CN1100924C - Multi-dot foundation filling method and apparatus - Google Patents
Multi-dot foundation filling method and apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1100924C CN1100924C CN99110704A CN99110704A CN1100924C CN 1100924 C CN1100924 C CN 1100924C CN 99110704 A CN99110704 A CN 99110704A CN 99110704 A CN99110704 A CN 99110704A CN 1100924 C CN1100924 C CN 1100924C
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- ground
- pump
- piston
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/12—Consolidating by placing solidifying or pore-filling substances in the soil
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2250/00—Production methods
- E02D2250/003—Injection of material
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
Abstract
This is the multiple foundation layer grouting and its device for injecting foundation improvement material by multiple points injection into weak foundation layer (base). For the foundation layer condition in different depth, the appropriate grouting can be achieved simultaneously using each layer, selective layer, or 3D injection to the foundation layer in horizontal or vertical direction. Thus, the penetration reliability to the fine soil layer is elevated. The rapid construction may reduce the construction period as well.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to multi-dot foundation filling method and device that in the ground of soft foundation etc. multiple spot ground injects ground-improving material, be particularly related to for every layer of different ground of foundation situation, can not only simultaneously or carry out optimal injection to each layer selectively, and can carry out the solid injection of longitudinal direction, transverse direction to ground, therefore, raising is to the reliability of soaking into injection of fine soil layer, and can shorten multi-dot foundation filling method and the device that injects the duration by rapid construction.
Background technology
Usually, the coefficient of permeability owing to each layer in the ground is different with clearance rate, so the foundation situation of each layer is also different.When in this ground, injecting soup, in the prior art (figure does not show), be in ground individually or devices spaced apart ground insert several ascending pipes, by these ascending pipes, shift up or down on one side and inject stratum, on one side injection injection material successively.
But the problem of maximum is when injecting soup: toward soaking into of the little fine layer of sand of coefficient of permeability or evenly soaking into toward the ground of different soil formation.
The water permeability of fine layer of sand normally, k=10
-3～10
-4Cm/ second for such soil layer, otherwise causes that ground destroys ground and injects soup, from penetration theory, must with below the per minute 1l～the low discharge rate of number l carries out low pressure and injects.
But, in the above-mentioned known injection method,, use one group of injection pump respectively to an ascending pipe.In this injection mode, consider from the try one's best economy of reduction of erection time of hope, and, consider that from pump performance limitation face have to adopt the discharge rate of per minute 10～20l, such height injects pressure can cause that ground destroys.Therefore, can make ground protuberance, perhaps cause soaking into of fine soil layer fixed insufficient etc.
In addition, when the ground of different soil is injected, when soil layer changes, changing with this soil layer and to change injection rate or control injection rate accordingly, is impossible actually.Therefore, inject hypervolia in the layer that has, and can only soak into a little in the layer that has, this injection state can not get the continuity between the adjacent induration.
For this reason, the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of multi-dot foundation filling method and device, construction method of the present invention and device, with discharge rate be below the 1l～the variable discharge rate of number l injects, perhaps for the different ground of each layer of foundation situation, can not only side by side or selectively each layer carries out optimal injection to these, and can carry out the solid injection of longitudinal direction, transverse direction to ground, therefore can improve the reliability of soaking into injection of fine soil layer, and, can shorten the injection duration by rapid construction, overcome the shortcoming of above-mentioned known technology.
Summary of the invention
To achieve these goals, multi-dot foundation filling method of the present invention, several ascending pipes of configuration in ground, by these ascending pipes respectively when its outlet opening injects ground-improving material to ground, be used in the multi-joint armored pump that has a plurality of modular pumps (ユ ニ ッ ト Port Application プ) in a set of equipment the improvement material is sent in each ascending pipe, inject ground from outlet opening again.
In addition, to achieve these goals, multipoint mode ground injection device of the present invention, have the ground-improving material tank, in a set of equipment, have a plurality of modular pumps multi-joint armored pump, be configured in several ascending pipes in the ground, said vesse is connected with each modular pump of multi-joint armored pump, and each modular pump is connected with a plurality of ascending pipes respectively, like this, ground-improving material in the said vesse is sent to each ascending pipe with each modular pump, injects ground from outlet opening again.
The multi-joint armored pump that above-mentioned multipoint mode ground injection device has, have a plurality of piston actuated members of driving by drive source and be connected with these drive member, a plurality of modular pumps by the type of drive start of each drive member, these modular pumps have cylinder body and piston rod respectively, above-mentioned cylinder body has the attraction mouth and the outlet opening of ground-improving material, one end of above-mentioned piston rod is connected with above-mentioned drive member, the other end is installed with the piston of band inlet valve (サ Application Network シ ョ Application バ Le Block), this piston can freely slide on inboard wall of cylinder block, the type of drive of each drive member is passed to piston rod and piston respectively, piston is moved back and forth in cylinder body according to the type of drive of above-mentioned drive member, make each modular pump start, like this, with the velocity of discharge arbitrarily ground-improving material mouthful is sucked from attracting, discharge from outlet opening.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the key diagram of super multipoint mode injection device one concrete example of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a key diagram of more specifically representing the super multipoint mode injection device of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the figure that specifies that is divided into apparatus of the present invention that several pieces inject.
Fig. 4 is the sectional view that the side of multi-joint armored pump one concrete example that adopts from the present invention is seen.
Fig. 5 is the vertical view cutaway drawing of multi-joint armored pump one concrete example that adopts among the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the vertical view of multi-joint another concrete example of armored pump of adopting among the present invention, is transversely arranged example.
Fig. 7 adopts the schematic diagram of crank axle as the piston actuated member.
Fig. 8 adopts the schematic diagram of oil pressure pump as the piston actuated member
Describe the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in detail.
The specific embodiment
Fig. 1 is the concrete example of multipoint mode ground injection device of the present invention, it includes: ground-improving material stores with container 2, has a plurality of modular pumps 22,22 in a set of equipment ... multi-joint armored pump 21, be configured in several ascending pipes 4,4 among the district A that has excavated the hole on the ground 1 ... container 2 is connected with each modular pump 22 of multi-joint armored pump 21 by conduit 3, and each modular pump 22 is respectively by conduit 5,5 ... with several ascending pipes 4,4 ... connect.
Among Fig. 1, ascending pipe 4,4 ... be Y font pipe bar, container 2 is made of with container 2b with container 2a and B liquid A liquid.Each modular pump 22,22 by each multi-joint armored pump 21 respectively from the A liquid of these containers 2a, 2b and B liquid ... and import the ascending pipe 4,4 of Y font pipe bar respectively ..., in Y font pipe bar, collaborate, simultaneously or be sent to selectively in the ground 1.Above-mentioned a plurality of modular pump 22,22 ... as described later, be connected with a plurality of piston actuated members that drive by drive source respectively, by doing the flowing mode start arbitrarily, above-mentioned improvement material force feed be injected into each ascending pipe 4,4 with the velocity of discharge arbitrarily ... in.In addition, ascending pipe also can adopt ascending pipe, single tube of bimetallic tube double-layer seal mode etc. except Y font pipe bar.
Fig. 2 is the figure that more specifically represents multipoint mode ground injection device of the present invention, and the sleeve pipe that does not show with figure in ground 1 etc. excavates desired depth with hole 6, forms piece A.
Underfill sealants 7 in this excavated hole 6 is simultaneously several ascending pipes 4,4 ... insert by being configured in ground top cover (ヘ ッ ダ-) 8.These ascending pipes 4,4 ... for example be that the diameter of restrainting together is the tubule of number mm, the outlet opening 9,9 of its front end ... towards the side, and be positioned at mutually different position, be connected with multi-joint armored pump 21 by conduit 5 from top cover 8 at direction of principal axis.The 2nd, container, the 11st, motor.When underfill sealants 7, each outlet opening 9,9 at some tubules ... be provided with the flap valve that figure does not show, from outlet opening 9,9 ... inject before the ground-improving material, encapsulant (sclerosis material) is filled between the slit of ascending pipe 4 and ground 1, form encapsulant 7.During with such tubule group, transport A liquid and B liquid from tubule respectively, in ground,, can inject short injection liquid hardening time like this, in addition, also can carry out the filling of encapsulant 7 and the injection of injecting liquid simultaneously two liquid interflow.
In Fig. 2 of this structure device, the ground-improving material 10 of container 2 is by conduit 3, multi-joint armored pump 21 and conduit 5, from each ascending pipe 4,4 ... outlet opening 9,9 ... side by side or selectively discharge ormal weight, inject the ground 1 of predetermined altitude by the encapsulant 7 bulbous ground of excavated hole 6.
Fig. 3 is the key diagram of another concrete example of apparatus of the present invention.When ground 1 area that this example indicates to improve is big, be split up into some A1, A2 respectively ... the example that An injects.At this moment, with several ascending pipes 4,4 ... devices spaced apart ground or bunchy ground insert each piece A1, A2 by top cover 8 ... among the An.These ascending pipes 4,4 ... be provided with transfer valve 14,14 ..., each ascending pipe 4,4 ... by transfer valve 14,14 ... be connected with multi-joint armored pump 21.
During injection, from the improvement material of container 2 by the start that connects pump 21 and by transfer valve 14,14 more ... import each piece A1, A2 ... the ascending pipe 4,4 of An ..., in the ground 1 that reinjects.
Be located at the ascending pipe 4,4 of each piece ... on transfer valve 14,14 ... accept the instruction start automatically of controller 13, inject each piece A1, A2 dividually and off and on more from the improvement material that connects pump ... among the An.For example, when controller 13 detects the injection end of specific piece, close the transfer valve 14,14 of this piece ..., finish to inject, open the transfer valve 14,14 of other piece simultaneously ..., begin the injection of this piece.
Apparatus of the present invention of above-mentioned structure as its necessary member, all have multi-joint armored pump 21 shown in Figure 4.This multi-joint armored pump 21 consist essentially of a plurality of piston actuated members be connected with this drive member, according to a plurality of modular pumps 22 of the type of drive of each drive member action.These a plurality of piston actuated members are driven by a drive source.As this piston actuated member, can adopt Fig. 4 to cam 24 shown in Figure 6, crank axle 46 shown in Figure 7, oil pressure pump 47 shown in Figure 8 etc., the following describes the example of the present invention that adopts cam.
Fig. 4 is the profile of seeing from multi-joint armored pump side, and Fig. 5 is the profile of overlooking.
As shown in these figures, the multi-joint armored pump 21 of employing cam has the cam 24,24 of a plurality of regulation shapes ..., its inscape is: by axis of rotation 23 and a plurality of modular pump 22 of a drive source driving.These a plurality of modular pumps 22 are by push rod ( ペ ッ ト) 38,38 ... with these cams 24,24 ... connect, and move according to the type of drive of each cam.
The attraction mouth 27 of cylinder body 29 is connected with ground-improving material reservoir vessel 2 (for example Fig. 1), outlet opening 28 for example as illustrated in fig. 1 with several ascending pipes 4,4 that are configured in the ground 1 ... connect.Multi-joint armored pump 21 among the present invention is to major general more than 5 groups or 5 groups, for example with modular pump 22 multi-joint dresses such as 50 groups, transversely arranged or vertical arrangement.
(イ Application バ- モ-) drive source of grade drives the inverter motor that axis of rotation 23 is not shown by figure, can rotate freely, and on this axis of rotation 23, is connecting a plurality of cams 24 of reservation shape as illustrated in fig. 4 with key 23a.Therefore, by push rod 38 and these cams 24,24 ... each modular pump 22 that connects moves according to the cam type of drive.
Multi-joint armored pump 21 is being supported by cylinder body 29 parts being positioned on the frame support bracket 26 on the pedestal 25.Be provided with another frame support bracket 30 on pedestal 25, screw rod 32 is supported on this frame support bracket 30.The base end part of screw rod 32 has adjusting nut 31, and when unclamping adjusting nut 31, screw rod 32 leaves cylinder body 29, and thus, modular pump 22 can unload from frame support bracket 26.
The multi-joint armored pump 21 of above-mentioned structure passes to these cam type of drive in the piston 33 of each piston rod 36 and front end thereof by the rotation of axis of rotation 23 and driven by cam 24.At this moment, piston 33 slides on cylinder body 29 inwalls on one side according to the cam type of drive and moves back and forth on one side, makes each modular pump 22,22 ... action.Like this, ground-improving material is attracted mouthfuls 27 with any velocity of discharge and attracts, and opens inlet valve 34 by suction hole 35, imports cylinder body 29 inside, closes inlet valve 34 by the motion of piston 33 simultaneously, is pushed by piston 33 and discharges from outlet opening 28.Describe it below in detail.
When the driving of cam 24 with push rod 38 when the direction of piston rod 36 is released, piston rod 36 slides piston 33 on one side and moves on one side at the internal face of cylinder body 29.At this moment, piston 33 is closed inlet valve 34, and the ground-improving material in the cylinder body 29 is discharged from outlet opening 28, passes out to the ascending pipe that is configured in the ground.The amount of the ground-improving material of sending is by the shape arbitrary decision of cam 24.
For example the slip guide member 40 that there are a plurality of sliding bearings inside is installed on the modular pump 22 by carriage 37.This slip guide member 40 is bearing on the sliding bar 41 slidably, this sliding bar 41 is parallel to modular pump 22 ground and is located on the frame support bracket 26 of basis on 25, prevent to cause swing, distortion or the deflection of modular pump 22 because of the rotation of cam 24, piston 33 is moved neatly, the suction of ground-improving material is carried out smoothly.
Fig. 6 is the vertical view of multi-joint armored pump 21 another concrete examples, is transversely arranged example, is fit to be arranged on very big zone.43 is motors of inverter motor etc. among the figure, the 44th, and governor, the 45th, shaft coupling.
As mentioned above, multi-dot foundation filling method of the present invention, adopted the multi-joint armored pump that has a plurality of modular pumps, these modular pumps are connected with a plurality of piston actuated members that driven by a drive source respectively, by by type of drive start arbitrarily, give each ascending pipe with discharge rate arbitrarily with the ground-improving material force feed, for the different ground of each layer of foundation situation, can side by side or selectively each layer carry out optimal injection to these, and the solid that also can carry out longitudinal direction, transverse direction in ground is injected.
Multipoint mode ground injection device of the present invention is the device that has multi-joint armored pump, as mentioned above, have a plurality of modular pumps, so, can with arbitrarily the amount, speed side by side or is selectively injected ground-improving material arbitrarily arbitrarily, for the different ground of each layer of foundation situation, can carry out optimal injection to each layer, also can the reduction of erection time.
In addition, the present invention can with the low velocity of discharge, for example with below the 1l～variable discharge rate that number l/ branch, particularly 0～2l/ divide do not cause that ground does not soak into injection to fine stratum with destroying, raising is soaked into the reliability of injection to fine stratum, but simultaneously by the rapid construction reduction of erection time.
Above-mentioned modular pump is installed on the slip guide member, can prevent that rotation by cam from causing swing, distortion or the deflection of modular pump, and piston is moved flexibly, successfully carries out the suction of ground-improving material.
Claims (13)
1. multi-dot foundation filling method, it is characterized in that, several ascending pipes are configured in the ground, from its outlet opening separately ground-improving material is injected ground by these ascending pipes, by the multi-joint armored pump that in a set of equipment, has a plurality of modular pumps ground-improving material is sent to each ascending pipe, is injected into the ground from outlet opening.
2. multi-dot foundation filling method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, a plurality of modular pumps are connected with a plurality of piston actuated members that driven by a drive source respectively, by with type of drive start arbitrarily, above-mentioned ground-improving material is sent to each ascending pipe with the velocity of discharge arbitrarily, injects.
3. multi-dot foundation filling method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, ground is divided into one or several pieces, several ascending pipes of configuration in these pieces.
4. multi-dot foundation filling method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, each outlet opening position of above-mentioned several ascending pipes is located on the mutually different position.
5. multi-dot foundation filling method as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, several ascending pipes are several tubules of restrainting together, and the position of its each outlet opening separates each other on direction of principal axis at interval.
6. multi-dot foundation filling method as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that, be provided with flap valve, before injecting ground-improving materials from these outlet openings at each outlet openings of several tubules, filling hardened material between the gap of ascending pipe and ground forms sealing.
7. multipoint mode ground injection device, it is characterized in that, have the ground-improving material reservoir vessel, in a set of equipment, have the multi-joint armored pump of a plurality of modular pumps and be configured in several ascending pipes in the ground, said vesse is being connected with each modular pump of multi-joint armored pump, each modular pump is being connected with several ascending pipes respectively, like this, the ground-improving material in the said vesse is sent to each ascending pipe with each modular pump, injects ground from each outlet opening again.
8. multipoint mode ground injection device as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that, above-mentioned multi-joint armored pump has a plurality of piston actuated members of driving with drive source and is connected with these drive member, a plurality of modular pumps by the type of drive start of each drive member, these modular pumps have cylinder body and piston rod respectively, above-mentioned cylinder body has the attraction mouth and the outlet opening of ground-improving material, one end of above-mentioned piston rod is connected with above-mentioned drive member, the other end is installed with the piston that can be free to slide at above-mentioned inboard wall of cylinder block face with inlet valve, the type of drive of each drive member is passed to piston rod and piston respectively, piston is moved back and forth in cylinder body according to the type of drive of above-mentioned drive member, each modular pump of start, like this, suck from attracting mouth with any velocity of discharge, discharge ground-improving material from outlet opening.
9. multipoint mode ground injection device as claimed in claim 8, it is characterized in that, the piston actuated member of above-mentioned multi-joint armored pump is a cam, above-mentioned multi-joint armored pump has a plurality of cams of reservation shape, have the axis of rotation that drives by drive source and be connected with these cams by push rod, a plurality of modular pumps according to each cam type of drive start, these modular pumps have cylinder body and piston rod respectively, cylinder body has the attraction mouth and the outlet opening of ground-improving material, one end of piston rod is connected with push rod, be installed with on the other end and have inlet valve, can be at the piston of above-mentioned inboard wall of cylinder block face slip, rotating cam by axis of rotation drives, these cam type of drive are passed to each piston rod and piston, piston is moved back and forth in cylinder body according to the cam type of drive, make each modular pump start, like this,, discharge from attracting mouthful to suck a ground-improving material with the velocity of discharge arbitrarily from outlet opening.
10. multipoint mode ground injection device as claimed in claim 8 or 9 is characterized in that, is connected with the ground-improving material reservoir vessel by the attraction mouth of above-mentioned cylinder body, is connected with several ascending pipes in being configured in ground by outlet opening.
11. multipoint mode ground injection device as claimed in claim 8 or 9, it is characterized in that, the sliding bar that can support the slip guide member is being set up with being free to slide with being parallel to the said units pump, should be installed on the said units pump by the slip guide member, like this, can prevent that driving by the piston actuated member from causing swing, distortion or the deflection of modular pump.
12. multipoint mode ground injection device as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, above-mentioned multi-joint armored pump is with a plurality of multi packs of the modular pump more than 5 groups, and carries out transversely arranged or vertical arrangement ground and arrange and constitute.
13. multipoint mode ground injection device as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that the piston actuated member of above-mentioned multi-joint armored pump is crank axle or oil hydraulic cylinder.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP217828/1998 | 1998-07-31 | ||
| JP217828/98 | 1998-07-31 | ||
| JP21782898A JP3275005B2 (en) | 1998-07-31 | 1998-07-31 | Multi-point ground injection method and equipment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1243903A CN1243903A (en) | 2000-02-09 |
| CN1100924C true CN1100924C (en) | 2003-02-05 |
Family
ID=16710395
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN99110704A Expired - Fee Related CN1100924C (en) | 1998-07-31 | 1999-07-28 | Multi-dot foundation filling method and apparatus |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3275005B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100397251B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1100924C (en) |
| TW (1) | TW399114B (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100468113B1 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2005-01-26 | 최제인 | Reinforced steel pipe one shot grouting apparatus and method of the same |
| JP2004195407A (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-07-15 | Kyokado Eng Co Ltd | Method for making ground containing hazardous substance harmless |
| KR100941916B1 (en) * | 2009-04-06 | 2010-02-11 | 문동춘 | Multi-point restoration grouting system |
| JP4948563B2 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2012-06-06 | 強化土エンジニヤリング株式会社 | Injection method and injection equipment |
| KR101143538B1 (en) * | 2009-10-22 | 2012-05-09 | 문동춘 | Multi-point restoration grouting system |
| JP5250660B2 (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2013-07-31 | 株式会社エヌ・アイ・ティ | Manhole and other floating prevention methods |
| JP5974361B2 (en) * | 2012-05-30 | 2016-08-23 | 原工業株式会社 | Injection pipe used for multi-point injection method |
| KR101371597B1 (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-03-07 | 정의엽 | Compaction grouting system |
| JP5948626B1 (en) * | 2015-11-04 | 2016-07-06 | 強化土株式会社 | Ground improvement method and ground injection device |
| JP6014812B1 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-10-26 | 強化土株式会社 | Ground improvement method |
| CN107794935B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2019-12-31 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Filling device and filling method for bottom plate lower foundation of Wiggins gas chamber |
| CN108411895A (en) * | 2018-02-13 | 2018-08-17 | 上海港湾基础建设（集团）股份有限公司 | Pipe row's pump mud injected foundation processing method |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2852721B2 (en) * | 1994-04-30 | 1999-02-03 | 強化土エンジニヤリング株式会社 | Injection pipe device, ground injection method and ground injection mechanism using the same |
-
1998
- 1998-07-31 JP JP21782898A patent/JP3275005B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-06-15 TW TW088110036A patent/TW399114B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-06 KR KR10-1999-0026982A patent/KR100397251B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-07-28 CN CN99110704A patent/CN1100924C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR100397251B1 (en) | 2003-09-13 |
| JP2000045259A (en) | 2000-02-15 |
| JP3275005B2 (en) | 2002-04-15 |
| KR20000011495A (en) | 2000-02-25 |
| CN1243903A (en) | 2000-02-09 |
| TW399114B (en) | 2000-07-21 |
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