CN109839001B - Method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen - Google Patents
Method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen, which comprises the steps of selecting cattail pollen with better maturity, carrying out three-section drying, and controlling factors such as drying temperature, wind speed, cycle times, stirring frequency, duration and the like, thereby preventing active ingredients of typhaneoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin from being damaged in the processing process and ensuring the quality of cattail pollen medicinal materials. (namely the content of the cattail pollen index components specified in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China 2015 edition), compared with the common drying method, the cattail pollen produced by the invention is stable and controllable, is not influenced by external factors, and has high quality of finished medicinal materials.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and particularly relates to a drying method in the collection and processing of cattail pollen, in particular to a method for drying the cattail pollen by adopting a drying mode.
Background
The pollen Typhae is derived from dried pollen of Typha angustifolia L.of Typhaceae, Typha orientalis Presl of Oriental Typha or plants of the same genus. Has effects of stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis, and treating stranguria. The Typhaceae plant has strong growth adaptability, is widely distributed in shallow water wetlands in China, and the production area of the cattail pollen medicinal material is also distributed in the whole Chinese territory. The harvesting season of the cattail pollen is 5-7 months per year, the cattail pollen is mostly concentrated in the last ten days of 5 months or from the bottom of 5 months to about 10 days of 6 months along the Yangtze river according to local conditions due to different climates in various regions, the harvesting period is sequentially advanced towards the north or the west and the harvesting period is later as the time goes to the north. The new producing period of Mongolia Bayan Yan-Er City in the mainbirth area is basically concentrated from about 21 to about 5 days 6 and 7.
The harvesting method mainly comprises the step of directly taking powder (the pollen and anther filaments on the male inflorescence of the cattail are taken down from an inflorescence shaft), and the traditional drying method is drying in the sun or in the shade. However, most areas in south of China are 'plum rain seasons' in the harvesting season of the cattail pollen, and continuous rainfall greatly influences drying of the cattail pollen, quality of the cattail pollen medicinal materials and yield of the cattail pollen medicinal materials in China.
At present, the drying of Chinese herbal medicines at home and abroad mostly adopts the following drying methods: thermal drying, microwave drying, vacuum freeze drying, radiation drying and the like, and various drying modes have respective defects:
thermal drying: the temperature is not easy to control, the drying is not uniform, the drying quality is poor, and the energy consumption is higher.
Microwave drying: easily causes the problem of loss of effective components, and is not suitable for Chinese medicinal materials rich in volatile or heat-sensitive components or natural plants containing a large amount of starch gum.
Vacuum freeze drying: the equipment and the operation process are complex, the investment is large, the drying rate is low, and the energy consumption is high.
Radiation drying: the far infrared drying wavelength is short, so that the penetration depth is small, and the method is only suitable for thin-layer materials.
In the drying process of the medicinal materials, the water content is influenced by relative humidity and temperature, and the proper drying conditions are different due to different components contained in different medicinal materials. Specifically, chinese patent ZL201310605456.6 discloses a method for rapidly drying panax notoginseng, which adopts four stages of preheating, drying, dewatering and cooling to achieve the effect of improving drying efficiency and panax notoginseng quality.
In addition to drying, the harvesting time also affects the final processing quality of the herbs. Specifically, in the article of research on the content of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin and typhanoside in cattail pollen with different maturity, the journal of clinical medicine literature 2018, stage 5P 172 discloses an analysis method for measuring the content of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin and typhanoside in cattail pollen with different maturity, but the maturity division of the cattail pollen is not clearly divided.
In the pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China 2015, flavonoid components typhaneoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin are used as index components for measuring the content of cattail pollen. Neohesperidin has strong biological activity in antivirus, analgesic, tranquilizing, desensitizing, antiallergic, promoting blood circulation, relieving spasm, improving local microcirculation and nutrition supply. The typhaneoside has effect of inhibiting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell.
It can be known that through the processing of gathering to the cattail pollen, including the process control of drying and collection, can reach the effect that promotes the cattail pollen quality, nevertheless, at present, to the study of cattail pollen processing technique of gathering, including the drying method and further to the division of gathering the maturity, there is not any prior art report yet, consequently, need have a technique, guarantees the cattail pollen and when the processing of gathering is stable, controllable, can reach the effect that improves the cattail pollen medicinal material quality.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a drying method of cattail pollen, which adopts direct powder taking and harvesting and adopts a drying mode to treat the cattail pollen, compared with other drying methods, the drying method is not influenced by weather and environment, the processed medicinal materials are uniform and stable, and the content of index components specified in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition) of the cattail pollen can be obviously improved.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen comprises the following steps: in the harvesting season of the cattail pollen medicinal material, the cattail pollen is taken down and placed in an oven for drying, and the drying method is characterized in that the drying method adopts a step-by-step variable temperature drying technology, the cattail pollen is placed in the oven for drying for 36-48 h, and the drying is carried out in three steps.
1. In the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 45-55 ℃ in the first 10-12 hours, and the air speed is 1800-2000 m3Per hour, the circulation is carried out for 7000 to 8000 times, and the mixture is taken out every 2 to 4 hours and stirred;
2. in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 40-50 ℃ for 10-12 h, and the wind speed is 1800-2000 m3Per hour, the circulation is carried out for 7000 to 8000 times per hour, and the mixture is taken out every 3 to 5 hours and stirred;
3. in the third stage, the temperature of the oven is 30-40 ℃ for 16-24 h, and the wind speed is 1400-1600 m3And/h, circulating for 5000-7000 times per hour, taking out every 5-7 hours, and stirring.
And (5) taking out and sieving after reaching the drying standard.
The drying method in the invention is one of the key technologies for realizing the technical effect. Specifically, in the method for harvesting and processing the cattail pollen, the used fresh cattail pollen does not have the condition of artificial water injection. The oven used is a constant temperature or variable temperature drying oven commonly used in the field.
Drying of cattail pollen, staged drying, heating temperature, air speed in an oven, uniformity of materials and other factors all influence the quality of a final finished product.
The fresh pollen Typhae is processed and dried, and normally has bright yellow powder containing many yellow brown filaments, or small amount of pollen crystal less than 0.1cm, or yellow small pimple (less than 0.2cm) with pollen and filaments intertwined.
Poor processing and fermentative bonding can result in the formation of large lumps, typically greater than 0.4cm, which are generally dark brown or white in color, without powder on top. Or the color of the processed product becomes white or black, and the pollen is less.
Specifically, when the water of cattail pollen can be rapidly removed in earlier stage of the periodical drying, the cattail pollen can not be agglomerated, the moderate drying in the middle stage can not be realized, so that the internal water slowly seeps out, the phenomenon of 'external dry and internal wet' can not occur, the effective components can be effectively protected at low temperature, and the cattail pollen is fully dried and comfortable after the internal water is dried in the later stage by heat preservation. Finally, the content is preserved and the drying is thorough.
The proper heating temperature plays an important role in the drying rate of the cattail pollen and the preservation of the active ingredients. If the temperature is too high, the cattail pollen can be fermented and bonded together, if the temperature is too low, the cattail pollen cannot be dried quickly, water cannot be separated out, and local caking can occur. It is known to those skilled in the art that the temperature of the oven still fluctuates after being set to a specific value, and in the present invention, the specific temperature values of the drying stage all fluctuate by ± 2 ℃ unless otherwise specified.
The discharge of moisture is influenced by the size of the wind speed, a large amount of hot moisture is generated after the cattail pollen is in heat exchange after being in contact with hot air, the wind quantity is too large, the hot air and the moisture are discharged simultaneously, a heat source is lost, the wind quantity is too small, the moisture discharge is less, and the quality of the cattail pollen finished product is influenced.
The circulation times affect the air humidity in the drying process like the wind speed, the circulation times are too high, heat is not fully utilized, the circulation times are too low, and moisture is less discharged.
The stirring frequency influences the uniformity of the cattail pollen, the main purpose of stirring is to transfer the pollen and the filament mixture in the central part of a container or a bag to the outside, and proper stirring is favorable for fully utilizing heat, so that the quality difference of the cattail pollen medicinal materials caused by uneven heating is reduced.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the drying method of the cattail pollen includes:
1. in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 53 ℃ in the first 12h, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred;
2. in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 48 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m for the next 12h3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred;
3. in the third stage, the oven temperature is 38 ℃ and the wind speed is 160 during the last 24h0m37000 cycles per hour and takes place every 7h with stirring.
In the method for harvesting and processing the cattail pollen, the harvesting season of the cattail pollen is determined according to the actual situation of the production area, and the preferred season is 5-7 months. Specifically, due to different climates in different places and according to local conditions, the collection period is mostly concentrated in the last ten days of 5 months or around 10 days from the bottom of 5 months to 6 months along the Yangtze river, the collection period is sequentially advanced to the north or the northwest, the collection period is delayed as the time goes to the north, and the collection and production period in the Mongolia Bayan yan Er City, one of the major production areas of cattail pollen, is basically concentrated in about 21 days to 5 days from 6 months to 7 months.
In the method for harvesting and processing the cattail pollen, the cattail pollen with specific maturity is collected as a raw material, so that the quality of the cattail pollen can be further optimized, and the judgment basis of the maturity of the cattail pollen is as follows: the male flower becomes thick, the male flower is obviously enlarged and fluffy, the surface is yellow green, yellow pollen dots exist, the texture is soft, the enlarged part accounts for more than 50 percent of the whole body, the male flower is scattered when being pinched by hands, the yellow pollen overflows, and the water content is less.
In the method for harvesting and processing the cattail pollen, the drying standard of the cattail pollen is as follows: the water content of pollen Typhae after drying should be below 13%.
Preferably, the water content of the dried cattail pollen is 7-13%.
In the harvesting and processing method of cattail pollen, the sieve used in the sieving process preferably has a pore size not higher than 0.125mm and a sieve number not lower than 120 meshes.
The invention discloses a preferable method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen, which comprises the following steps:
harvesting of cattail pollen:
in the harvesting season of the cattail for 5-7 months, the selected cattail is thick in male flowers, obviously expands and is fluffy, the surface is yellow green, yellow pollen dots exist, the texture is soft, the expanded part accounts for more than 50% of the whole body, the cattail is scattered by hand pinching, the yellow pollen overflows, the moisture is low, the pollen and anther filaments on the male inflorescence are taken down from an inflorescence shaft and are filled in a waterproof plastic barrel or bag.
Drying the cattail pollen:
drying pollen Typhae by a staged temperature-varying drying technology, wherein the drying step comprises drying collected pollen and filaments in an oven for 48 h.
1. In the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 53 ℃ in the first 12h, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred;
2. in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 48 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m for the next 12h3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred;
3. in the third stage, the oven temperature is 38 ℃ and the wind speed is 1600m in the last 24h37000 cycles per hour and takes place every 7h with stirring.
Sieving the cattail pollen:
shaking the mixture by a 120-160 mesh sieve to obtain yellow powder at the bottom of the sieve, namely the cattail pollen raw medicinal material.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following outstanding advantages and beneficial effects:
the method for harvesting and processing the cattail pollen reasonably controls the temperature and the wind speed in the cattail pollen drying process by a sectional drying method, thereby preventing the active ingredients of typhaneoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin from being damaged in the processing process and ensuring the quality of the cattail pollen medicinal material. (the content of the cattail pollen index component is specified in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China 2015).
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The method comprises the following steps of selecting a wild typha angustifolia growing area with a large area as a raw material area for harvesting, processing and researching the cattail pollen, setting a contrast test in a drying link, respectively comparing the quality of the cattail pollen with different drying modes, and adopting the following steps:
harvesting of cattail pollen: selecting male flowers of the cattail to become thick, obviously expanding and fluffy, having yellow green surfaces, small yellow pollen points, soft texture, more than 50% of the expanded parts, dispersing by hand kneading, overflowing the yellow pollen, and reducing water content in the pollen and anther filaments on the male inflorescence, taking the pollen and anther filaments off from the inflorescence shaft, and placing the pollen and anther filaments in a waterproof plastic barrel or bag in the harvesting season of the cattail for 5-7 months.
Drying the cattail pollen:
and (3) drying: drying cattail pollen by adopting a staged variable-temperature drying technology, wherein the specific drying step is that the collected pollen and filaments are placed in a bag or a container with good air permeability and are placed in an oven for drying for 48 hours until the water content of the cattail pollen is 7-13%: the drying is divided into three stages: in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 53 ℃ in the first 12h, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 48 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m for the next 12h3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 38 ℃ and the wind speed is 1600m in the last 24h37000 cycles per hour and takes place every 7h with stirring.
Drying in the sun: selecting two days in sunny weather, spreading the collected cattail pollen on a cement ground or waterproof cloth for airing for 24 hours (collecting at night), wherein the thickness of the cattail pollen is 2-4 cm, turning the cattail pollen once every 3-5 hours in the first day, and turning the cattail pollen once every 6-8 hours in the second day.
A negative drying method: and selecting a dark room, spreading the collected cattail pollen on a cement land or waterproof cloth, drying in the shade for 96 hours, wherein the thickness of the cattail pollen is 1-3 cm, turning the cattail pollen once every 3-5 hours in the first day, and turning the cattail pollen once every 6-8 hours after the second day.
Sieving the cattail pollen:
shaking the mixture by a 120-160 mesh sieve to obtain yellow powder at the bottom of the sieve, namely the cattail pollen raw medicinal material.
The content of the target components of the cattail pollen medicinal materials treated by different drying methods is measured by adopting a cattail pollen content measuring method specified in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition), and the result is shown in the following table:
TABLE 1 target ingredient contents of pollen Typhae in different drying modes
From the data in table 1, the content of the target components typhaen and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin in the cattail pollen treated by the step-wise variable temperature drying technology is far higher than that of other drying methods, and the target components of the cattail pollen treated by the drying method just reach the limit regulation of the pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition) but are at a lower level, while the target components of the cattail pollen treated by the negative and dry method cannot reach the limit regulation of the pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition) (the sum of the content of the two components of the isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin and the typhaen is not less than 0.50%).
Example 2
The method comprises the following steps of selecting a wild typha angustifolia growing area with a large area as a raw material area for the cattail pollen harvesting and processing research, and setting a contrast test in a drying link: respectively comparing the influence of constant-temperature drying and variable-temperature drying on the quality of the cattail pollen, and adopting the following steps:
harvesting of cattail pollen:
and (3) within 5-7 months of the flowering period of the cattail, taking off the pollen and anther filaments on the male inflorescence from the inflorescence shaft, and filling the pollen and anther filaments in a waterproof plastic barrel or bag.
Drying the cattail pollen:
variable-temperature drying method 1: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 53 ℃, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 48 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m for the next 12h3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 38 ℃ and the wind speed is 1600m in the last 24h37000 times of circulation per hour, taking out every 7 hours, and stirring;
variable-temperature drying method 2: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 65 ℃, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 60 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m for the next 12h3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 50 ℃ and the wind speed is 1600m in the last 24h37000 times of circulation per hour, taking out every 7 hours, and stirring;
temperature-changing drying method 3: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 35 ℃, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 30 ℃ for 12h, the wind speed is 2000m3/h, the circulation is carried out for 8000 times per hour, and the oven is taken out every 5h and stirred; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 20 ℃ and the wind speed is 1600m in the last 24h37000 times of circulation per hour, taking out every 7 hours, and stirring;
temperature-changing drying method 4: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 50 ℃, and the wind speed is 1500m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours, and stirring; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 1500m for the next 12h3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 4 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 1000m in the last 24h3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 6 hours and stirred;
temperature-changing drying method 5: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 50 ℃ in the first 12h, and the wind speed is 2500m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours, and stirring; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 2500m for the next 12h3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 4 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m in the last 24h3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 6 hours and stirred;
temperature-changing drying method 6: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 50 ℃, and the wind speed is 1900m3Per hour ofCirculating for 6500 times, taking out every 3h, and stirring; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 1900m for the next 12h3Circulation is carried out for 6500 times per hour, and the mixture is taken out every 4 hours and stirred; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 1500m in the last 24h3The reaction solution is circulated 4500 times per hour, and is taken out every 6 hours, and stirred;
temperature-changing drying method 7: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 50 ℃ in the first 12h, the wind speed is 1900m3/h, the circulation is carried out for 8500 times per hour, and the oven is taken out every 3h and stirred; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 1900m for the next 12h3Circulating 8500 times per hour, taking out every 4 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 1500m in the last 24h3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 6 hours, and stirring;
the variable-temperature drying method 8: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 50 ℃, and the wind speed is 1900m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 5 hours, and stirring; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 1900m for the next 12h3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 6 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 1500m in the last 24h3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 8 hours and stirred;
temperature-changing drying method 9: drying in an oven for 48h, and carrying out three stages: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 50 ℃, and the wind speed is 1900m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 1 hour, and stirring; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 1900m for the next 12h3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 2 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 1500m in the last 24h3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred;
the variable-temperature drying method 10: drying in an oven, and performing the following three steps: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 50 ℃ in the first 21h, and the wind speed is 1900m3H, 7500 cycles per hour, and take every 3hDischarging and stirring; the second stage, the next 21h, the oven temperature is 45 ℃, the wind speed is 1900m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 4 hours, and stirring; the third stage, the final 30h, the oven temperature is 35 deg.C, the wind speed is 1500m3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 6 hours and stirred;
the variable-temperature drying method 11: drying in an oven, and performing the following three steps: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 50 ℃ in the first 9h, and the wind speed is 1900m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours, and stirring; the second stage, the next 9h, the oven temperature is 45 ℃, the wind speed is 1900m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 4 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the temperature of the oven is 35 ℃ for the last 12h, and the wind speed is 1500m3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 6 hours and stirred;
variable-temperature drying method 12: drying in an oven, and performing the following three steps: wherein, in the first stage, the temperature of the oven in the first 12h is 50 ℃, and the wind speed is 1900m3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours, and stirring; in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 45 ℃ and the wind speed is 1900m for the next 12h3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 4 hours, and stirring; in the third stage, the oven temperature is 35 ℃ and the wind speed is 1500m in the last 24h3The reaction solution is circulated 6000 times per hour, taken out every 6 hours and stirred;
constant temperature drying method 1: drying in an oven at 50 deg.C and 1900m wind speed3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours for the first 12 hours, and stirring; taking out every 4h for 12h, and stirring; finally taking out every 6 hours for 24 hours, and stirring;
constant temperature drying method 2: drying in an oven at 60 deg.C and 1900m wind speed3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours for the first 12 hours, and stirring; taking out every 4h for 12h, and stirring; finally taking out every 6 hours for 24 hours, and stirring;
constant temperature drying method 3: drying in an oven at 40 deg.C and 1900m wind speed3H, circulating for 7500 times per hour, taking out every 3 hours for the first 12 hours, and stirring; taking out every 4h for 12h, and stirring; finally 24And h, taking out every 6h, and stirring.
Sieving the cattail pollen:
shaking the mixture by a 120-160 mesh sieve to obtain yellow powder at the bottom of the sieve, namely the cattail pollen raw medicinal material.
The content of the target components of the cattail pollen medicinal materials treated by different drying methods is measured by adopting a cattail pollen content measuring method specified in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition), and the result is shown in the following table:
TABLE 2 target component contents of pollen Typhae subjected to different drying treatments
The cattail pollen is fermented and bonded together due to the fact that the drying temperature is higher in the temperature changing group 2, so that the caking phenomenon is generated, the effective components are lower, the temperature changing group 3 cannot be dried quickly due to the fact that the drying temperature is lower, water cannot be removed, local caking is caused, and the effective components are lower; the temperature change group 4 has low wind speed and slow moisture discharge, so that the cattail pollen is not fully dried, and therefore the effective components are lower, and the temperature change group 5 has high wind speed, but the hot wind and the moisture are simultaneously discharged, so that the heat source is lost, and therefore the effective components are also lower; the temperature is changed for 6 groups, the circulation frequency is less, the moisture discharge is less, the effective components are lower, the temperature is changed for 7 groups, the circulation frequency is more, the heat is not fully utilized, and therefore the effective components are lower; the temperature is changed by 8 groups, the stirring frequency is low, the cattail pollen is easy to agglomerate, and the temperature is changed by 9 groups, the stirring frequency is high, so the cattail pollen is not easy to agglomerate; the temperature is changed by 10 groups, the total drying time is too long, and the cattail pollen is easy to ferment and adhere, so that the caking phenomenon is generated, and the effective components are low; the temperature is changed for 11 groups, the total drying time is too short, water is easy to be prevented from being separated out, local agglomeration is caused, and the effective components are low. Although the properties of the constant temperature group 1 are normal, gradient drying is not carried out, the drying temperature in the later period is higher, so that the loss of effective components is caused, the constant temperature group 2 is higher in drying temperature, the cattail pollen is fermented and bonded into blocks, and the effective components are damaged due to continuous high temperature, so that the effective components are not qualified, and the constant temperature group 3 is lower in drying temperature, the cattail pollen cannot be fully dried, so that the caking phenomenon and the effective components are not qualified. All parameters of the temperature changing 1 group and the temperature changing 12 group fall in the range of the invention, so the invention has good properties, high powder yield and high effective components, wherein the overall evaluation of the temperature changing 1 group is superior to that of the temperature changing 12 group.
In the process of variable-temperature drying, the moisture in the cattail pollen can be quickly removed in the early stage, and the damage of the contained effective components caused by overhigh internal temperature of the material is avoided by reducing the drying temperature in the later stage and the like. Therefore, the variable-temperature drying not only solves the problem of high energy consumption and large loss of constant-temperature drying, but also plays a role in effectively preserving the effective components of the cattail pollen.
Through screening, the cattail pollen processed by the variable temperature drying technology by the variable temperature drying method 1 has the highest index component, and the method can be known to have the effect of improving the content of the cattail pollen index component.
Example 3
The method comprises the following steps of selecting a wild cattail growing area with a large area as a raw material area for the cattail harvesting and processing research, setting a contrast test in a harvesting link, and respectively comparing the yield and the quality of cattail produced by cattail with different maturity, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
dividing the maturity: according to the flowering rule of the male flowers of the cattail, the maturity of the male inflorescence of the cattail is divided into the following five stages: immature stage 1 (bract stage), immature stage 2 (green flower stage), mature stage 1 (expansion stage), mature stage 2 (yellow flower stage), and terminal growth stage (grey flower stage).
Immature stage 1 (bract stage): the stage is that cattail blooms early, the male flowers are wrapped in the wrapper leaves, grow out slowly from the middle of cattail leaf branches, and finally the male inflorescence grows out completely, the wrapper leaves slowly expose the male flowers from the state that the wrapper leaves completely include the male inflorescence, and the wrapper leaves fade until the wrapper leaves completely fall off. The male inflorescence is green to cyan, hard in texture and much water, and the male flower is picked up by stripping, is dark yellow in color and has no pollen. The stage is mainly the formation period of anther filaments, no pollen is formed, and the pollen is generally formed from 1 st day to 3 rd to 5 th day of flowering.
The main characteristics of the stage are as follows: the male flowers grow out from the whole wrapped leaves until the wrapped leaves are completely faded; the male inflorescence is green to cyan, hard in texture, much water and free of powder.
Immature stage 2 (flowering stage): after the male flowers are separated from the wrapped leaves, the inflorescence is cyan, grows slowly, the diameter becomes coarse, the surface finally becomes smooth, the surface has wax-like luster, and the texture is hard; taking the male flower in the roll, wherein the male flower is more in water, and the male flower is light yellow in color and has a small amount of pollen. In the formation period of anther and filament, a small amount of pollen is formed; the female flowers did not grow completely. The process lasts for 3-5 days, generally from 4 th to 8 th to 10 th.
The main characteristics of the stage are as follows: the male inflorescence grows slowly, the surface is smooth and has wax-like luster, and the texture is hard; taking the male flower in the roll, wherein the male flower is relatively rich in water and light yellow in color.
Mature stage 1 (expansion stage): the male flower gradually thickens from part to the whole, obviously expands and is fluffy, the surface is yellowish green and slightly yellow, yellow pollen dots exist, the texture is soft, the expanded part accounts for more than 50 percent of the whole, the male flower can be scattered when being pinched by hands, the yellow pollen overflows, and the water content is less. This stage is the pollen concentration formation stage. The process lasts for 2-3 days, generally from 8 th to 12 th.
The main characteristics of the stage are as follows: the male flower becomes thick, the male flower is obviously enlarged and fluffy, the surface is yellow green, yellow pollen dots exist, the texture is soft, the enlarged part accounts for more than 50 percent of the whole body, the male flower is scattered when being pinched by hands, the yellow pollen overflows, and the water content is less.
Maturity stage 2 (daylily stage): pollen overflows from the surface of the male flower more and more, and is bright yellow, the flower axis is slightly shaken, and the pollen is scattered. The period is from the mature of pollen to the overflow and the coming off of pollen, and the moisture is less when the pollen is just flying and not flying. The process lasts for 1-2 days, generally 10-14 days.
The main characteristics of the stage are as follows: the surface is bright yellow, and a plurality of pollen is present, which is like flying and not flying.
End of growth (grey flower stage): in the later period of daylily, the pollen on the surface basically falls off due to wind blowing, and the needle-punched filigree anther is exposed, so that the surface is fluffy and slightly dark yellow or gray in the whole body. Typically after 13 days.
The main characteristics of the stage are as follows: the needle-punched filigree anther is exposed on the surface, is fluffy and is slightly dark yellow or gray in the whole body. Less pollen and better dryness. Harvesting of cattail pollen:
and in the flowering period of 5-7 months of cattail, respectively taking off the pollen and anther filaments on the five-maturity male cattail inflorescences from the inflorescence axis under the condition that artificial water injection does not exist in the fresh cattail pollen, and filling the pollen and the anther filaments in a waterproof plastic barrel or bag.
Drying the cattail pollen:
drying the cattail pollen by adopting a staged variable temperature drying technology, wherein the specific method is the same as that of the embodiment 1;
sieving the cattail pollen:
shaking the mixture by a 120-160-mesh sieve, taking yellow powder at the bottom of the sieve, namely the pollen typhae raw medicinal material, and recording the weight before sieving and the weight of the cattail pollen at the bottom of the sieve after sieving.
The content of the target components of the cattail pollen medicinal materials with different maturity is measured by adopting a cattail pollen content measuring method specified in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition), and the result is shown in the following table:
TABLE 3 pollen Typhae index component content of different maturity
As can be seen from the data in Table 3, the maturity of pollen Typhae has a great influence on the quality and yield of pollen Typhae, the pollen Typhae in the mature 1 stage has bright color and luster, the pollen yield is high, the effective components of typhanoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidin are high, the pollen Typhae in the mature 2 stage and pollen on the male flower surface overflow more and more, and easily fall off at the beginning, so the pollen yield is slightly low, the effective components are slightly low, and the pollen Typhae in the final growth stage has low pollen yield because pollen grains fly around after the pollen Typhae is over mature, the yield is influenced, so the effective components are reduced, and the pollen yield and the contained effective components of the pollen Typhae in the immature stage are insufficient due to insufficient growth time.
On the premise of using the drying method, the cattail pollen in a specific mature period is further adopted, and the obtained product has the characteristics of high pollen yield, simple powder sieving, high content of index components in pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China (2015 edition), and the like, so that the drying method can be better exerted.
In conclusion, the cattail pollen in the harvested seasons is harvested and dried in a segmented mode by adopting the specific method, so that the energy consumption can be reduced, the processing of the cattail pollen is not influenced by weather and environment, the processed cattail pollen is uniform and stable, and the content of effective components of the cattail pollen can be obviously improved. The method adopts a conventional method, the used device is relatively simple and easy to obtain, and the method is suitable for being used in the production place of the cattail pollen and has better technical popularization prospect.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps of taking down the cattail pollen in the harvesting season of the cattail pollen medicinal material, and placing the cattail pollen in an oven for drying, wherein the drying method is a step-by-step variable-temperature drying method, and the three steps are carried out for 36-48 hours in total, wherein:
(1) the first stage is 12h, the oven temperature is 53 ℃, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred;
(2) the second stage is 12h, the temperature of the oven is 48 ℃, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred;
(3) the third stage is 24h, the oven temperature is 38 ℃, and the wind speed is 1600m37000 cycles per hour, and every 7hTaking out and stirring;
drying pollen Typhae in oven, taking out, and sieving;
the drying criteria were: the water content of the dried cattail pollen is 7 to 13 percent.
2. The method for harvesting and processing pollen typhae according to claim 1, wherein the maturity of pollen typhae is determined according to the following criteria: the male flowers of the cattail are thickened, are obviously enlarged and fluffy, have yellow green surfaces, have yellow pollen dots, are soft in texture, the enlarged parts account for more than 50 percent of the whole body, and are scattered when being pinched by hands, and the yellow pollen overflows to reduce the water content.
3. A method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen is characterized in that: comprises the steps of taking down cattail pollen in the harvesting season of the cattail pollen medicinal material, placing the cattail pollen in an oven for drying, wherein the drying method is a step-by-step temperature-changing drying method, and placing the pollen and the filaments obtained by harvesting in the oven for drying for 48 hours; wherein:
(1) in the first stage, the temperature of the oven is 53 ℃ in the first 12h, and the wind speed is 2000m3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 4 hours and stirred;
(2) in the second stage, the temperature of the oven is 48 ℃ and the wind speed is 2000m for the next 12h3The reaction solution is circulated 8000 times per hour, taken out every 5 hours and stirred;
(3) in the third stage, the oven temperature is 38 ℃ and the wind speed is 1600m in the last 24h37000 times of circulation per hour, taking out every 7 hours, and stirring;
putting the cattail pollen into an oven for drying until the water content of the cattail pollen after drying is 7-13%, taking out the cattail pollen, shaking the cattail pollen by using a 120-160-mesh sieve, and taking yellow powder at the bottom of the sieve, namely the raw medicinal material of the cattail pollen.
4. The method for harvesting and processing cattail pollen according to claim 3, wherein the cattail pollen is harvested in 5-7 months of cattail harvest season, male flowers of cattail are selected to be thick, obviously swell and fluffy, have yellow pollen dots, are soft in texture, have more than 50% of the whole swelled parts, are scattered when being pinched by hands, have yellow pollen overflow and have less water, and the pollen and anther filaments on the male inflorescence are taken down from the inflorescence shaft and are placed in a waterproof plastic barrel or bag.
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