CN109887763B - Multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with conductive energy storage function and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with conductive energy storage function and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function and a preparation method thereof, wherein the material comprises a nano carbon sheet layer, and carbon nano tubes and nano bowl-shaped carbon distributed on the nano carbon sheet layer; the thickness of the nano carbon sheet layer is 50-300nm, and the length and the width are micron-sized; the diameter of the nanometer bowl-shaped carbon structure is 20-250nm, and the wall thickness is 5-30 nm. The invention not only has lower cost of the used raw materials, but also has more excellent conductivity compared with the existing product, can improve the charge and discharge capacity, provide higher power density, prolong the cycle life, simultaneously has huge specific surface area, greatly improves the volume specific capacitance and the mass specific capacitance, and further improves the performance of the super capacitor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electrode materials of supercapacitors, and particularly relates to a multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The super capacitor has the characteristics of large specific capacity, high charging and discharging speed, long cycle life and the like, and becomes one of the electrochemical energy storage fields in the current research, and the performance of the super capacitor is closely related to the types and properties of electrode materials. The super capacitor is mainly divided into two types, namely a double electric layer capacitor and a pseudo capacitor, wherein common super capacitor capacitance materials are metal oxides, conductive polymers, carbon materials and the like with conductive energy storage properties. The carbon material has been applied to an electrode system of an energy storage device for preparing an electric double layer capacitor due to the characteristics of good chemical stability, good conductivity, abundant sources, low cost and the like.
Activated carbon is a common carbon material and is currently the most widely used active material in commercially available electric double layer capacitors. Activated carbon is generally obtained by carbonizing a carbonaceous material by roasting in an oxygen-deficient environment, and can be obtained from a wide variety of carbonaceous precursors (e.g., lignocellulose, pitch, coal, etc.), but it is also required to be activated chemically, physically, or a combination thereof to increase its surface area before it can be used. The activated carbon has the characteristics of high conductivity, high specific surface area, stable chemical property and the like, is the most widely commercially applied capacitor electrode material at present, and has the problem of low specific capacitance.
Patent CN201710562960.0 "preparation method of activated carbon" and activated carbon "discloses a preparation method of activated carbon, in which under protective gas atmosphere, straws are carbonized at 300-400 ℃ to obtain carbide; uniformly mixing the carbide and strong base to obtain a mixture, wherein the mass ratio of the carbide to the strong base is 1: 3-1: 4; under the protective gas atmosphere, activating the mixture at 500-800 ℃ for 1-2 hours to obtain a pre-product; and dipping the pre-product in strong inorganic acid, and preserving the heat for 1 to 2 hours at the temperature of between 80 and 90 ℃ to obtain the activated carbon.
It can be seen that the current methods for preparing activated carbon materials require the use of multiple activation means and require multiple heat treatments, which place a great burden on the environment.
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a composite carbon material with a novel multiple micro-nano structure. The material is simple in preparation process, environment-friendly and energy-saving, has an innovative structure and excellent performance, and has a good prospect.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects and shortcomings in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function and a preparation method thereof.
The invention relates to a carbon/carbon composite material with special surface appearance prepared by compounding a corncob with a carbon nanotube, which can be used for preparing an electrode of a super capacitor. The corncob has a natural pore structure, is a good raw material for preparing activated carbon, can obtain a porous spongy carbon material formed by mutually connected nano carbon sheet layers after carbonization, and simultaneously, mesopores with the pore diameter of 2-50nm are distributed on the sheet layers. After the corn core is coated with the carbon nano tube/EVA and then carbonized, the active carbon structure which is originally beneficial to ion migration of the corn core and the good electrochemical performance of the carbon nano tube can be reserved, a new nano-scale surface bowl-shaped structure is created, the specific surface area of the material is greatly improved, the adsorption of electrolyte on the surface of the material can be promoted, the wettability is increased, the performance of the capacitor can be improved when the material is applied to an electrode material of a super capacitor, and the material has a wide market prospect.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function comprises a nano carbon sheet layer, and carbon nano tubes and nano bowl-shaped carbon distributed on the nano carbon sheet layer; the thickness of the nano carbon sheet layer is 50-300nm, and the length and the width are micron-sized; the diameter of the nanometer bowl-shaped carbon structure is 20-300nm, and the wall thickness is 5-30 nm.
Preferably, the carbon nano-sheet layer is distributed with a mesoporous structure of 2-20 nm.
Preferably, the carbon nanotube is a single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotube with a diameter of 15-50 nm.
Preferably, the specific capacitance of the multiple micro-nano structure carbon material is 80-300F/g (based on data measured by a constant current charging and discharging method in alkaline electrolyte at a current density of 1A/g).
A preparation method of a multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function comprises the following steps:
adding corncobs into CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid for soaking; taking out the soaked corncobs, drying, heating for carbonization, and cooling to obtain the multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with the conductive energy storage function;
the mass ratio of the corncobs, the CNT, the CTAB and the EVA is 5: (0.5-1): (0.5-2): 1.
preferably, the preparation steps of the CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid are as follows: adding CNT into CTAB solution, and performing ultrasonic oscillation to primarily disperse the CNT; and adding an EVA solution, and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid.
Preferably, the soaking time is 3-48 h.
Preferably, the corncob is pretreated firstly, and the pretreatment steps are as follows: washing corn cob with clear water, anhydrous alcohol and clear water, oven drying at 70 deg.C, and crushing into 1-3mm pieces.
Preferably, the heating carbonization refers to heating to 800-1000 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, and keeping the temperature for 0.5-4 h.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
the corn core part contains a natural porous structure, pure corn cobs can form porous structure carbon with a plurality of micron-sized pore diameters after being heated and carbonized at high temperature, and the original structures such as cell walls and the like are in a lamellar structure with the thickness of 50-200nm after being carbonized.
Under natural conditions, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have a very small specific surface area and a high surface energy, and therefore naturally aggregate and are not easily dispersed, and it is difficult to prepare a dispersion that can be stably stored. CTAB is a cationic surfactant, and after the CTAB is dissolved in a solvent, CNT can adsorb CTAB molecules in the dispersion process, and can be primarily dispersed in the solvent after ultrasonic dispersion. After EVA is dissolved in a solvent, macromolecular chains dispersed in the solution are formed, after the two dispersions are mixed and ultrasonically dispersed, the macromolecular chains of the EVA can be inserted between the CNTs which are preliminarily dispersed, so that the CNTs can be stably suspended in the solution to reach a monodispersed state.
After the corncob is soaked in the CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid, because the biological tissue of the corncob has polarity and the EVA molecular chain also has polarity, the EVA molecular chain can slowly adsorb and combine with the biological tissue, and simultaneously part of the CNT and CTAB are also fixed on the corncob, and after being taken out and dried, the corncob/CNT/CTAB/EVA composite is formed. The solvent evaporates and the EVA does not form a film that completely covers the corncob sheet layer, but rather forms a distributed raised structure.
And (3) putting the compound into a muffle furnace, slowly heating to the high temperature of 800-1000 ℃ and preserving heat for a period of time, so that the biological tissue in the corncobs and the EVA can be carbonized, wherein the corncobs are carbonized to form the porous flaky carbon material. In the process of heating the EVA to about 300 ℃, the EVA is firstly converted into a liquid state, and meanwhile CTAB forms a spherical structure in the EVA. The EVA melt liquid is gathered on the CTAB micelle surface under the action of surface tension to form tiny vesicles, and carbonization begins to occur as the temperature continues to rise. At the temperature of 300-400 ℃, the surfactant CTAB is decomposed to release gas, the EVA vesicles are damaged and collapsed, and then carbonization and contraction are continuously carried out to form the carbon material with the triple structure of the carbon sheet layer/the carbon nano tube/the nano bowl-shaped carbon.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
the invention can greatly reduce the production cost of the electrode material of the super capacitor.
1. The cost of the raw materials used in the invention is low. The electrode materials of the super capacitor which are industrially applied at present are mainly modified coconut shell activated carbon and asphalt activated carbon. The main raw materials used in the invention comprise corncob waste inside the corn cob, ethylene-vinyl acetate plastic (EVA) and multi-walled carbon nano-tubes. Wherein, the corncob waste almost does not need the cost; EVA plastic is a general plastic which is developed extremely mature, and has low price; through the development of years, the price of the multi-wall carbon nano tube is reduced to be within 2000 yuan/kg, the multi-wall carbon nano tube has industrial use value, and the carbon nano tube is less in use amount, so that the cost is not increased too much. In contrast, the price of materials such as graphene, which are commonly used in research, is still at a high price of more than 500 yuan/g, and thus cannot be used for industrial production.
2. The conductivity is the basic condition for the super capacitor electrode material to exert the capacitive performance, and the product obtained by the invention is a carbon material, compared with polyphenylConducting polymers of amines, polypyrroles, or MnO2The transition metal oxide has more excellent conductivity, can improve the charge and discharge capacity, provides higher power density and prolongs the cycle life; meanwhile, compared with a pure tubular carbon nanotube, sheet-packed graphene or spherical polyaniline particles, the product obtained by the method has a special multi-composite structure of carbon with a micron-level lamellar structure, the carbon nanotube and carbon with a nanometer-level bowl-shaped structure, has a huge specific surface area, and greatly improves the volume specific capacitance and the mass specific capacitance, thereby improving the performance of the supercapacitor.
3. The invention has simple process and fewer steps, and can shorten the production period and reduce the energy consumption. According to the method, the corncobs soaked in the solution are heated in an inert atmosphere in one step to obtain the carbon material with a special multiple structure, multi-step heating treatment is not needed, an activating agent harmful to the environment is not needed, and the effects of simplifying the process and reducing the cost are achieved.
Drawings
FIGS. 1(a) - (c) are surface topography maps of the materials obtained in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a cyclic voltammogram of the material obtained in example 1.
FIG. 3 is a charge-discharge cycle curve of the material obtained in example 1.
FIG. 4 is an AC impedance spectrum of the material obtained in example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Example 1
A preparation method of a multiple micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function comprises the following steps:
1. washing 0.25g corn cob with clear water, anhydrous ethanol and clear water, oven drying at 70 deg.C, and crushing into 1-3mm small pieces;
2. adding 0.05g of CTAB into tetrahydrofuran, then adding 0.05g of CNT, and carrying out ultrasonic oscillation to preliminarily disperse the CNT to obtain a CTAB/CNT solution; dissolving 0.05g of EVA particles with the VA content of 32% in xylene, mixing with the CTAB/CNT solution, and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain 50mL of CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid;
3. adding 0.25g of corncob into the CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid, soaking for 24h, taking out, drying, and carbonizing the obtained corncob according to the following parameters: the starting temperature is 25 ℃; the pyrolysis temperature is 800 ℃; the heating rate is 5 ℃/min; the heat preservation temperature is 800 ℃; the heat preservation time is 2 h.
Description of the drawings fig. 1(a) - (c) are surface topography maps of the material obtained in example 1, wherein (a) is a nano carbon sheet layer with the thickness of about 200nm and the length and width of several micrometers; (b) is a topography of the nano bowl-shaped structure growing on the nano sheet layer; (c) an enlarged view of the nanocowlike structure. Wherein the diameter of the bowl-shaped structure carbon is 20-300nm, the wall thickness is 10-30nm, the thickness of the lamellar structure is about 200nm, and the length and the width are several micrometers.
FIGS. 2 to 4 are graphs of cyclic voltammetry, cyclic charge and discharge, and AC impedance spectroscopy, respectively, of the material obtained in example 1.
As can be seen from fig. 2, the voltammogram is a symmetrical image close to a rectangle, illustrating that the capacitance is provided as good electric double layer capacitance.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the charge-discharge curves are substantially symmetrical, and the calculated specific capacitance is 200F/g.
As can be seen from fig. 4, the curve is a typical electric double layer capacitor image, and the internal resistance of the material is extremely small, i.e., the conductivity is good.
Example 2
See example 1 for parameters and steps other than the solvent used in step 2 is 40mL xylene +10mL tetrahydrofuran. The material obtained in this example has a structure similar to that of example 1, the bowl diameter being 20-50nm, the wall thickness being 5-10nm and the specific capacitance being measured at 140F/g.
Example 3
See example 1 for the remaining parameters and steps, except that in step 3 the soaking time is 48h and the pyrolysis temperature is 900 ℃. The material obtained in this example had a structure similar to that of example 1, the bowl diameter being 20-50nm, the wall thickness 5-10nm and the specific capacitance measured being 112F/g.
Example 4
See example 1 for parameters and steps other than the solvent used in step 2 is 45mL tetrahydrofuran +5mL water. The material obtained in this example has a structure similar to that of example 1, the bowl-shaped structure has a diameter of 100-150nm, a wall thickness of 10-20nm, a greater length in the direction perpendicular to the carbon sheet, and a cylindrical shape, and the specific capacitance is 170F/g.
Example 5
Except that the solvent in the solution used in step 2 was 45mL tetrahydrofuran +5mL water and the heating program in step 3 was: the initial temperature is 25 ℃, the temperature is increased to 200 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 30min, and then the temperature is increased to 800 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and the temperature is preserved for 120 min. See example 1 for the remaining parameters and procedures. The material obtained in this example has a structure similar to that of example 1, the bowl-shaped structure has a diameter of 100-150nm, a wall thickness of 10-30nm, and a larger length in a direction perpendicular to the carbon sheet, and is cylindrical. The specific capacitance was measured to be 220F/g.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with a conductive energy storage function is characterized by comprising a nano carbon sheet layer, and carbon nano tubes and nano bowl-shaped carbon distributed on the nano carbon sheet layer; the thickness of the nano carbon sheet layer is 50-300nm, and the length and the width are micron-sized; the diameter of the nano bowl-shaped carbon structure is 20-300nm, and the wall thickness is 5-30 nm;
the preparation method of the multiple micro-nano structure carbon material comprises the following steps:
adding corncobs into CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid for soaking; taking out the soaked corncobs, drying, heating for carbonization, and cooling to obtain the multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with the conductive energy storage function;
the mass ratio of the corncobs, the CNT, the CTAB and the EVA is 5: (0.5-1): (0.5-2): 1.
2. the multi-micro-nano-structure carbon material with the conductive and energy storage effects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon sheet layer has a mesoporous structure of 2-20 nm.
3. The multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with the function of conducting electricity and storing energy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube is a single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotube with a diameter of 15-50 nm.
4. The multi-micro-nano-structure carbon material with the conductive and energy storage effects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific capacitance of the multi-micro-nano-structure carbon material is 80-300F/g.
5. The carbon material with multiple micro-nano structures and conductive energy storage function of claim 1, wherein the CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion is prepared by the following steps: adding CNT into CTAB solution, and performing ultrasonic oscillation to primarily disperse the CNT; and adding an EVA solution, and performing ultrasonic oscillation to obtain a CNT/CTAB/EVA dispersion liquid.
6. The multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with the effect of conducting electricity and storing energy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soaking time is 3-48 h.
7. The multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with the function of conducting electricity and storing energy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the corncob is pretreated first, and the pretreatment comprises the following steps: washing corn cob with clear water, anhydrous alcohol and clear water, oven drying at 70 deg.C, and crushing into 1-3mm pieces.
8. The multi-micro-nano structure carbon material with the conductive energy storage function as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heating carbonization is heating to 800-1000 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, and keeping the temperature for 0.5-4 h.
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