轻烃裂解炉应与传统石脑油裂解炉分类设计，国内外报道也提出用于轻烃裂解不同的裂解炉型式。
轻烃裂解炉国内外报道较多，但是大多集中在炉管型式的变化及控制系统优化，例如专利CN109486507A、CN205676422U、CN106052456A、CN109486506A、CN201520747U、CN109423321A、CN206385091U、CN205473600U等提供不同的辐射段炉管型式，但是很多为复杂的异形结构，实际加工工程中较难实现。CN107603660A、CN107723019A、CN101880544A等提供公开了一种减少乙烯裂解炉结焦物的方法，提高乙烯丙烯收率，除炉管及控制系统优化以外，基本核心的无裂解反应结构的报道。
石脑油或柴油裂解炉的结焦母体为芳烃化合物及二次反应生成物，轻烃裂解原料为清洁且分子结构简单的乙烷、丙烷、丁烷等，结焦母体基本为二次反应生成物，因此，相比较轻烃裂解炉的生焦速度慢，清焦周期长，此为轻烃裂解炉的有利因素，如何利用上述有利因素成为轻烃裂解炉进一步的研究方向。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于有效利用轻烃裂解炉的有利因素，提供一种低能耗、转化效率高的新型裂解炉，而且还能减小辐射段热负荷及设备投资费用。
为了实现上述目的，本发明的技术方案在于：
一种用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，包括裂解炉本体，所述裂解炉本体的炉膛分为预热段和辐射段的上、下两段，且两段结构不在同一垂直平面上；所述预热段顶上设有控制炉膛内压力的分机，所述辐射段底部设有燃烧器；
所述预热段自上而下分为原料预热模块、锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块和裂解原料混合过热模块；所述辐射段内设有辐射炉管；所述原料预热模块设有原料进出口，所述料预热模块的原料出口与锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块的进口相连；所述锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块的出口与原料混合过热模块的进口相连；
还设有初步裂解器和激冷锅炉；所述初步裂解器形成有管侧和壳侧，所述原料混合过热模块的出口与初步裂解器壳侧上端进口相连，所述初步裂解器壳侧下端出口与辐射炉管进口相连；所述辐射炉管出口与初步裂解器管侧下端进口相连；所述初步裂解器管侧上端出口与激冷锅炉进口相连。
本发明针对轻烃裂解清焦周期长等特点，利用辐射段出料的高温热量，设置初步裂解器实现部分轻烃的热裂解，减小了辐射段热负荷，同时初步裂解器设置在高温辐射炉膛以外，方便检修处理。
作为本发明的优选实施例：所述初步裂解器包括内管与套接在内管外的外管，所述内管的上、下两端分别套接有固定短节，对应两个固定短节设有两个锁紧环，所述外管通过锁紧环与固定短节固定相连，从而使内管与外管之间形成壳侧，内管形成管侧；所述外管上、下两端分别固定有接管短节形成壳侧的进出口。
作为本发明的进一步改进，为了便于结焦物质的清理和排出，所述固定短节采用带管锥螺纹的短节；所述锁紧环采用带管锥螺纹的锁紧环，所述外管两端设有带管锥螺纹，所述锁紧环两端分别与外管、固定短节螺纹连接固定。
作为本发明的进一步改进，为了降低带管锥外螺纹的固定短节的温度，所述内管外表面对应固定短节所覆盖位置涂覆有耐高温隔热涂层，且耐高温隔热涂层面积大于固定短节内表面覆盖面积。
作为本发明的进一步改进，所述外管两端对应管锥螺纹部位涂覆有耐高温隔热涂层，这样可使其在清焦等操作状态下的温度不大于400℃。
本发明针对轻烃裂解的优势，形成炉膛外初步裂解器与辐射段裂解相结合复合式结构，其中初步裂解器利用轻烃裂解炉出口高温物料的热量，对已经在对流段预热达到横跨温度的裂解原料加热，并在初步裂解器壳侧内发生初步裂解反应生成部分烯烃，此后物料进一步进入裂解炉辐射段发生热裂解反应，达到总的工艺裂解反应要求。本发明通过初步裂解器的设置提高了反应转化率及产品收率，另外回收出料的高温热量，减少了辐射段的热负荷，同时减少了投资成本。
附图说明
图1为本发明的结构示意图；
图2为本发明中的初步裂解器的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
为了加深对本发明的理解，下面将结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步详细描述。
如图1所示：本发明涉及一种用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，包括裂解炉本体1、风机2、燃烧器3、初步裂解器4和激冷锅炉5，其中激冷锅炉5采用线性激冷锅炉。
如图1所示：裂解炉本体1炉膛分为预热段11和辐射段12的上、下两段，且两段结构不在同一垂直平面上。风机2设置在裂解炉本体1顶部，变频控制炉膛压力。燃烧器3设置在裂解炉本体底部，本实施例中其为底烧型，低NOX燃烧器。
如图1所示：预热段11内自上而下设有原料预热模块111、锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块112和裂解原料混合过热模块113。辐射段12内设有U”型辐射炉管121。本实施例中辐射段12采用双辐射炉膛设置，并可设置在线清焦系统清焦处理。
如图2所示：初步裂解器4包括内管41与套接在内管外的两端带管锥外螺纹的外管44，内管41的上、下两端分别套接有带管锥外螺纹的固定短节42，对应两个固定短节设有两个带管锥内螺纹的锁紧环43，固定短节42焊接在内管41上，外管44通过锁紧环43与固定短节41螺纹固定相连从而使内管41与外管44之间形成壳侧，内管内形成管侧；外管44上、下两端分别固定有接管短节45形成壳侧的进、出口。
为了降低带管锥外螺纹的固定短节42的温度，内管41外表面对应固定短节所覆盖位置涂覆有耐高温隔热涂层，且耐高温隔热涂层宽度比固定短节宽100mm，耐高温隔热涂层的承受温度不小于900摄氏度。为了在清焦等操作状态下的温度不大于400℃，外管44两端对应管锥螺纹部位涂覆有耐高温隔热涂层，耐高温隔热涂层宽度为100mm。
本实施例中初步裂解器通过带管锥内螺纹的锁紧环实现了两端带管锥外螺纹的外管内的清焦。在清焦时，仅需松开带管锥内螺纹的锁紧环即可实现外管的两端通畅，便于结焦物质的清理和排出。
如图1所示：本实施例中的管路连接关系为：原料预热模块设有原料进出口，原料预热模块的原料出口与锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块的进口相连；锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块的出口与原料混合过热模块的进口相连；原料混合过热模块的出口与初步裂解器壳侧上端进口相连，初步裂解器壳侧下端出口与辐射炉管进口相连；辐射炉管出口与初步裂解器管侧下端进口相连；初步裂解器管侧上端出口与激冷锅炉进口相连。
根据图1所示，本实施例的物料裂解的过程如下：带压0.6MPaG的气相轻烃原料进入裂解炉后，首先在裂解炉对流段的原料预热模块、锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块进行预热至550℃，然后与稀释蒸汽混合，再进原料混合过热模块进行加热，加热至轻烃物料的横跨温度632℃左右，然后进入初步裂解器壳侧，通过裂解炉内管出口的高温物料加热并在壳侧内发生初步裂解反应，反应后的烃/汽混合物经分配后进入辐射段的辐射炉管内，在辐射炉管内进行进一步的热裂解反应，辐射炉管的高温裂解气的出口温度为880℃左右，产生的高温裂解气进入初步裂解器换热降温后，进入激冷锅炉及下游处理系统。
本实施例为带初步裂解器的新型裂解炉，初步裂解器采用辐射段出料与达到横跨温度的裂解原料换热并发生裂解反应，其代替了现有工艺中需要裂解炉自身燃料提高热量的工艺，所以整体上降低了裂解炉本体的热负荷15%左右，同时降低裂解炉的尾气排放量，降低环境影响，达到环保、节能效果。
以上所述，仅用于说明本发明的技术方案而并非限制，本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案所做的其它修改或者等同替换，只要不脱离本技术方案的精神和范围，均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，包括裂解炉本体，其特征在于：所述裂解炉本体的炉膛分为预热段和辐射段的上、下两段，且两段结构不在同一垂直平面上；所述预热段顶上设有控制炉膛内压力的分机，所述辐射段底部设有燃烧器；所述预热段自上而下分为原料预热模块、锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块和裂解原料混合过热模块；所述辐射段内设有辐射炉管；所述原料预热模块设有原料进出口，所述料预热模块的原料出口与锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块的进口相连；所述锅炉水及蒸汽预热模块的出口与原料混合过热模块的进口相连；还设有初步裂解器和激冷锅炉；所述初步裂解器形成有管侧和壳侧，所述原料混合过热模块的出口与初步裂解器壳侧上端进口相连，所述初步裂解器壳侧下端出口与辐射炉管进口相连；所述辐射炉管出口与初步裂解器管侧下端进口相连；所述初步裂解器管侧上端出口与激冷锅炉进口相连。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，其特征在于：所述初步裂解器包括内管与套接在内管外的外管，所述内管的上、下两端分别套接有固定短节，对应两个固定短节设有两个锁紧环，所述外管通过锁紧环与固定短节固定相连，从而使内管与外管之间形成壳侧，内管形成管侧；所述外管上、下两端分别固定有接管短节形成壳侧的进出口。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，其特征在于：所述固定短节采用带管锥螺纹的短节；所述锁紧环采用带管锥螺纹的锁紧环，所述外管两端设有带管锥螺纹，所述锁紧环两端分别与外管、固定短节螺纹连接固定。
4.根据权利要求2所述的用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，其特征在于：所述内管外表面对应固定短节所覆盖位置涂覆有耐高温隔热涂层，且耐高温隔热涂层面积大于固定短节内表面覆盖面积。
5.根据权利要求2或4所述的用于轻烃热裂解的裂解炉，其特征在于：所述外管两端对应管锥螺纹部位涂覆有耐高温隔热涂层。
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