CN110010629A - 具有掠过栅极的集成电路图像传感器单元 - Google Patents

具有掠过栅极的集成电路图像传感器单元 Download PDF

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CN110010629A
CN110010629A CN201811473257.3A CN201811473257A CN110010629A CN 110010629 A CN110010629 A CN 110010629A CN 201811473257 A CN201811473257 A CN 201811473257A CN 110010629 A CN110010629 A CN 110010629A
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Abstract

本公开涉及具有掠过栅极的集成电路图像传感器单元。一种成像单元,包括耦合在光敏电荷节点和中间节点之间的掠过栅极晶体管,以及耦合在中间节点和感测节点之间的传输栅极晶体管。掠过栅极晶体管包括垂直栅极电极结构,该垂直栅极电极结构由延伸到衬底中的第一电容性深沟槽隔离和延伸到衬底中的第二电容性深沟槽隔离形成。掠过栅极晶体管的沟道位于第一和第二电容性深沟槽隔离之间。每个电容性深沟槽隔离由沟槽形成,该沟槽衬有绝缘衬垫并填充有导电或半导电材料。

Description

具有掠过栅极的集成电路图像传感器单元
技术领域
本公开涉及图像传感器,并且具体涉及包括掠过(skimming)栅极的图像传感器单元。
背景技术
参考图1,其示出了用于图像传感器的现有技术光敏单元10的电路图,图像传感器包括以行和列的矩阵布置的这种单元10的阵列。单元10包括光电二极管12,其具有连接到地的阳极和连接到节点14的阴极。传输栅极晶体管16具有连接到节点14的源极端子和连接到包括感测节点的节点18的漏极端子。传输栅极晶体管16的栅极由传输栅极控制信号TG驱动。单元10还包括复位晶体管20,其具有连接到电源电压节点Vdd的漏极端子和连接到节点18的源极端子。复位晶体管20的栅极由复位信号RST驱动。节点18连接到源极跟随器晶体管22的栅极,源极跟随器晶体管22具有连接到电源电压节点Vdd的漏极端子和连接到节点24的源极端子。读取晶体管28具有连接到节点24的漏极端子和连接到单元10的阵列的列线30的源极端子。读取晶体管28的栅极由读取信号RD驱动。
单元10以本领域技术人员公知的方式操作。晶体管16由信号TG关断,并且光电二极管12通过在节点14生成电荷而对照明进行响应。晶体管28导通以将在节点18处的该电压传输到列线30。复位晶体管20由信号RST导通以将在节点18处的电压预充电到Vdd。然后,将复位晶体管20关断并将晶体管16导通。将存储的电荷从节点16传输到节点20,并且在节点20处的电压下降到取决于照明的强度和对应的存储的电荷的电平。然后,将晶体管16和晶体管28关断。
发明内容
在一个实施例中,一种成像单元包括:耦合在光敏电荷节点和中间节点之间的掠过栅极晶体管,以及耦合在中间节点和感测节点之间的传输栅极晶体管。掠过栅极晶体管包括垂直栅极电极结构,该垂直栅极电极结构包括:延伸到衬底中的第一电容性深沟槽隔离;和延伸到衬底中的第二电容性深沟槽隔离。掠过栅极晶体管的沟道位于第一和第二电容性深沟槽隔离之间,并且第一和第二电容性深沟槽隔离中的每个电容性深沟槽隔离包括沟槽,该沟槽衬有绝缘衬垫并填充有导电或半导电材料。
用于第一和第二电容性深沟槽隔离的沟槽可以彼此平行且与沟道的长度平行地延伸。
用于第一和第二电容性深沟槽隔离的沟槽可以彼此不平行且与沟道的长度不平行地延伸。
附图说明
在下面的结合着附图的特定实施例的非限制性描述中将详细讨论前述和其他特征及优点,其中:
图1是现有技术光敏单元的电路图;
图2是包括掠过栅极的光敏单元的电路图;
图3A-图3B分别示出了掠过栅极晶体管的一个实施例的平面图和截面图;
图4A-图4B是图示图2的光敏单元的操作的电荷流动图,其中光敏单元具有如图3A-图3B中所示的掠过栅极晶体管;
图5A-图5C分别示出了掠过栅极晶体管的一个实施例的平面图和两个截面图;以及
图6A-图6B是图示图2的光敏单元的操作的电荷流动图,其中光敏单元具有如图5A-图5C中所示的掠过栅极晶体管。
具体实施方式
参考图2,其示出了用于图像传感器的光敏单元100的电路图,该图像传感器包括以行和列的矩阵布置的这种单元100的阵列。单元100包括光单元116,光单元116包括光敏器件112(诸如二极管),光敏器件112具有连接到地的阳极和连接到光敏电荷节点114的阴极。光单元116的光敏材料的基本电气模型由在偏置电源电压节点Vbias和光敏电荷节点114之间彼此并联连接的电阻器R和电容器C表示。该建模涉及例如反向偏置半导体结、量子点材料、非晶硅材料等。单元100还包括掠过栅极晶体管118,其具有连接到光敏电荷节点114的源极端子和连接到节点120的漏极端子,节点120包括钉扎电荷收集器(由钉扎二极管124表示)。掠过栅极晶体管118的栅极由掠过控制信号SKM驱动。传输栅极晶体管128具有连接到节点120的源极端子和连接到节点130的漏极端子。传输栅极晶体管128的栅极由传输栅极控制信号TG驱动。复位晶体管134具有连接到电源电压节点Vdd的漏极端子和连接到节点130的源极端子。复位晶体管134的栅极由复位信号RST驱动。节点130连接到源极跟随器晶体管138的栅极,源极跟随器晶体管138具有连接到电源电压节点Vdd的漏极端子和连接到节点140的源极端子。读取晶体管144具有连接到节点140的漏极端子和连接到单元100的阵列的列线148的源极端子。读取晶体管144的栅极由读取信号RD驱动。
现在参考图3A-图3B,其分别图示了掠过栅极晶体管118的一个实施例的平面图和截面图。掺杂有p型导电掺杂剂的半导体衬底200包括在衬底200的上表面处的区域202p(掺杂有p型导电掺杂剂)以及部分地掩埋在区域202p下方的区域202n(掺杂有n型导电掺杂剂)。区域202n形成掠过栅极晶体管118的沟道(C)并且延伸以进一步形成钉扎电荷收集器的节点120。提供与n型区域202n接触的n型过掺杂区域204,以帮助与光单元116的光敏电荷节点114进行电连接。
通过一对沟槽210在衬底200中形成垂直栅极(VEGA)电极型结构,在一对沟槽210之间限定掠过栅极晶体管118的沟道C。每个沟槽210包括绝缘衬垫212(诸如由热氧化物形成)和由导电或半导电材料214(诸如,金属或多晶硅材料)制成的填料。在本领域中这种结构也被称为电容性深沟槽隔离(CDTI)。每个沟槽210的宽度可以是例如0.2μm-0.4μm。每个沟槽210延伸到等于或超过区域202n的深度的深度(但不一定完全延伸穿过衬底200)。填充每个沟槽210的导电或半导电材料214被电连接以利用掠过控制信号SKM偏置。在该实施例中,一对沟槽210在晶体管118的长度(L)的方向上彼此平行地延伸。这里,晶体管的长度L对应于VEGA电极型结构的导体填充的沟槽210的长度。尽管仅在图3A中一般地示出,但是应当理解,区域202p优选地在长度方向上延伸超过CDTI结构,以至少部分地(如果不是完全的话)覆盖与钉扎二极管124关联的钉扎电荷收集器的节点120。
施加的掠过控制信号SKM的电压电平与区域202n中的掺杂剂水平和沟槽210之间的沟道C的宽度(W)一起控制形成晶体管沟道的区域202n的该部分的导电性。由掠过栅极晶体管118的源极端子从光敏电荷节点114接收光电流。电子传导是在区域202n的硅体积中,空穴积累是在区域202n与在沟槽210侧壁处的热氧化物衬垫212的界面处。通过施加到掠过栅极的SKM信号的控制电压来确保空穴累积。在没有光电流的情况下,沟道C完全耗尽,其静电电势由晶体管的尺寸(具体地,宽度W)和沟道净掺杂固定。
在一个实施例中,宽度W可以是大约200nm(±5%),长度L可以是大约400nm(±5%)并且区域202n的掺杂剂浓度水平可以是大约6×1016at/cm3(±5%)。
掠过栅极晶体管118操作以维持通过光敏材料的恒定电压。这很重要,因为光敏材料的灵敏度可能是取决于偏压的,因此不管有或没有光电流,Vbias和节点114之间的电压都应当保持几乎恒定。光敏材料在晶体管118的源极处连接到二极管的阴极端子。由二极管收集的光电流通过晶体管118的沟道从节点114排出(即,掠过)并在节点120处的收集器区域中收集。允许二极管生成的电荷从源节点114排出的掠过电平由VEGA电极型结构的静电电压设置,并由掠过控制信号SKM的电压电平控制。
具有掠过栅极晶体管118的单元100以下面的方式操作。将晶体管144导通以将节点130处的电压传输到列线148。通过信号TG将晶体管128关断(附图标记250,图4A),并且所施加的掠过控制信号SKM的电压设置掠过电平(附图标记252,图4A),高于该掠过电平允许光敏电荷节点114处的电荷通过晶体管118排出到电荷收集节点120。光单元116通过在光敏电荷节点114处生成电荷254来对照明进行响应。通过信号RST将复位晶体管134导通以将在节点130处的电压预充电到Vdd。随着光单元116继续生成电荷,最终生成足够的电荷量以便超过掠过电平252。然后,进一步生成的电荷从光敏电荷节点114排出(附图标记256,图4A)到节点120以用于收集(附图标记258,图4A)。然后将复位晶体管134关断并且将晶体管128导通(附图标记260,图4B)。将存储的电荷从节点120传递到节点130(附图标记262,图4B),并且节点130处的电压下降到取决于照明的强度和对应的存储的电荷的电平。然后,将晶体管128和晶体管144关断。
现在参考图5A-图5C,其分别示出了掠过栅极晶体管118的一个实施例的平面图和两个截面图。掺杂有p型导电掺杂剂的半导体衬底300包括在衬底300的上表面处的区域302p(掺杂有p型导电掺杂剂)以及部分地掩埋在区域302p下方的区域302n(掺杂有n型导电掺杂剂)。区域302n形成掠过栅极晶体管118的沟道(C),并且延伸以进一步形成钉扎电荷收集器的节点120。提供与n型区域302n接触的n型过掺杂区域304,以帮助与光单元116的光敏电荷节点114进行电连接。
通过一对沟槽310在衬底300中形成垂直栅极(VEGA)电极型结构,在一对沟槽310之间限定掠过栅极晶体管118的沟道C。每个沟槽310包括绝缘衬垫312(诸如由热氧化物形成)和由导电或半导电材料314(诸如,金属或多晶硅材料)制成的填料。在本领域中这种结构也被称为电容性深沟槽隔离(CDTI)。每个沟槽310的宽度可以是例如0.2μm-0.4μm。每个沟槽310延伸到等于或超过区域302n的深度的深度(但不一定完全延伸穿过衬底300)。填充每个沟槽310的导电或半导电材料314被电连接以利用掠过控制信号SKM偏置。尽管仅在图5A中一般地示出,但是应当理解,区域302p优选地在长度方向上延伸超过CDTI结构,以至少部分地(如果不是完全的话)覆盖与钉扎二极管124关联的钉扎电荷收集器的节点120。
施加的掠过控制信号SKM的电压电平与区域302n中的掺杂剂水平和沟槽310之间的沟道C的宽度(ΔW)一起控制形成晶体管沟道的区域302n的该部分的导电性。这里,宽度ΔW从光敏电荷节点114到节点120沿着晶体管沟道C的长度(L)增加,因为沟槽310彼此不平行且与沟道的长度L不平行地延伸。在这种配置中,长度L对应于直角三角形的底的长度,直角三角形具有等于VEGA电极型结构的导体填充的沟槽310的长度的斜边。由底和斜边形成的锐角可以例如在5到20度之间。由掠过栅极晶体管118的源极端子在光敏电荷节点114处从光单元116接收光电流。电子传导是在区域302n的硅体积中,空穴积累是在区域302n与在沟槽310侧壁处的热氧化物衬垫312的界面处。在没有光电流的情况下,沟道C完全耗尽,其静电电势由晶体管的尺寸(具体地,宽度W)和沟道净掺杂固定。
在一个实施例中,宽度W可以沿着长度L从约120nm(±5%)的最窄宽度线性地增加到约400nm(±5%)的最宽宽度,长度L可以是约500nm(±5%),并且区域202的掺杂剂浓度水平可以是约5×1016at/cm3(±5%)。
如本领域技术人员对完全耗尽的MOS掩埋沟道所理解的,由于ΔW沿着长度L增加,掠过栅极晶体管118操作以提供渐变静电势(电势斜率)。这是有利的,因为它支持减少的电荷传输时间,同时尽可能地维持节点114处的稳定电压。由光单元116生成的光电流通过晶体管118的沟道从节点114排出(即,掠过)并在节点120处的收集器区域收集。允许二极管收集的电荷从源极节点114排出的掠过电平由VEGA电极型结构的静电电压设置,并由掠过控制信号SKM的电压电平控制。
具有掠过栅极晶体管118的单元100以下面的方式操作。将晶体管144导通以将节点130处的电压传输到列线148。通过信号TG将晶体管128关断(附图标记350,图5A),并且所施加的掠过控制信号SKM的电压设置掠过电平(附图标记352,图5A),高于该掠过电平允许光敏电荷节点114处的电荷通过晶体管118排出到电荷收集节点120。由ΔW增加影响的结构特性设置负的电势斜率(附图标记353,图5A)。光单元116通过在光敏电荷节点114处生成电荷354来对照明进行响应。通过信号RST将复位晶体管134导通,以将在节点130处的电压预充电到Vdd。随着光单元116继续生成电荷,最终生成足够的电荷量以便超过掠过电平352。然后,进一步生成的电荷从光敏电荷节点114排出(附图标记356,图5A)到节点120以用于收集(附图标记358,图5A)。然后将复位晶体管134关断并且将晶体管128导通(附图标记360,图5B)。将存储的电荷从节点120传递到节点130(附图标记362,图5B),并且节点130处的电压下降到取决于照明的强度和对应的存储的电荷的电平。然后,将晶体管128和晶体管144关断。
在各个附图中,相同的元件用相同的附图标记表示,并且各个附图未按比例绘制。为清楚起见,仅示出并且详细描述了对理解所描述的实施例有用的那些元件。
在本说明中,术语“高”、“侧”、“横向”、“顶部”、“上方”、“下方”、“上”、“上部”和“下部”指示对应的附图中的有关元件的取向。
改变、修改和改进旨在成为本公开的一部分,并且旨在落入本发明的精神和范围内。因此,前面的描述仅是示例性的,而不是旨在限制性的。本发明仅被如权利要求及其等同限定的限制。

Claims (7)

1.一种成像单元,包括:
掠过栅极晶体管,耦合在光敏电荷节点和中间节点之间;和
传输栅极晶体管,耦合在所述中间节点和感测节点之间;
其中所述掠过栅极晶体管包括垂直栅极电极结构,所述垂直栅极电极结构包括:
延伸到衬底中的第一电容性深沟槽隔离;和
延伸到所述衬底中的第二电容性深沟槽隔离;
其中所述掠过栅极晶体管的沟道位于所述第一电容性深沟槽隔离和所述第二电容性深沟槽隔离之间;并且
其中每个电容性深沟槽隔离包括衬有绝缘衬垫并填充有导电或半导电材料的沟槽。
2.根据权利要求1所述的成像单元,其中所述第一沟槽和所述第二沟槽彼此平行且与所述掠过栅极晶体管的所述沟道的长度平行地延伸。
3.根据权利要求2所述的成像单元,其中所述掠过栅极晶体管的所述沟道的宽度从所述光敏电荷节点到所述中间节点沿着所述沟道的所述长度恒定。
4.根据权利要求1所述的成像单元,其中所述第一沟槽和所述第二沟槽彼此不平行且与所述掠过栅极晶体管的所述沟道的长度不平行地延伸。
5.根据权利要求4所述的成像单元,其中所述掠过栅极晶体管的所述沟道的宽度从所述光敏电荷节点到所述中间节点沿着所述沟道的所述长度增加。
6.根据权利要求5所述的成像单元,其中所述沟道的宽度的增加是线性增加。
7.根据权利要求1所述的成像单元,其中填充每个沟槽的所述导电或半导电材料被配置成接收掠过控制信号,所述掠过控制信号设置所述掠过栅极晶体管的掠过电平,以用于将电荷从所述光敏电荷节点传输到所述中间节点。
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