CN110142494B - Aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method - Google Patents
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- CN110142494B CN110142494B CN201910486570.9A CN201910486570A CN110142494B CN 110142494 B CN110142494 B CN 110142494B CN 201910486570 A CN201910486570 A CN 201910486570A CN 110142494 B CN110142494 B CN 110142494B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
A non-contact electron beam welding method for an aluminum-lithium alloy aims to solve the problem that the melting amount of the upper part of an aluminum-lithium alloy parent metal is too large to cause burning loss of lithium elements when a medium-thick plate aluminum-lithium alloy is welded in an electron beam upper focusing welding mode. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, pre-welding the butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals to be welded and two transition layers; two transition layers are clamped between the butt joint surfaces of the two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals, the upper end of each transition layer is 2mm higher than the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal, the two bending sections are bent outwards respectively, and the included angle between each bending section and the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal is 15 degrees; thirdly, clamping the transition layer and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal assembly, and putting the transition layer and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal assembly into a vacuum cabin for vacuumizing; fourthly, adopting an upper focusing electron beam to heat the upper surface of the bending section in a reciprocating manner, cooling the aluminum-lithium alloy base metal to normal temperature in a vacuum chamber after welding is finished, and taking out a weldment; and fifthly, finishing the weldment to finish the aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding. The invention is used for electron beam welding.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an electron beam welding technology, in particular to an aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method.
Background
With the development of aerospace technology, light weight and high performance have become the inevitable choices for structural design. The aluminum lithium alloy is used as a light metal material, and due to the addition of lithium element, the density of the aluminum lithium alloy is lower than that of the common aluminum alloy, and the elastic modulus of the aluminum lithium alloy is higher. In addition, the aluminum-lithium alloy has excellent corrosion resistance, good low-temperature performance and fatigue resistance, and has wide application prospects in aerospace and other fields such as rail transit, automotive electronics, nuclear industry and the like. Welding of aluminum lithium alloy is always a hot point of research, because the energy density of electron beams is high, and the melting point of lithium which is an element forming a strengthening phase in the aluminum lithium alloy is low, the lithium element is easy to burn out in the electron beam welding process, and the burning out of the lithium element can reduce the quantity of lithium-containing strengthening phases in a welding line, so that the strength and the hardness of a joint are reduced.
The invention patent with Chinese patent number 201210543547.7 and publication number 2013, 3, 13 and discloses an electron beam assisted hot extrusion diffusion connection method for SiCp/Al composite materials, which belongs to an electron beam upper focusing welding method, and adopts an upper focusing electron beam to heat a parent metal and simultaneously applies pressure to a butt joint surface of the parent metal so that the parent metal forms diffusion connection under the combined action of heat input and pressure, thereby effectively reducing a melting burning loss area; however, the patent cannot be applied to aluminum lithium alloy materials with medium plate thickness (5 mm-8 mm). In order to form effective diffusion connection, the heating time of the electron beam needs to be prolonged, so that the heat input at the upper part of the base material is too large, the depth of a melting area exceeds 50% of the thickness of the base material, an aluminum lithium alloy is welded by adopting an electron beam upper focusing welding mode, the melting amount at the upper part of the aluminum lithium alloy base material is too large, the high-temperature retention time is too long, and the burning loss of lithium elements is caused. Therefore, the reduction of the upper melting amount of the base metal is the key for realizing the application value of focusing welding of the aluminum lithium alloy on the electron beam.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method for solving the problems that the melting amount of the upper part of an aluminum-lithium alloy parent metal is too large and the high-temperature retention time is too long when an electron beam upper focusing welding mode is adopted to weld a medium-thick plate aluminum-lithium alloy, so that the burning loss of lithium elements is serious.
The invention discloses an aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method, which is realized by the following steps:
step one, pretreatment before welding: pre-treating the butt joint surfaces of the two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals to be welded and the two transition layers before welding;
step two, assembling a transition layer and an aluminum lithium alloy parent metal: the method comprises the following steps of (1) clamping two transition layers between butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals, wherein the transition layers are made of copper, the upper ends of the transition layers are higher than the upper surfaces of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metals, the higher parts of the transition layers are bending sections, the two bending sections are bent outwards respectively, the bending length of the bending sections is 1-3 mm, the included angle between the bending sections and the upper surfaces of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metals is 10-20 degrees, and the upper and lower misalignment amount of the butt joint surfaces between the two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals is not more than 0.2 mm;
step three, clamping the transition layer and the aluminum-lithium alloy parent metal assembly: putting the transition layer and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal assembly in the step two into a clamp, and putting the clamped transition layer, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal and the clamp assembly into a vacuum cabin for vacuumizing treatment;
step four, upper focusing electron beam welding: the upper surface of the bending section is heated repeatedly in a reciprocating mode by upper focusing electron beams in the welding mode, the time of the upper focusing electron beams acting on the bending section is 120s, meanwhile, a clamp is used for applying pressure F to the butt joint surface of the aluminum lithium alloy base metal, the bending section transfers heat to the vertical section of the transition layer until the vertical section and the aluminum lithium alloy base metal are melted into a whole, the welding is finished, the aluminum lithium alloy base metal is cooled to the normal temperature in a vacuum chamber after the welding is finished, and a welded part is taken out;
step five, trimming the weldment: and milling the redundant transition layer on the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal by using a milling machine, so as to finish the aluminum lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding.
Further, in the first step, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal is 2195 aluminum lithium alloy, the thickness h of the 2195 aluminum lithium alloy is 5mm to 8mm, and the 2195 aluminum lithium alloy consists of, by mass, 0.8 to 1.2% of Li, 3.7 to 4.3% of Cu, 0.25 to 0.8% of Mg, 0.25 to 0.6% of Ag, 0.14% of Zr, and the balance Al.
Further, in the first step, the transition layer is made of copper, the total length of the transition layer is 7 mm-10 mm, the thickness of the transition layer is 0.1mm, and the contact part of the transition layer and the butt joint surface of the aluminum lithium alloy base metal is 5 mm-8 mm.
Further, in the first step, the pre-welding pretreatment is fine mechanical polishing, namely polishing after polishing to 7000 meshes, and chemical cleaning is performed by using acetone.
Further, in the second step, an included angle between the bending section and the upper surface of the aluminum-lithium alloy base material is 15 °.
Further, in the second step, the bending length (b) of the bending section is 2 mm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
firstly, the invention adopts a mode of adding a transition layer, reduces the melting amount of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal and inhibits the burning loss of lithium elements. According to the invention, the transition layer is added, the upper end of the transition layer is provided with the bending section, and the bending section covers the welding area on the upper surface of the butt joint of the aluminum lithium alloy base metal, so that the electron beam directly acts on the bending section, and the electron beam is prevented from directly acting on the aluminum lithium alloy base metal to heat the base metal, therefore, the heating time of the electron beam can be further prolonged, the aluminum lithium alloy base metal is ensured not to be melted, further, the lithium element is not burnt, a large amount of lithium-containing strengthening phases exist in a welding line, and the strength and hardness of a welding joint are improved.
The bending section is arranged at an acute angle with the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal and is not attached to the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal, so that the bending section is heated by an electron beam and does not have heat conduction with the upper surface of the parent metal, and the heat is conducted to the vertical section through the bending section of the transition layer, so that the sufficient heat input quantity at the butt joint face of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal is ensured, and the problem of insufficient heat at the lower part and insufficient diffusion caused by controlling the heat input is avoided.
And thirdly, as the transition layer is made of copper, when the copper content reaches 34 wt%, the transition layer and aluminum can form a low-melting eutectic structure at 548 ℃, so that the transition layer and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal can react at a lower temperature, and a transient liquid film is formed at the butt joint surface, thereby promoting atomic diffusion and ensuring that the transition layer and the parent metal form effective connection.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a non-contact electron beam welding process for aluminum lithium alloys;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a transition layer structure;
fig. 3 is an enlarged view of part I of fig. 2.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows: the present embodiment is described with reference to fig. 1 to 3, and is realized by the following steps:
step one, pretreatment before welding: pre-treating the butt joint surface of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1 to be welded and two transition layers 2 before welding;
step two, assembling the transition layer 2 and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1: the method comprises the following steps that two transition layers 2 are clamped between butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1, the upper ends of the transition layers 2 are higher than the upper surfaces of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1, the higher parts of the transition layers are bending sections 2-2, the two bending sections 2-2 are bent outwards respectively, the bending length b of the bending sections 2-2 is 1-3 mm, the included angle alpha between the bending sections 2-2 and the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 is 10-20 degrees, the bending sections 2-2 arranged at angles of 10-20 degrees cover the welding area of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, and the vertical misalignment amount of the butt joint surfaces between the two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1 is not more than 0.2 mm;
step three, clamping the transition layer 2 and the aluminum-lithium alloy parent metal 1 assembly: putting the assembly of the transition layer 2 and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 in the step two into a clamp 3, putting the assembly of the transition layer 2, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 and the clamp 3 which are clamped into a vacuum chamber for vacuumizing treatment, wherein the vacuum degree is 5 multiplied by 10-3Pa～5×10-2Pa, the clamp 3 is the prior art in the field of electron beam welding;
step four, upper focusing electron beam welding: the upper surface of the bending section 2-2 is heated repeatedly in a reciprocating way by an upper focusing electron beam 4 in the welding process, wherein the welding voltage is 55 kV-60 kV, the focusing current is 2550-2650 mA, the electron beam current is 8 mA-12 mA, and the welding speed is 6 mm/s-10 mm/s; the time of the upper focusing electron beam 4 acting on the bending section 2-2 is 120s, meanwhile, a clamp 3 is utilized to apply pressure F to the butt joint surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, the pressure F is 5 MPa-8 MPa, the bending section 2-2 transfers heat to the vertical section 2-1 of the transition layer 2 until the vertical section 2-1 and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 are melted into a whole, welding is finished, after welding, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 is cooled to normal temperature (normal temperature is 10 ℃ -35 ℃) in a vacuum chamber, and a welded part is taken out; because the bending section 2-2 covers the welding area of the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, the electron beam 4 actually acts on the upper surface of the bending section 2-2 and does not directly heat the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1;
step five, trimming the weldment: and milling the redundant transition layer 2 on the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 by using a milling machine, so as to finish the aluminum lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding.
In the first step of the present embodiment, the aluminum-lithium alloy parent material 1 is a 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy, the 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy has a thickness h of 5mm to 8mm, and the 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy is composed of, by mass, 0.8 to 1.2% of Li, 3.7 to 4.3% of Cu, 0.25 to 0.8% of Mg, 0.25 to 0.6% of Ag, 0.14% of Zr, and the balance Al.
In the first step of this embodiment, the transition layer 2 is made of copper, the total length of the transition layer 2 is 7mm to 10mm, the total length of the transition layer 2 is a vertical section 2-1+ a bending section 2-2, the thickness a of the transition layer is 0.1mm, and the vertical section 2-1 of the transition layer 2, which is in contact with the butt joint surface of the aluminum-lithium alloy base material 1, is 5mm to 8 mm. Because the copper has better heat conductivity, more heat can be conducted to the lower part of the butt joint surface, and the lower part of the butt joint surface is ensured to have enough heat input. In addition, when the copper content reaches 34 wt%, a low-melting eutectic structure can be formed with aluminum at 548 ℃, and a transient liquid film is formed at the butt joint surface, so that atomic diffusion is promoted, and effective connection between the transition layer and the base material is ensured.
In the first step of this embodiment, the pre-welding pretreatment is fine mechanical polishing, i.e., polishing to 7000 mesh, and chemical cleaning is performed with acetone, so that the two aluminum-lithium alloy base metals 1 can be ensured to be in close contact with the transition layer 2.
In the second step of the present embodiment, the included angle α between the bending section 2-2 and the upper surface of the aluminum-lithium alloy parent material 1 is 15 °, so that the bending section 2-2 is prevented from completely adhering to the upper surface of the aluminum-lithium alloy parent material 1.
In the second step of the present embodiment, the bending length b of the bending section 2-2 is 2 mm.
Application examples of the invention:
two aluminum lithium alloys were welded:
firstly, fine mechanical polishing is adopted, pre-welding pretreatment is carried out on butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1 to be welded and a transition layer 2, namely polishing treatment is carried out after 7000 meshes are polished, chemical cleaning is carried out by acetone, the butt joint surfaces of the two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1 are ensured to be in close contact with the transition layer 2, the total length of the transition layer 2 is 7mm, wherein the contact part (a vertical section 2-1) of the transition layer 2 and the butt joint surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 is 5mm, the part (a bending section 2-2) higher than the butt joint surface is 2mm, and the thickness a of the transition layer is 0.1 mm;
step two, clamping two transition layers 2 between the butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals 1, bending the part of the transition layer 2 higher than the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 outwards, wherein the bent part is a bent section 2-2, the bent section 2-2 covers the welding area of the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, and the included angle alpha between the bent section 2-2 and the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 is about 15 degrees;
step three, the assembly of the transition layer 2 and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 in the step two is arranged in a clamp 3, the assembly of the transition layer 2, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 and the clamp 3 which are clamped is arranged in a vacuum chamber for vacuum pumping treatment, and the vacuum degree is 5 multiplied by 10- 3Pa；
And fourthly, starting welding, and heating the upper surface of the bending section 2-2 repeatedly in a reciprocating manner by adopting an upper focusing electron beam 4, wherein the welding voltage is 55kV, the focusing current is 2600mA, the electron beam current is 10mA, and the welding speed is 8 mm/s. The time of the upper focusing electron beam 4 acting on the bending section 2-2 is 120s, and meanwhile, the clamp 3 is used for applying pressure F to the butt joint surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, wherein the pressure F is 6 MPa. Because the bending section 2-2 covers the welding area of the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, the electron beam 4 actually acts on the upper surface of the bending section 2-2, the electron beam 4 does not directly heat the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal is cooled to 20 ℃ in a vacuum chamber after welding, and a weldment is taken out;
and fifthly, milling the redundant transition layer 2 (namely the part of the bending section 2-2) on the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal 1 by using a milling machine, and thus finishing the aluminum lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding.
In this example, the material of the aluminum-lithium alloy parent material 1 is 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy, and the material of the transition layer 2 is copper.
The upper part of the aluminum lithium alloy welding seam obtained by the embodiment is not melted, and lithium element is not burnt, so that a large amount of lithium-containing strengthening phase exists in the welding seam, and the strength and the hardness of the welding joint are improved.
Claims (6)
1. A non-contact electron beam welding method for aluminum lithium alloy is characterized in that: the method is realized by the following steps:
step one, pretreatment before welding: pre-treating the butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals (1) to be welded and two transition layers (2) before welding;
step two, assembling the transition layer (2) and the aluminum-lithium alloy parent metal (1): the method comprises the following steps that two transition layers (2) are clamped between butt joint surfaces of two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals (1), the transition layers (2) are made of copper, the upper ends of the transition layers (2) are higher than the upper surfaces of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metals (1), the higher parts of the transition layers are bending sections (2-2), the two bending sections (2-2) are bent outwards respectively, the bending length (b) of each bending section (2-2) is 1-3 mm, the included angle (alpha) between each bending section (2-2) and the upper surface of each aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) is 10-20 degrees, and the vertical misalignment between the butt joint surfaces of the two aluminum lithium alloy parent metals (1) is not more than 0.2 mm;
step three, clamping a transition layer (2) and an aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) assembly: putting the transition layer (2) and the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) assembly in the step two into a clamp (3), and putting the clamped transition layer (2), the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) and the clamp (3) assembly into a vacuum chamber for vacuumizing treatment;
step four, upper focusing electron beam welding: the upper surface of the bending section (2-2) is heated repeatedly in a reciprocating mode by an upper focusing electron beam (4), the time of the upper focusing electron beam (4) acting on the bending section (2-2) is 120s, meanwhile, a clamp (3) is used for applying pressure F to the butt joint surface of the aluminum-lithium alloy base metal (1), the bending section (2-2) transfers heat to the vertical section (2-1) of the transition layer (2) until the vertical section (2-1) and the aluminum-lithium alloy base metal (1) are melted into a whole, welding is finished, the aluminum-lithium alloy base metal (1) is cooled to normal temperature in a vacuum chamber after welding is finished, and a welded part is taken out;
step five, trimming the weldment: and milling the redundant transition layer (2) on the upper surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) by using a milling machine, thereby finishing the aluminum lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding.
2. The aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the first step, the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) is 2195 aluminum lithium alloy, the thickness (h) of the 2195 aluminum lithium alloy is 5 mm-8 mm, and the 2195 aluminum lithium alloy consists of, by mass, 0.8-1.2% of Li, 3.7-4.3% of Cu, 0.25-0.8% of Mg, 0.25-0.6% of Ag, 0.14% of Zr and the balance of Al.
3. The aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the first step, the total length of the transition layer (2) is 7 mm-10 mm, the thickness (a) of the transition layer is 0.1mm, and the contact part of the transition layer (2) and the butt joint surface of the aluminum lithium alloy parent metal (1) is 5 mm-8 mm.
4. The aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the first step, the pre-welding pretreatment adopts fine mechanical grinding, namely grinding to 7000 meshes, then polishing, and carrying out chemical cleaning by using acetone.
5. The aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the second step, the included angle (alpha) between the bending section (2-2) and the upper surface of the aluminum-lithium alloy parent metal (1) is 15 degrees.
6. The aluminum-lithium alloy non-contact electron beam welding method according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that: in the second step, the bending length (b) of the bending section (2-2) is 2 mm.
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