CN109765290A - Standard Method paper total ash and component rapid measurement device and its measurement method - Google Patents
Standard Method paper total ash and component rapid measurement device and its measurement method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 7
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- FPAFDBFIGPHWGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxomagnesium;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Mg]=O.[Mg]=O.[Mg]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O FPAFDBFIGPHWGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 101100049053 Mus musculus Vash1 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 T iO2 Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 238000004380 ashing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses Standard Method paper total ash and component rapid measurement device and its measurement methods, it is characterized in that, including c-type case 13 and its internal upper box 1 and lower box 10, ionisation chamber 3 is equipped with inside the upper box 1, radiation chamber 7 and X-ray tube high voltage power supply 9 are equipped with inside the lower box 10, X-ray tube 6 is equipped with inside the radiation chamber 7, the present invention can be adjusted according to the needs the wavelength of X-ray, intensity, while be capable of the ash content of rapid and accurate determination variety classes paper.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of paper ash content determination, in particular to a device and a method for rapidly measuring total paper ash content and components by a standard sample method.
Background
The paper ash content is an important parameter for measuring the paper quality, the use amount of paper fibers can be reduced by properly improving the paper ash content in the paper making production and research and development processes, the cost of paper is reduced, and the detection and control of the paper ash content become important links in the paper making production and scientific research processes.
The traditional method for measuring the ash content of the paper off line is to place a paper sample in a muffle furnace for high-temperature ignition, weigh residues after ignition to measure the ash content of the paper, but the method not only has long time consumption and complicated steps, but also damages the paper and has larger human error, and meanwhile, the traditional muffle furnace has the problems of slow heating process, long ashing time, uneven temperature distribution in a furnace cavity, large temperature difference deviation and the like. The ash components are usually measured by a chemical method, and the defects of long time consumption, high cost, paper damage, large human error and the like exist. On-line ash measurement mainly measures the total ash content of paper, and at present, no report capable of measuring the ash component exists. The existing ash content measuring technology can not meet the requirement of rapid measurement of ash content and components thereof in the processes of papermaking production and scientific research.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a device for quickly measuring the total ash content and the components of paper by a standard sample method, which is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
sample method total ash content of paper and quick measuring device of component, including C type case 13 and its inside last box 1 and lower box 10, go up the inside ionization chamber 3 that is equipped with of box 1, the inside radiation chamber 7 and the X-ray tube high voltage power supply 9 of being equipped with of box 10 down, the inside X-ray tube 6 that is equipped with of radiation chamber 7, X-ray tube high voltage power supply 9 with the X-ray tube 6 electricity is connected, is equipped with carousel 12 between last box 1 and the lower box 10, is to be on the carousel 12 and has put the sample thing, and X-ray 5 that X-ray tube 6 sent reachs ionization chamber 3 through carousel 12 and sample.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
the radiation chamber 7 is also provided with an X-ray tube thermostat inside.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
five standards can be placed on the rotating disc 12.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
five standards respectively containing CaCO can be placed on the turntable 123Standards, TiO2Standard sample, talcum powder standard sample, CaSiO3Standards and a blank control standard.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
five standards respectively containing CaCO can be placed on the turntable 123Standards, TiO2Standard sample, kaolin standard sample, CaSiO3Standards and a blank control standard.
A method for rapidly measuring total ash content and components of paper based on a standard sample method comprises the following steps:
1) preparation of a catalyst containing CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3And a blank control standard;
2) switching on a power supply of the ionization chamber 3, and measuring a voltage signal 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 as a non-ray voltage Vbackground under the condition of no X-ray;
3) according to the type of the measured paper, the optimal X-ray 5 intensity for measuring the ash content of the paper is obtained by adjusting the high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube;
4) switching on a high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube, and measuring a voltage signal 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 under the condition of no paper as an air gap voltage Vair after the high-voltage power supply is stabilized;
5) one piece of paper to be measured, two pieces of paper to be measured, three pieces of paper to be measured, four pieces of paper to be measured and five pieces of paper to be measured are respectively placed in the rotary table 12 between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10, voltage signals 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 are respectively measured to be used as ash content measuring voltage Vash, and the total ash content of the paper is calculated.
6) After the steps 1) to 5) are finished, putting the paper to be measured into the turntable between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10, respectively superposing five standard samples on the paper to be measured, driving the turntable 12 by the stepping motor and the driver 11 thereof to rotate the measuring standard samples, respectively measuring the voltage signals 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 as ash content measuring voltages Vash, and calculating the ash content components of the paper.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
in the step 3), according to the type of the paper to be measured, the intensity of the X-ray 5 which is most suitable for measuring the ash content of the paper is obtained by adjusting the high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube in the following way:
a standard paper sample is put in a rotary disc 12, a high-voltage power supply 9 of an X-ray tube is adjusted, a voltage value is measured through a voltage signal 2 sent by an ionization chamber 3, and the X-ray intensity corresponding to the voltage value when the ash content calculated value of the standard paper sample and the standard ash content value of the standard paper sample have the minimum deviation is selected.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
in the step 6), the turntable 12 is driven by the stepping motor and the driver 11 thereof to measure one standard sample at every 72 degrees until five standard samples are measured.
In the further scheme, the method comprises the following steps of,
the total ash content of the paper is calculated by the following formula:
Ash＝BA0+BA1X+BA2X2+BA3X3；
wherein,ash is paper Ash content; BA0～BA3To calculate the coefficients; vash、Vbackgeound、VairAsh measurement voltage, nonradiative voltage, air gap voltage, respectively.
The paper ash component is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula I0As initial X-ray intensity, I1，I2，I3，I4Superposing four standard samples W for the paper to be measuredS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Intensity of later X-rays, W1、W2、W3、W4And each is CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, W, in the paper being testedS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Is corresponding CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, μ in four standards1、μ2、μ3、μ4Is CaCO3、 TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3The measured ash content and the component content of the paper can be obtained by combining the X-ray absorption coefficient and the equation system.
Has the advantages that:
(1) the invention can adjust the wavelength and the intensity of the X-ray according to the requirement, and can quickly and accurately measure the ash content of different types of paper;
(2) according to the invention, through the turntable between the upper box body and the lower box body and the X-ray tube high-voltage power supply in the lower box body, the problems of long time consumption, complicated steps, large personal error and the like in the process of measuring the ash content of paper by an ignition method are solved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a turntable;
fig. 3 is a working principle diagram of the present invention.
1. An upper box body; 2. a voltage signal; 3. an ionization chamber; 4. a lead-containing rubber layer; 5. x-rays; 6. An X-ray tube; 7. a radiation chamber; 8. a water-cooling heat dissipation device; 9. an X-ray tube high voltage power supply; 10. A lower box body; 11. a stepping motor and a driver thereof; 12. a turntable; 13. and (5) forming a C-shaped box.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, specific embodiments thereof are described in detail below. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. This invention can be embodied in many different forms than those herein described and many modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings and the embodiments.
Detailed description of the preferred embodiment 1
The invention provides a device for rapidly measuring total ash content and components of paper by a standard sample method, which is characterized by comprising a C-shaped box 13, an upper box body 1 and a lower box body 10 which are arranged in the C-shaped box 13, wherein an ionization chamber 3 is arranged in the upper box body 1, a lead-containing rubber layer 4 is matched and arranged in the ionization chamber 3 according to the application of the prior art and is used for shielding and isolating radiation of rays, a radiation chamber 7 and an X-ray tube high-voltage power supply 9 are arranged in the lower box body 10, an X-ray tube 6 is arranged in the radiation chamber 7, a rotary table 12 is arranged between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10, a standard sample is placed on the rotary table 12, and as shown in figure 3, X-rays 5 emitted by the X-ray tube 6. The radiation chamber is internally provided with an X-ray tube constant temperature device, in particular to a water-cooling heat dissipation device 8 used in the prior art, according to the application in the prior art, the bottom surface of a rotary disc 12 is connected with a driving motor 11 to drive the rotary disc 12 to move, five standard samples are placed on the rotary disc 12, and the five standard samples respectively contain CaCO3, T iO2, kaolin/talcum powder, CaSiO3 standard samples and a blank reference sample.
The device is provided with a rotary table 12 between an upper box body 1 and a lower box body 10, and five standard samples are placed on the rotary table 12, so that the total ash content and the component content of paper can be measured simultaneously. According to the type of the detected paper, the intensity of the X-ray is changed by adjusting the high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube. When the gram weight of the ash content of the detected paper is low, the high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube is adjusted to reduce the X-ray intensity; when the gram weight of the ash content of the measured paper is high, the high-voltage power supply of the X-ray tube is adjusted to increase the X-ray intensity.
Meanwhile, when the X-ray tube-based rapid paper ash content measuring device is overhauled, the windows of the ionization chamber 3, the X-ray tube 6 and the central hole are required to be ensured to be on the same straight line after the device is installed or overhauled, so that the ash content measuring precision is prevented from being influenced due to different measuring positions of paper samples; meanwhile, the X-ray tube is in a constant temperature state, and the influence on ash content measurement due to overhigh temperature of the X-ray tube is prevented.
The method for rapidly measuring the total ash content and the components of the paper comprises the following steps:
1) preparation of a catalyst containing CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3And a blank control standard;
2) switching on a power supply of the ionization chamber 3, and measuring a voltage signal 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 as a non-ray voltage Vbackground under the condition of no X-ray;
3) according to the type of the measured paper, the optimal X-ray 5 intensity for measuring the ash content of the paper is obtained by adjusting the high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube;
4) switching on a high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube, and measuring a voltage signal 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 as an air gap voltage Vai r under the condition of no paper after the high-voltage power supply is stabilized;
5) one piece of paper to be measured, two pieces of paper to be measured, three pieces of paper to be measured, four pieces of paper to be measured and five pieces of paper to be measured are respectively placed in the rotary table 12 between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10, voltage signals 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 are respectively measured to be used as ash content measuring voltage Vash, and the total ash content of the paper is calculated.
6) After the steps 1) to 5) are finished, putting the paper to be measured into the turntable between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10, respectively superposing five standard samples on the paper to be measured, driving the turntable 12 by the stepping motor and the driver 11 thereof to rotate the measuring standard samples, respectively measuring the voltage signals 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 as ash content measuring voltages Vash, and calculating the ash content components of the paper.
The total ash content of the paper is calculated by the following formula:
Ash＝BA0+BA1X+BA2X2+BA3X3；
wherein,ash is paper Ash content; BA0～BA3To calculate the coefficients; vash、Vbackgeound、VairAsh measurement voltage, nonradiative voltage, air gap voltage, respectively.
The paper ash component is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula I0As initial X-ray intensity, I1，I2，I3，I4Superposing four standard samples W for the paper to be measuredS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Intensity of later X-rays, W1、W2、W3、W4And each is CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, W, in the paper being testedS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Is corresponding CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, μ in four standards1、μ2、μ3、μ4Is CaCO3、 TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3The measured ash content and the component content of the paper can be obtained by combining the X-ray absorption coefficient and the equation system.
Specific example 2
On the basis of the above embodiment 1, in step 3), adjusting the high voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube to obtain the intensity of the X-ray 5 most suitable for measuring the ash content of the paper according to the type of the paper to be measured is implemented by:
a standard paper sample is put in a rotary disc 12, a high-voltage power supply 9 of an X-ray tube is adjusted, a voltage value is measured through a voltage signal 2 sent by an ionization chamber 3, and the X-ray intensity corresponding to the voltage value when the ash content calculated value of the standard paper sample and the standard ash content value of the standard paper sample have the minimum deviation is selected.
Specific example 3
On the basis of the above specific embodiment 1, in step 6), the turntable 12 is driven by the stepping motor and the driver 11 thereof to measure one standard sample every 72 degrees until five standard samples are measured.
Specific example 4
1) Preparation of a catalyst containing CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3And a blank control standard;
2) the ionization chamber 3 is switched on and the non-radiation voltage V is measured at the voltage signal 2 in the absence of X-rays 5background；
3) Driving the standard sample turntable to enable the X-ray 5 to pass through the blank standard sample;
4) adjusting a high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube to obtain the optimal X-ray 5 intensity for measuring the ash content of the paper;
5) the X-ray tube high-voltage power supply 9 is switched on, and the air gap voltage V at the voltage signal 2 is measured in the absence of paperair；
6) The voltage signals sent by the paper measurement ionization chamber 3 to be measured are respectively put into the rotary table 12 between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10 to be used as ash content measurement voltages Vash；
7) The paper to be measured is put into the rotary table 12 between the upper box body 1 and the lower box body 10, four non-blank standard samples are respectively superposed on the paper to be measured, the rotary table 12 is driven by the stepping motor and the driver 11 thereof to measure one standard sample every 72 degrees of rotation until the four standard samples are measured, and the voltage signals 2 sent by the ionization chamber 3 are respectively measured and used as ash content measuring voltage VashAnd the calculation is performed on the paper ash component.
The turntable 12 is driven by a stepping motor and a driver 11 thereof to realize the rapid measurement of the ash content and the components of the paper; and according to the measured paper type, the optimal X-ray 5 intensity of paper ash measurement is obtained by adjusting the high-voltage power supply 9 of the X-ray tube in the lower box 10.
When the X-ray 5 emitted by the X-ray tube 6 passes through the tested paper sample, the attenuation of the X-ray 5 conforms to the Bell's law principle, and the calculation formula of the total ash content of the paper is as follows:
Ash＝BA0+BA1X+BA2X2+BA3X3；
wherein,ash is paper Ash content; BA0～BA3To calculate the coefficients; vash、Vbackgeound、VairAsh measurement voltage, nonradiative voltage, air gap voltage, respectively.
The paper ash component is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula I0As initial X-ray intensity, I1，I2，I3，I4Superposing four standard samples W for the paper to be measuredS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Intensity of later X-rays, W1、W2、W3、W4And each is CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, W, in the paper being testedS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Is corresponding CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, μ in four standards1、μ2、μ3、μ4Is CaCO3、 TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3The measured ash content and the component content of the paper can be obtained by combining the X-ray absorption coefficient and the equation system.
While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, various modifications may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention, and in particular, features of various embodiments of the invention may be combined in any manner without departing from the technical conflict, the combination not being exhaustive in the invention, but rather for reasons of brevity and resource conservation. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein, but that the invention will include the claims appended hereto.
Claims (9)
1. Total ash content of standard sample method paper and quick measuring device of component, its characterized in that, including C type case (13) and inside last box (1) and lower box (10), go up box (1) inside and be equipped with ionization chamber (3), box (10) inside is equipped with radiation chamber (7) and X-ray tube high voltage power supply (9) down, the inside X-ray tube (6) that is equipped with of radiation chamber (7), X-ray tube high voltage power supply (9) with X-ray tube (6) electricity is connected, it is equipped with carousel (12) to go up between box (1) and lower box (10), be on carousel (12) and put the standard sample thing, X ray (5) that X-ray tube (6) sent reach ionization chamber (3) through carousel (12) and standard sample.
2. The device for rapidly measuring total ash content and components of standard method paper according to claim 1, characterized in that an X-ray tube thermostat is further arranged inside the radiation chamber (7).
3. The device for rapidly measuring the total ash content and the components of the standard method paper as claimed in claim 1, wherein five standards can be placed on the rotating disc (12).
4. The device for rapidly measuring the total ash content and the components of paper by a standard method according to claim 3, wherein five standards respectively containing CaCO can be placed on the rotating disc (12)3Standards, TiO2Standard sample, talcum powder standard sample, CaSiO3Standards and a blank control standard.
5. The device for rapidly measuring the total ash content and the components of paper by a standard method according to claim 3, wherein five standards respectively containing CaCO can be placed on the rotating disc (12)3Standards, TiO2Standard sample, kaolin standard sample, CaSiO3Standards and a blank control standard.
6. The method for quickly measuring components of the total ash content of the paper based on the standard sample method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) preparation of a catalyst containing CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3And a blank control standard;
2) switching on a power supply of the ionization chamber (3), and measuring a voltage signal (2) emitted by the ionization chamber (3) as a non-ray voltage Vbackground under the condition of no X-ray;
3) according to the type of the measured paper, the optimal X-ray (5) intensity for measuring the ash content of the paper is obtained by adjusting a high-voltage power supply (9) of an X-ray tube;
4) switching on a high-voltage power supply (9) of the X-ray tube, and measuring a voltage signal (2) sent by an ionization chamber (3) under the condition of no paper as an air gap voltage Vair after the high-voltage power supply is stabilized;
5) one piece of paper to be measured, two pieces of paper to be measured, three pieces of paper to be measured, four pieces of paper to be measured and five pieces of paper to be measured are respectively placed in a turntable (12) between an upper box body (1) and a lower box body (10), voltage signals (2) sent by an ionization chamber (3) are respectively measured to serve as ash content measuring voltage Vash, and the total ash content of the paper is calculated.
6) After the steps 1) to 5) are finished, the paper to be measured is placed in the rotary table between the upper box body (1) and the lower box body (10), five standard samples are respectively superposed on the paper to be measured, the rotary table (12) is driven by the stepping motor and the driver (11) thereof to rotate the measuring standard samples, the voltage signals (2) sent by the ionization chamber (3) are respectively measured and used as ash content measuring voltage Vash, and the ash content of the paper is calculated.
7. The method for rapidly measuring the total ash content and the components thereof in the paper by the standard method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the step 3) is implemented by adjusting the high-voltage power supply (9) of the X-ray tube to obtain the intensity of the X-ray (5) which is most suitable for measuring the ash content of the paper according to the type of the paper to be measured by the following steps:
a standard paper sample is put into a rotary disc (12), a high-voltage power supply (9) of an X-ray tube is adjusted, a voltage value is measured through a voltage signal (2) sent by an ionization chamber (3), and the X-ray intensity corresponding to the voltage value when the ash content calculated value of the standard paper sample and the standard ash content value of the standard paper sample have the minimum deviation is selected.
8. The method for rapidly measuring the total ash content and the components of the paper by the standard sample method according to claim 6, wherein in the step 6), the rotating disc (12) is driven by the stepping motor and the driver (11) thereof to measure one standard sample at every 72 degrees until five standard samples are measured.
9. The rapid measurement method of total ash content and components thereof of standard paper according to any one of claims 6, 7 and 8,
the total ash content of the paper is calculated by the following formula:
Ash＝BA0+BA1X+BA2X2+BA3X3；
wherein,ash is paper Ash content; BA0～BA3To calculate the coefficients; vash、Vbackgeound、VairAsh measurement voltage, nonradiative voltage, air gap voltage, respectively.
The paper ash component is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula I0As initial X-ray intensity, I1，I2，I3，I4Superposing four standard samples W for the paper to be measuredS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Intensity of later X-rays, W1、W2、W3、W4And each is CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, W, in the paper being testedS1、WS2、WS3、WS4Is corresponding CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3Ash content, μ in four standards1、μ2、μ3、μ4Is CaCO3、TiO2Kaolin/talc powder, CaSiO3The measured ash content and the component content of the paper can be obtained by combining the X-ray absorption coefficient and the equation system.
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