CN1099398C - 一种肥料添加剂及应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种肥料添加剂,由甲壳胺水胶状液0.1~99份和高分子化合物或丙乙烯酸酯0~99份组成,还涉及用其作为包覆各种肥料或种子的材料的应用,本发明制备简单,有提高肥效、杀菌作用,改善作物品质明显,其包衣还具有智能缓释作用。
Description
本发明涉及一种肥料添加剂及应用。具体地说,涉及一种由甲壳胺或者和高分子化合物组成的组合物,以及它们作为包覆材料和肥料添加剂的应用。
当前,施用于农作物的肥料主要是无机肥,其特点是:显效快、成本低、易于工厂化生产,但是这些肥料却有分解快,吸收利用率低,流失、挥发浪费大,易造成土壤板结等弊端,并且对环境也有不同程度的污染。由于上述原因,人们总希望能研制出一种既能增加产量,又能提高作物品质且本身又无毒,无污染的肥料。现在解决的方法多是通过添加植物生长调节剂或植物生长微量元素以及微生物发酵等来达到提高肥效的目的,但是,这些肥料只能满足作物或土壤的某一方面的要求,无法解决作物或土壤的全面需求,特别是预防和改善土壤板结,有效激活植物体内生物激素和酶活性及肥料随植物生长快慢进行智能释放等需要。
近年来,关于肥料添加剂的研制、开发和报道很多,但是以低等生物菌类、藻类、节肢动物外壳、软体动物内壳和软骨以及高等动物的细胞壁为原料提取的甲壳胺并与高分子化合物均匀混合的组合物作为肥料添加剂的还未见报道。
本发明的目的提供一种由甲壳胺或者和高分子化合物或丙乙烯酸酯组成的肥料添加剂,它可有效地改善土壤板结,激活植物体内生物激素和酶活性并利用自身活性物质抑菌。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种利用上述肥料添加剂作为包覆各种肥料或种子的材料的应用,解决肥料的智能缓释。
本发明的再一目的是提供一种肥料添加剂在如植物生长调节剂等肥料制备中的应用。
本发明的肥料添加剂组分如下,以下为重量份:
重量百分比为0.1%~50%甲壳胺水胶状液0.1~99份,高分子化合物或丙乙烯酸酯0~99份。
高分子化合物分子量10~300万。
甲壳胺分子量为1,000~130,000,000。
高分子化合物是下列之一或两种以上的混合:聚醋酸乙烯,改性淀粉,聚丙烯酰胺,羧甲基纤维素,乙基纤维素。
所说的丙乙烯酸酯是下列之一或两种的混合:丙乙烯酸乙酯,丙乙烯酸丙酯。
所说的肥料添加剂其组份是分子量为1,000~30,000,000的甲壳胺水胶状液。
高分子化合物优选下列之一或其任意比例的组合:聚醋酸乙烯,改性淀粉,聚丙烯酰胺,分子量100万~200万。
以上各项中任意一项作为包覆各种肥料或种子的材料的应用。
以上各项中任意一项在肥料制备中作为添加剂的应用,如添加在植物生长调节剂中,或者添加在其他有机、无机肥料中。
本发明使用的甲壳胺又名壳聚糖(氨基葡萄糖聚糖),是一种动物性纤维多糖,结构式为:与纤维素等多糖类物质相似,是自然界中分布极广的多糖类之一,将其与高分子化合物组合,作为肥料添加剂使用,每50kg化肥使用100克添加剂,混匀后撤施,能使肥效提高一倍以上。并且能够产生原肥料没有的如下效果:
1.施用后能激活植物体内生物激素和酶的活性,加速根系生长和分生,形成强壮的根系系统,促进根系对肥料的吸收利用、防止沤根、烂根。
2.施用后能抑制土壤中有害菌的分生和繁殖,预防枯萎病,根腐病等根部病害。并能使小麦赤霉病减少30%,大豆根腐病减少20~60%,苹果腐烂病、瓜菜霜霉病发病率也明显减少。
3.施用后能促使土壤中的微生物产生一种杀死线虫和虫卵的酶,对根部线虫的防治有特效。
4.施用后,不但能促进作物自身吸收,而且还能促进土壤中各种肥料的分解利用,提高肥料吸收率。
5.施用后能有效促进叶绿素的合成和转化,增加有机质积累,提高产量,改善品质。试验证明可提高植物叶片叶绿素含量10~20%,并可提高硝酸还原酶活性30%以上,使小麦、玉米、大豆、蛋白质含量提高10~30%;苹果着色度提高7.9以上;果类糖度提高1~1.5度;Vc含量提高10~60%。
甲壳胺为成膜物质,以甲壳胺和高分子化合物组成的组合物,可以作为包覆材料进行肥料或种子及植物的包衣,包在种子外或喷施植物叶面具有透气,保水之功效,可促进植物光合作用及营养成分吸收。在植物收获前期喷施,可增强植物抗性,使种子易贮存,蔬菜、瓜果保质期延长。若包在肥料外,可延长肥料的分解、释放,起到缓释作用,并可根据植物生长对养份的需要以及温度的变化,自动调节肥料的释放量,达到智能释放的效果。
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明:
实施例1:
重量百分比为0.1%的甲壳胺96重量份,聚醋酸乙酯90重量份,以上甲壳胺分子量为130,000,000,聚醋酸乙酯分子量160万。
实施例2:
重量百分比为40%甲壳胺15重量份,改性淀粉45重量份,以上甲壳胺分子量为1000,改性淀粉分子量150万。
实施例3:
重量百分比为25%甲壳胺55重量份,聚丙烯酰胺30重量份,以上甲壳胺分子量为30,000,000,聚丙烯酰胺分子量180万。
实施例4:
重量百分比为50%甲壳胺水胶状液85重量份,聚醋酸乙酯0.01重量份,以上甲壳胺分子量为1000,000,聚醋酸乙酯分子量140万。
实施例5:
重量百分比为45%甲壳胺水胶状液90重量份,甲壳胺分子量为1000,000。
实施例6:
重量百分比为10%甲壳胺75重量份,聚醋酸乙烯15重量份,羧甲基纤维素10重量份,以上甲壳胺分子量为5000,聚醋酸乙烯分子量170万,羧甲基纤维素。
实施例7:本发明作为肥料包覆材料的应用。
取实施例1的组合物6公斤喷涂于滚动搅拌的1000公斤三元素复合肥表面,干燥,制成具有包膜的肥料。
实施例8:本发明作为种子包覆材料的应用。
取实施例4的组合物6公斤喷涂于滚动搅拌的1000公斤种子表面,制成具有包膜的种子。
实施例9:本发明在植物生长调节剂中的应用。
植物生长调节剂成份例如:硫酸锌150克,硫酸亚铁300克,腐植酸铵100克,硫磺粉100克,硫酸铜100克,硫酸锰100克,硼砂100克,混合拌匀。
喷洒实施例2的肥料添加剂50克,放置30分钟,翻动风干,装袋,干燥处保存。使用时加水稀释500倍,可用作叶面喷施肥,沾根,起到“植物疫苗”的作用。
实施例10:本发明在肥料制备中作为添加剂的应用。
取实施例5的肥料添加剂10公斤,加入由硼砂0.5公斤硫酸锌10公斤、尿素3公斤、硝酸稀土0.4公斤组成的肥料中,混匀,在100公斤水溶解制成液体,加水稀释200倍后,可作浸种剂直接浸种或拌种。
Claims (5)
1.一种肥料添加剂,其特征在于,各组分组成如下:重量百分比为0.1%~50%甲壳胺水胶状液15~96重量份,高分子化合物0~99重量份,所说的高分子化合物是下列之一或两种以上的混合:聚醋酸乙烯,改性淀粉,聚丙烯酰胺,羧甲基纤维素,乙基纤维素,分子量100万~200万。
2.如权利要求1所述的肥料添加剂,其特征是,所说的甲壳胺分子量为1,000~130,000,000。
3.如权利要求1所述的肥料添加剂,其特征是,所述的甲壳胺水胶状液分子量为1,000~30,000,000。
4.权利要求1~3中任意一项作为包覆各种肥料或种子的材料的应用。
5.权利要求1~3中任意一项在肥料制备中作为添加剂的应用。
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CN100413816C (zh) * | 2006-05-18 | 2008-08-27 | 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 | 活性土和絮凝剂、吸附剂复合材料氮肥固定化方法和肥料 |
CN100491500C (zh) * | 2006-07-28 | 2009-05-27 | 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 | 控制氮肥损失的环境友好复合材料及应用 |
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