CN110012770B - 一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园 - Google Patents
一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110012770B CN110012770B CN201910348644.2A CN201910348644A CN110012770B CN 110012770 B CN110012770 B CN 110012770B CN 201910348644 A CN201910348644 A CN 201910348644A CN 110012770 B CN110012770 B CN 110012770B
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[C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/02—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from rain-water
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
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- E03F5/10—Collecting-tanks; Equalising-tanks for regulating the run-off; Laying-up basins
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/108—Rainwater harvesting
Abstract
本发明是一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园，雨水花园，其呈环形结构，由外至内依次为：用于过滤和防止雨水冲刷的前处理单元、种植陆生植物的花园单元以及蓄水池。同时可在蓄水池上方建造一座凉亭，增强雨水花园的实用性。其优点在于高效削减径流污染物；有效减缓径流冲刷力；提高蓄水、净水能力以及渗透效率；降低对所种植物的要求，扩大植物选择范围；延长径流在植被层的滞留时间。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于海绵城市应用技术领域，具体涉及一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园。
背景技术
随着我国城市化不断推进，城市不透水面积比例迅速增多，雨季来临时，便会出现城市内涝，给市民带来诸多不便，严重地会造成生命财产的损失，同时降雨形成的雨水径流携带了大量的污染物（如颗粒物、氮、磷、金属离子等）未经处理而直接进入地表河流，从而破坏了城市水环境。针对上述问题，提出海绵城市这个全新概念，海绵城市指城市在适应环境变化和应对雨水带来的自然灾害等方面具有良好的“弹性”，同时也在全国各地推广实施各项海绵城市措施，雨水花园便是其中一种，属于雨水径流控制技术范畴，雨水花园是自然形成的或人工挖掘的浅凹绿地，其整合了雨水砂滤和渗透沟技术的功能，具有减轻雨水径流冲刷力；削减径流污染物；回补地下水；缓解市政排水压力；净化水质；提升城市宜居度等功能。
目前，雨水花园注重于景观效果和适当控制雨水径流流量，而弱化了净化作用，使得出水含有较高的氮、磷和金属离子，从而污染地表河流，同时对所种植物的要求较高。ZL207210075U公布了一种减缓基质堵塞的雨水花园系统，虽然在花园单元前串联了一个前处理单元，但设计上有很大缺陷：一是没有消能装置，易造成前处理单元里植物的冲刷；二是当水量过大时，会将前期已吸附的污染物质冲刷出来，随径流一并进入到花园单元，加重了花园单元的处理负担，影响最终的出水水质；三是无补水装置，对所种植物要求较高。
发明内容
本发明针对现有花园净化能力低，低蓄水能力，基质易堵塞，景观实用效果差，对氮、磷及金属离子去除率不高，对所种植物要求高，渗透效率不高等缺陷。本发明提供一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园，其目的在于提出一种有效提高蓄水能力和渗透效率；高效削减径流污染物；缓解径流冲刷力；良好的景观实用效果；降低对所种植物耐旱耐淹要求的构建方法。
本发明是通过如下技术方案实现的，一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园，其特征在于：
雨水花园，其呈环形结构，由外至内依次为：用于过滤和防止雨水冲刷的前处理单元、种植陆生植物的花园单元以及蓄水池。
作为本发明所述的一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园的一种优化方案：所述前处理单元，包括处理块装置壳体、放置在处理块装置壳体底部的砾石层、位于砾石层上部的填料层Ⅱ、以及放置在填料层Ⅱ上部的鹅卵石层；所述砾石层、填料层Ⅱ和鹅卵石层，三者相邻处均铺设有无纺土工布；
所述填料层Ⅱ，其上层为15cm厚的细石英砂、下层为10cm厚由按体积百分比占90%的河沙、5%的粘土和5%的有机物组成；
所述有机物为落叶或腐熟的木屑；
所述处理块装置壳体的底部设有若干个用于排雨水的孔洞。
作为本发明所述的一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园的一种优化方案：所述花园单元，包括表面呈凹凸波浪形、且下凹深度为10cm，整体坡度比为1：22的种植土层；
所述种植土层由80 %细砂和20%泥土，按体积百分比混合而成；
所述种植土层的底部为填料层Ⅰ；
所述填料层Ⅰ，其上层为15cm厚的细石英砂、下层为10cm厚由按体积百分比占90%的河沙、5%的粘土和5%的有机物组成；
所述有机物为落叶或腐熟的木屑；
所述种植土层表面的下凹处设有填料层Ⅰ连接的导渗柱；所述导渗柱由煤渣和石英砂按体积比1：1混合制成；
所述种植土层上种植有陆生植物。
作为本发明所述的一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园的一种优化方案：所述蓄水池，其底部及其内壁上设有防渗层，所述防渗层上部设有用于种植水生植物的淤泥层；
在所述蓄水池的上半部分设有与市政雨水管连通且接口处用铁丝网包裹的排水管；
在所述蓄水池的下半部分设有补水管；所述补水管包括至少一个环形的支管，以及连通支管与蓄水池的干管、且干管在蓄水池内的一端设有截止阀；所述支管上设有若干个通孔、且支管的管壁上包裹有无纺土工布。
作为本发明所述的一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园的一种优化方案：所述蓄水池的上方还可以建造凉亭，以及用于进入凉亭的索桥。
作为本发明所述的一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园的一种优化方案：所述前处理单元与花园单元相接处设有渗透墙；所述渗透墙由粒径为4cm的石块累积而成，避免前处理单元里的杂质颗粒物随水流进入花园单元；
所述花园单元与蓄水池相接处设有渗滤墙；所述渗滤墙由多孔混凝土浇筑而成，可降低水流流速从而减轻雨水径流对蓄水池的冲刷力以及避免杂质颗粒流入蓄水池。
作为本发明所述的一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园的一种优化方案：在所述雨水花园的外围安装有栅栏作为防护层。
本发明的优点：1、高效削减径流污染物；2、有效减缓径流冲刷力；3、提高蓄水、净水能力以及渗透效率；4、降低对所种植物的要求，扩大植物选择范围；5、延长径流在植被层的滞留时间。
附图说明
图1是本发明平面结构示意图；
图2是图1中A-A剖面示意图；
图3是前处理单元结构示意图；
图4是补水管结构示意图；
图中：1-路面，2-鹅卵石层，3-填料层Ⅰ，4-无纺土工布，5-砾石层，6-前处理单元，7-排水管，8-补水管，9-花园单元，10-索桥，11-陆生植物，12-导渗柱，13-覆盖层，14-渗滤墙，15-凉亭，16-水生植物，17-淤泥层，18-防渗层，19-蓄水池，20-渗透墙，21-处理块装置壳体，22-防护层，23-种植土层，24-填料层Ⅱ，25-干管；26-支管。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步说明；本领域技术人员应该清楚，实施例仅是作为本发明的具体解释和实施，不应视为对保护范围的具体限定。
实施例1
参照图1或图2，一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园，其特征在于：
雨水花园，其呈环形结构，由外至内依次为：用于过滤和防止雨水冲刷的前处理单元6、种植陆生植物的花园单元9以及蓄水池19。
具体地，雨水花园外侧可铺设路面1，雨水从路面1流入前处理单元6经过过滤和初步净化后进入花园单元9，进一步渗透或流入蓄水池19。
参照图3，所述前处理单元6，包括处理块装置壳体21、放置在处理块装置壳体21底部的砾石层5、位于砾石层5上部的填料层Ⅱ24、以及放置在填料层Ⅱ24上部的鹅卵石层2；所述砾石层5、填料层Ⅱ24和鹅卵石层2，三者相邻处均铺设有无纺土工布4；
所述填料层Ⅱ24，其上层为15cm厚的细石英砂、下层为10cm厚由按体积百分比占90%的河沙、5%的粘土和5%的有机物组成；
所述有机物为落叶或腐熟的木屑；
所述处理块装置壳体21的底部设有若干个用于排雨水的孔洞。
具体地，雨水进入前处理单元6先冲刷鹅卵石层2、鹅卵石层2选用直径约为5cm的石块，可以明显减缓雨水的冲刷力；前处理单元6是由若干个处理块装置壳体21拼接而成，处理块装置壳体21长宽高可设计为150cm *60cm*60cm、由PVC材料制成；所述处理块装置壳体21的底部设有若干个用于排雨水的孔洞，该孔洞的孔径为2cm，相邻孔洞间距为1cm，便于雨水渗漏入到花园单元9中；砾石层5厚度约为20cm；无纺土工布4的作用是避免相互混合，影响渗透效率。
所述前处理单元6与花园单元9相接处设有渗透墙20；所述渗透墙20厚度为5cm，由粒径为4cm的石块累积而成，避免前处理单元6里的杂质颗粒物随水流进入花园单元9。
参照图1，所述花园单元9，包括表面呈凹凸波浪形、且下凹深度为10cm，整体坡度比为1：22的种植土层23；
所述种植土层23由80 %细砂和20%泥土，按体积百分比混合而成；
所述种植土层23的底部为填料层Ⅰ3；
所述填料层Ⅰ3，其上层为15cm厚的细石英砂、下层为10cm厚由按体积百分比占90%的河沙、5%的粘土和5%的有机物组成；
所述有机物为落叶或腐熟的木屑；
所述种植土层23表面的下凹处设有填料层Ⅰ3连接的导渗柱12；所述导渗柱12由煤渣和石英砂按体积比1：1混合制成；
所述种植土层23上种植有陆生植物11，例如柳树、灌木、高羊茅等。
具体地，所述种植土层23的厚度至少50cm；所述导渗柱12可快速收集初期雨水径流，有效提高花园的渗透效率。
参照图1，所述蓄水池19，其底部及其内壁上设有防渗层18，所述防渗层18上部设有用于种植水生植物16的淤泥层17；
在所述蓄水池19的上半部分设有与市政雨水管连通且接口处用铁丝网包裹的排水管7；
参照图4，在所述蓄水池19的下半部分设有补水管8；所述补水管8包括至少一个环形的支管26，以及连通支管26与蓄水池19的干管25、且干管25在蓄水池19内的一端设有截止阀；所述支管26上设有若干个通孔、且支管26的管壁上包裹有无纺土工布4。
具体地，所述排水管7与市政雨水管连通，可有效防止蓄水池19内水量过多外溢，减少对陆生植物11的破坏；所述补水管8通过打开截止阀蓄水池19内的水进入干管25在流入支管26，最后通过支管26上设有若干个通孔流入种植土层23内，保证种植土层23内的水分含量，从而达到补水的目的，降低对所种植物的要求，扩大植物选择范围。
所述蓄水池19的上方还可以建造凉亭15，以及用于进入凉亭15的索桥10。
具体地，所述凉亭15的目的在增加整个雨水花园的实用性和观赏性，方便人们近距离欣赏和感受；索桥10主要用于人们进出凉亭15，其一端固定在路面1上，另一端固定在凉亭15处，方便人们通过，具有较好的旅游观赏效果。
在所述雨水花园的外围安装有栅栏作为防护层22。主要为了防止人们随意进入破坏植被的情况。
来自路面1的雨水径流先经防护层22削减流速，在经前处理单元6吸附过滤主要去除悬浮固体颗粒物后，小部分雨水经预处理装置直接渗漏入泥土中，其余的则通过渗透墙20过滤后流入雨水单元9，一部分被陆生植物11所吸收；一部分雨水径流经导渗柱12进入填料层Ⅰ3进行厌氧处理，之后回补地下水；其余沿着波浪形种植表层23经渗滤墙14减缓流速后，流入到蓄水池19并经水生植物16进一步吸附净化，当水量达到一定程度时，可形成优美的景观。当季节进入少雨期后，可打开补水管8与蓄水池19连接口阀门，则蓄水池19内的水通过补水管8为陆生植物11补充水分。
Claims (1)
1.一种高效削减径流流速和污染物的雨水花园，其特征在于：
雨水花园，其呈环形结构，由外至内依次为：用于过滤和防止雨水冲刷的前处理单元（6）、种植陆生植物的花园单元（9）以及蓄水池（19）；
所述前处理单元（6），包括处理块装置壳体（21）、放置在处理块装置壳体（21）底部的砾石层（5）、位于砾石层（5）上部的填料层Ⅱ（24）、以及放置在填料层Ⅱ（24）上部的鹅卵石层（2）；所述砾石层（5）、填料层Ⅱ（24）和鹅卵石层（2），三者相邻处均铺设有无纺土工布（4）；
所述填料层Ⅱ（24），其上层为15cm厚的细石英砂、下层为10cm厚由按体积百分比占90%的河沙、5%的粘土和5%的有机物组成；
所述有机物为落叶或腐熟的木屑；
所述处理块装置壳体（21）的底部设有若干个用于排雨水的孔洞；
所述花园单元（9），包括表面呈凹凸波浪形、且下凹深度为10cm，整体坡度比为1：22的种植土层（23）；
所述种植土层（23）由80 %细砂和20%泥土，按体积百分比混合而成；
所述种植土层（23）的底部为填料层Ⅰ（3）；
所述填料层Ⅰ（3），其上层为15cm厚的细石英砂、下层为10cm厚由按体积百分比占90%的河沙、5%的粘土和5%的有机物组成；
所述有机物为落叶或腐熟的木屑；
所述种植土层（23）表面的下凹处设有填料层Ⅰ（3）连接的导渗柱（12）；所述导渗柱（12）由煤渣和石英砂按体积比1：1混合制成；
所述种植土层（23）上种植有陆生植物（11）；
所述蓄水池（19），其底部及其内壁上设有防渗层（18），所述防渗层（18）上部设有用于种植水生植物（16）的淤泥层（17）；
在所述蓄水池（19）的上半部分设有与市政雨水管连通且接口处用铁丝网包裹的排水管（7）；
在所述蓄水池（19）的下半部分设有补水管（8）；所述补水管（8）包括至少一个环形的支管（26），以及连通支管（26）与蓄水池（19）的干管（25）、且干管（25）在蓄水池（19）内的一端设有截止阀；所述支管（26）上设有若干个通孔、且支管（26）的管壁上包裹有无纺土工布（4）；
所述蓄水池（19）的上方建造凉亭（15），以及用于进入凉亭（15）的索桥（10）；
所述前处理单元（6）与花园单元（9）相接处设有渗透墙（20）；所述渗透墙（20）由粒径为4cm的石块累积而成，避免前处理单元（6）里的杂质颗粒物随水流进入花园单元（9）；
所述花园单元（9）与蓄水池（19）相接处设有渗滤墙（14）；所述渗滤墙（14）由多孔混凝土浇筑而成，可降低水流流速从而减轻雨水径流对蓄水池（19）的冲刷力以及避免杂质颗粒流入蓄水池（19）；
在所述雨水花园的外围安装有栅栏作为防护层（22）。
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