CN109848745A - A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe - Google Patents
A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109848745A CN109848745A CN201811434607.5A CN201811434607A CN109848745A CN 109848745 A CN109848745 A CN 109848745A CN 201811434607 A CN201811434607 A CN 201811434607A CN 109848745 A CN109848745 A CN 109848745A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- screw rod
- servo motor
- nut
- side wall
- sheet fabrication
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Landscapes
- Automatic Tool Replacement In Machine Tools (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of sheet fabrication of machining tool technical field double-pole library type three axis machining lathes, including pedestal, the present invention passes through starting rotation of the first servo motor with moving gear, wheel and rack is meshed, to drive column to move on rack gear, it realizes and is moved in X-direction, the rotation of X screw rod is driven by the second servo motor of starting, to drive the slide on the first nut to move on X screw rod, consequently facilitating realizing the movement on Z axis, the rotation of Z screw rod is driven by starting third servo motor, to drive the main shaft on the second nut to move on Z screw rod, to realize that right-angle head is moving in Y-axis, it is rotated by starting invertibity motor band movable knife disc apotting spindle, by cooperating between cutterhead apotting spindle and inverted cam and octave index dial, it realizes and the knife handle on eight capstan heads is carried out more It changes.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to machining tool technical field, specially a kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe.
Background technique
Plate is made as the flattened rectangular constructional material plate of normal size, is applied to building trade, for making wall, smallpox
Plate or the component on floor.Also refer to metal plate made of forging, rolling or casting more.
Machining tool is a kind of common machining tool, automatically moves track with multidimensional, is programmed by input
It is automatically performed the processing of workpiece, when processing, workpiece is fixed in machine table, passes through the automatic shift of workpiece and walking automatically for cutter
Knife completes the processing of workpiece, and since all movements have mechanical automatic control, machining accuracy is higher.
It is all twin shaft hilted broadsword library that existing machining tool is most of, and switching cutter is also very inconvenient.
Based on this, the present invention devises a kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, to solve the above problems.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathes, to solve above-mentioned background
The problem of being proposed in technology.
To achieve the above object, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining
Lathe, including pedestal, the two sidewalls of the pedestal are connected with symmetrical fixed plate, and the side wall of two fixed plates is all connected with
There is a rack gear, two rack gears are engaged with gear, and two gears are respectively connected with first servo motor, and two described first
Servo motor is respectively connected with column, and the top of two columns is connected with crossbeam jointly, and the upper surface of the crossbeam is connected with
Two symmetrical screw rod tailstocks are rotatably connected to X screw rod between two screw rod tailstocks, and one end of the X screw rod passes through
Screw rod tailstock is simultaneously connected with the second servo motor, and second servo motor is connected with the upper surface of crossbeam, on the X screw rod
It is socketed with the first nut, the side wall of first nut is connected with slide, and third servo motor is connected on the slide, described
The output end of third servo motor is connected with Z screw rod by shaft coupling, and the other end of the Z screw rod and the side wall of slide rotate and connect
It connects, the second nut is socketed on the Z screw rod, the side wall of second nut is connected with main shaft, the bottom end connection of the main shaft
There is right-angle head, the side wall of two columns is respectively connected with tool magazine fixing seat, and the upper surface of the tool magazine fixing seat is connected with knife
Library connecting plate, the lower surface of the tool magazine connecting plate are connected with invertibity motor, and the output end of the invertibity motor is connected with
Connecting shaft, the connecting shaft pass through tool magazine connecting plate and are connected with cutterhead apotting spindle, and cutterhead apotting spindle upper surface connects
It is connected to inverted cam, the tool magazine connecting plate is equipped with index dial bearing block, is equipped in capstan head in the index dial bearing block
Mandrel is fixedly connected with eight knife index dials on the capstan head central axis, and the capstan head central axis is also connected with eight capstan heads,
The upper surface of eight capstan head is evenly distributed with eight cutter holders along annular, is equipped with knife handle in eight cutter holders.
Preferably, the upper surface of the pedestal is equipped with deck plate.
Preferably, the upper surface of the crossbeam is set there are two symmetrical shield.
Preferably, the side wall of the pedestal is connected with pneumatics case.
Preferably, the lower surface of the pedestal is equipped with water tank.
Preferably, the upper surface of the pedestal is connected with cover board, and the upper surface of the cover board is connected with twin shaft right-angle head.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: the present invention passes through starting first servo motor band moving gear
Rotation, wheel and rack is meshed, so that column be driven to move on rack gear, realizes and moves in X-direction, passes through starting the
Two servo motors drive the rotation of X screw rod, to drive the slide on the first nut to move on X screw rod, consequently facilitating realizing Z axis
On movement, by starting third servo motor drive Z screw rod rotation, thus drive the second nut on main shaft in Z screw rod
Upper movement is rotated by starting invertibity motor band movable knife disc apotting spindle, is led to realize that right-angle head is moving in Y-axis
It crosses between cutterhead apotting spindle and inverted cam and octave index dial and cooperates, realize and the knife handle on eight capstan heads is carried out more
It changes.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to illustrate the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, will be described below to embodiment required
Attached drawing is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, for ability
For the those of ordinary skill of domain, without creative efforts, it can also be obtained according to these attached drawings other attached
Figure.
Fig. 1 is schematic structural view of the invention；
Fig. 2 is side view of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is schematic diagram of internal structure of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is the enlarged drawing of A of the present invention.
In attached drawing, parts list represented by the reference numerals are as follows:
1- pedestal, 2- fixed plate, 3- first servo motor, 4- column, 5- crossbeam, 6-X screw rod, the second servo motor of 7-,
The first nut of 8-, 9- slide, 10- third servo motor, 11-Z screw rod, 12- main shaft, 13- right-angle head, 14- tool magazine fixing seat,
15- tool magazine connecting plate, 16- invertibity motor, 17- cutterhead apotting spindle, 18- inverted cam, 19- index dial bearing block, 20- knife
Tool disk center's axis, eight knife index dial of 21-, eight capstan head of 22-, 23- knife handle, 24- deck plate, 25- shield, 26- pneumatics case,
27- water tank, 28- cover board, 29- twin shaft right-angle head.
Specific embodiment
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete
Site preparation description, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments, is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, it is obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts all other
Embodiment shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Embodiment one
Attached drawing is please referred to, the present invention provides a kind of technical solution: a kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe,
Including pedestal 1, it is characterised in that: the two sidewalls of pedestal 1 are connected with symmetrical fixed plate 2, and the side wall of two fixed plates 2 connects
It is connected to rack gear, two rack gears are engaged with gear, and two gears are respectively connected with first servo motor 3, two first servo motors 3
It is respectively connected with column 4, the top of two columns 4 is connected with crossbeam 5 jointly, and there are two symmetrical for the upper surface connection of crossbeam 5
Screw rod tailstock, is rotatably connected to X screw rod 6 between two screw rod tailstocks, and one end of X screw rod 6 passes through screw rod tailstock and is connected with the
Two servo motors 7, the second servo motor 7 are connected with the upper surface of crossbeam 5, and the first nut 8, the first spiral shell are socketed on X screw rod 6
The side wall of mother 8 is connected with slide 9, third servo motor 10 is connected on slide 9, the output end of third servo motor 10 passes through connection
Axis device is connected with Z screw rod 11, and the other end of Z screw rod 11 and the side wall of slide 9 are rotatablely connected, and is socketed with the second spiral shell on Z screw rod 11
Mother, the side wall of the second nut are connected with main shaft 12, and the bottom end of main shaft 12 is connected with right-angle head 13, and the side wall of two columns 4 connects
It is connected to tool magazine fixing seat 14, the upper surface of tool magazine fixing seat 14 is connected with tool magazine connecting plate 15, the lower surface of tool magazine connecting plate 15
It is connected with invertibity motor 16, the output end of invertibity motor 16 is connected with connecting shaft, and connecting shaft passes through tool magazine connecting plate 15 simultaneously
It is connected with cutterhead apotting spindle 17,17 upper surface of cutterhead apotting spindle is connected with inverted cam 18, and tool magazine connecting plate 15 is equipped with
Index dial bearing block 19, index dial bearing block 19 is interior to be equipped with capstan head central axis 20, is fixedly connected on capstan head central axis 20
Eight knife index dials 21, capstan head central axis 20 are also connected with eight capstan heads 22, and the upper surface of eight capstan heads 22 is uniformly divided along annular
Eight cutter holders are furnished with, are equipped with knife handle 23 in eight cutter holders, by starting rotation of the first servo motor 3 with moving gear, gear
It is meshed with rack gear, so that column 4 be driven to move on rack gear, realizes and moved in X-direction, by starting the second servo motor
7 drive X screw rod 6 to rotate, to drive the slide 9 on the first nut 8 to move on X screw rod 6, consequently facilitating realizing on Z axis
It is mobile, the rotation of Z screw rod 11 is driven by starting third servo motor 10, to drive the main shaft 12 on the second nut at Z
It is moved on bar 11, to realize that right-angle head 13 is moving in Y-axis, by starting invertibity motor 16 with movable knife disc apotting spindle
17 rotations are realized by cooperating between cutterhead apotting spindle 17 and inverted cam 18 and octave index dial 21 to eight cutters
Knife handle 23 on disk 21 is replaced.
Embodiment two
A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, including pedestal 1, it is characterised in that: the two sidewalls of pedestal 1
It is connected with symmetrical fixed plate 2, the side wall of two fixed plates 2 is respectively connected with rack gear, and two rack gears are engaged with gear, and two
Gear is respectively connected with first servo motor 3, and two first servo motors 3 are respectively connected with column 4, and the top of two columns 4 is common
It is connected with crossbeam 5, the upper surface connection of crossbeam 5 is rotatablely connected there are two symmetrical screw rod tailstock between two screw rod tailstocks
There is X screw rod 6, one end of X screw rod 6 passes through screw rod tailstock and is connected with the second servo motor 7, the second servo motor 7 and crossbeam 5
Upper surface is connected, and the first nut 8 is socketed on X screw rod 6, and the side wall of the first nut 8 is connected with slide 9, is connected on slide 9
The output end of third servo motor 10, third servo motor 10 is connected with Z screw rod 11, the other end of Z screw rod 11 by shaft coupling
It is rotatablely connected with the side wall of slide 9, is socketed with the second nut on Z screw rod 11, the side wall of the second nut is connected with main shaft 12, main shaft
12 bottom end is connected with right-angle head 13, and the side wall of two columns 4 is respectively connected with tool magazine fixing seat 14, the upper table of tool magazine fixing seat 14
Face is connected with tool magazine connecting plate 15, and the lower surface of tool magazine connecting plate 15 is connected with invertibity motor 16, invertibity motor 16 it is defeated
Outlet is connected with connecting shaft, and connecting shaft passes through tool magazine connecting plate 15 and is connected with cutterhead apotting spindle 17, cutterhead apotting spindle 17
Upper surface is connected with inverted cam 18, and tool magazine connecting plate 15 is equipped with index dial bearing block 19, is equipped in index dial bearing block 19
Capstan head central axis 20 is fixedly connected with eight knife index dials 21 on capstan head central axis 20, and capstan head central axis 20 is also connected with
The upper surface of eight capstan heads 22, eight capstan heads 22 is evenly distributed with eight cutter holders along annular, is equipped with knife handle 23 in eight cutter holders,
By starting rotation of the first servo motor 3 with moving gear, wheel and rack is meshed, so that column 4 be driven to move up in rack gear
It is dynamic, it realizes and is moved in X-direction, drive X screw rod 6 to rotate by the second servo motor 7 of starting, to drive on the first nut 8
Slide 9 moved on X screw rod 6, consequently facilitating realize Z axis on movement, pass through starting third servo motor 10 drive Z screw rod
11 rotation, to drive the main shaft 12 on the second nut to move on Z screw rod 11, to realize right-angle head 13 in Y-axis
It is mobile, it is rotated by starting invertibity motor 16 with movable knife disc apotting spindle 17, passes through cutterhead apotting spindle 17 and inverted cam
It cooperates between 18 and octave index dial 21, the knife handle 23 on eight capstan heads 21 is replaced in realization
Wherein, the upper surface of pedestal 1 is equipped with deck plate 24, convenient for placing plate.
The upper surface of crossbeam 5 is set there are two symmetrical shield 25, convenient for protecting to the second servo motor 7.
The side wall of pedestal 1 is connected with pneumatics case 26, is convenient for fixed plate.
The lower surface of pedestal 1 is equipped with water tank 27.
The upper surface of pedestal 1 is connected with cover board 28, and the upper surface of cover board 28 is connected with twin shaft right-angle head 29.
One concrete application of the present embodiment are as follows: by starting rotation of the first servo motor 3 with moving gear, gear and tooth
Item is meshed, so that column 4 be driven to move on rack gear, realizes and moves in X-direction, by starting 7 band of the second servo motor
Dynamic X screw rod 6 rotates, to drive the slide 9 on the first nut 8 to move on X screw rod 6, consequently facilitating realizing the shifting on Z axis
It is dynamic, the rotation of Z screw rod 11 is driven by starting third servo motor 10, to drive the main shaft 12 on the second nut in Z screw rod
It is moved on 11, to realize that right-angle head 13 is moving in Y-axis, by starting invertibity motor 16 with movable knife disc apotting spindle 17
Rotation is realized by cooperating between cutterhead apotting spindle 17 and inverted cam 18 and octave index dial 21 to eight capstan heads
Knife handle 23 on 21 is replaced.
In the description of this specification, the description of reference term " one embodiment ", " example ", " specific example " etc. means
Particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in conjunction with this embodiment or example are contained at least one implementation of the invention
In example or example.In the present specification, schematic expression of the above terms may not refer to the same embodiment or example.
Moreover, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described can be in any one or more of the embodiments or examples to close
Suitable mode combines.
Present invention disclosed above preferred embodiment only illustrates the present invention with help.Preferred embodiment is chatted there is no detailed
All details are stated, are not limited the invention to the specific embodiments described.It obviously, can according to the content of this specification
It makes many modifications and variations.These embodiments are chosen and specifically described to this specification, is in order to better explain the present invention
Principle and practical application, so that skilled artisan be enable to better understand and utilize the present invention.The present invention only by
The limitation of claims and its full scope and equivalent.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, including pedestal (1), it is characterised in that: the pedestal (1)
Two sidewalls are connected with symmetrical fixed plate (2), and the side wall of two fixed plates (2) is respectively connected with rack gear, two teeth
Item is engaged with gear, and two gears are respectively connected with first servo motor (3), and two first servo motors (3) are equal
It is connected with column (4), the top of two columns (4) is connected with crossbeam (5) jointly, the upper surface connection of the crossbeam (5)
There are two symmetrical screw rod tailstock, it is rotatably connected to X screw rod (6) between two screw rod tailstocks, the X screw rod (6)
One end passes through screw rod tailstock and is connected with the second servo motor (7), the upper surface of second servo motor (7) and crossbeam (5)
It is connected, is socketed with the first nut (8) on the X screw rod (6), the side wall of first nut (8) is connected with slide (9), institute
It states and is connected on slide (9) third servo motor (10), the output end of the third servo motor (10) is connected by shaft coupling
Have Z screw rod (11), the other end of the Z screw rod (11) and the side wall of slide (9) are rotatablely connected, and are socketed on the Z screw rod (11)
There is the second nut, the side wall of second nut is connected with main shaft (12), and the bottom end of the main shaft (12) is connected with right-angle head
(13), the side wall of two columns (4) is respectively connected with tool magazine fixing seat (14), and the upper surface of the tool magazine fixing seat (14) connects
It is connected to tool magazine connecting plate (15), the lower surface of the tool magazine connecting plate (15) is connected with invertibity motor (16), the invertibity
The output end of motor (16) is connected with connecting shaft, and the connecting shaft passes through tool magazine connecting plate (15) and is connected with cutterhead apotting spindle
(17), cutterhead apotting spindle (17) upper surface is connected with inverted cam (18), and the tool magazine connecting plate (15), which is equipped with, divides
Scale bearing block (19), the index dial bearing block (19) is interior to be equipped with capstan head central axis (20), the capstan head central axis
(20) eight knife index dials (21) are fixedly connected on, the capstan head central axis (20) is also connected with eight capstan heads (22), described
The upper surface of eight capstan heads (22) is evenly distributed with eight cutter holders along annular, and knife handle (23) are equipped in eight cutter holders.
2. a kind of sheet fabrication according to claim 1 double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, it is characterised in that: the bottom
The upper surface of seat (1) is equipped with deck plate (24).
3. a kind of sheet fabrication according to claim 1 double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, it is characterised in that: the cross
The upper surface of beam (5) is set there are two symmetrical shield (25).
4. a kind of sheet fabrication according to claim 1 double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, it is characterised in that: the bottom
The side wall of seat (1) is connected with pneumatics case (26).
5. a kind of sheet fabrication according to claim 1 double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, it is characterised in that: the bottom
The lower surface of seat (1) is equipped with water tank (27).
6. a kind of sheet fabrication according to claim 1 double-pole library type three axis machining lathe, it is characterised in that: the bottom
The upper surface of seat (1) is connected with cover board (28), and the upper surface of the cover board (28) is connected with twin shaft right-angle head (29).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811434607.5A CN109848745A (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2018-11-28 | A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811434607.5A CN109848745A (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2018-11-28 | A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109848745A true CN109848745A (en) | 2019-06-07 |
Family
ID=66890370
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811434607.5A Pending CN109848745A (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2018-11-28 | A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN109848745A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110625423A (en) * | 2019-09-24 | 2019-12-31 | 山东宏大博刻智能装备有限公司 | Two side cylinders release tool magazine |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050055135A1 (en) * | 2001-10-19 | 2005-03-10 | Mattias Lindevall | Apparatus and procedure for attachment of a tool on a tool attachment plate on an industrial robot |
| CN104827353A (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2015-08-12 | 佛山市普拉迪数控科技有限公司 | Numerical control machining center with multi-axis and multi-surface machining function |
| CN104959865A (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2015-10-07 | 佛山市普拉迪数控科技有限公司 | Bamboo hat tool magazine in high tool changing precision |
| CN206242128U (en) * | 2016-11-22 | 2017-06-13 | 东莞市鹏轩机电科技有限公司 | The cutting head with cooling spray function of automatic V cutting mills |
| CN206812135U (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2017-12-29 | 东莞市健琦机械有限公司 | A kind of full-automatic numerical control cutting machine |
-
2018
- 2018-11-28 CN CN201811434607.5A patent/CN109848745A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050055135A1 (en) * | 2001-10-19 | 2005-03-10 | Mattias Lindevall | Apparatus and procedure for attachment of a tool on a tool attachment plate on an industrial robot |
| CN104827353A (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2015-08-12 | 佛山市普拉迪数控科技有限公司 | Numerical control machining center with multi-axis and multi-surface machining function |
| CN104959865A (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2015-10-07 | 佛山市普拉迪数控科技有限公司 | Bamboo hat tool magazine in high tool changing precision |
| CN206242128U (en) * | 2016-11-22 | 2017-06-13 | 东莞市鹏轩机电科技有限公司 | The cutting head with cooling spray function of automatic V cutting mills |
| CN206812135U (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2017-12-29 | 东莞市健琦机械有限公司 | A kind of full-automatic numerical control cutting machine |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110625423A (en) * | 2019-09-24 | 2019-12-31 | 山东宏大博刻智能装备有限公司 | Two side cylinders release tool magazine |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6599945B2 (en) | Machine tools for machining workpieces and spindle support assemblies for use in machine tools | |
| CN102101203B (en) | Processing machine tool of six-axis five-linkage helical bevel gear | |
| CN101508039A (en) | Six-axis five-linkage spiral taper gear cutting machine tool | |
| CN201940707U (en) | Six-shaft five-linkage spiral taper gear machining machine tool | |
| CN203817400U (en) | Paired double-spindle double-tool-holder numerically-controlled lathe | |
| EP0046883B1 (en) | Multiple spindle rotary indexing machine tool | |
| CN106424867B (en) | Novel vertical milling machine based on cycloid rotation point | |
| CN107008954A (en) | A kind of small capacity double turntable Five-axis numerical control milling machine | |
| CN109848745A (en) | A kind of sheet fabrication double-pole library type three axis machining lathe | |
| CN102218549A (en) | Rotary arc surface machining device | |
| CN115922446A (en) | Five-axis turning and milling combined machining center | |
| CN102179745A (en) | Numerical control vertical shaft round table composite grinding machine | |
| CN211804787U (en) | Numerical control lathe | |
| US4075753A (en) | Plural slide machine | |
| CN112658706A (en) | Three-freedom-degree machine tool | |
| CN111687654A (en) | Special-shaped workpiece angle adjusting device of vertical machining center | |
| US4797991A (en) | Vertical machining center | |
| CN104827353B (en) | A kind of numerical control machining center of multiaxis multi-panel processing | |
| CN104802013B (en) | A kind of numerical control machining center of multiaspect processing | |
| CN208744306U (en) | A kind of numerical control carving machine with tool magazine | |
| CN209319287U (en) | A kind of fixture of three axis machining center processing beveled aperture | |
| CN208357805U (en) | A kind of machining spiral groove device | |
| CN201922336U (en) | Numerical control vertical shaft round table compound grinding machine | |
| CN102152134A (en) | Machine tool structure module capable of realizing wide-angle oblique processing based on gear mechanism | |
| CN111496554A (en) | Head-swinging type five-axis linkage machining center |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20190607 |
|
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |