CN109713281B - Positive electrode material of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Positive electrode material of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof, the lithium ion battery comprises a core-shell structure, and the core of the core-shell structure is made of Li1+xM1‑x‑y1Ay1CzO2‑zThe outer shell is formed of Li1+xM1‑x‑y2Ay2CzO2‑zWherein M is at least one of Ni, Co and Mn, A is a doping element, C is a cladding element, -0.05-0.1 x, 0-0 y 1-0.01, 0.03-0 y 2-0.05 z-0.05. According to the cathode material provided by the invention, through the methods of doping and surface coating modification, the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni in the material at the central part of the core-shell structure is higher than the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni in the material at the surface part, so that the cathode material has higher capacity, better rate capability and longer cycle life.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof.
Background
At present, portable electronic products tend to be miniaturized and lightweight, and the necessity for higher performance and larger capacity of their power supplies is increasing. And the battery generates electric energy through an electrochemical reaction between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Therefore, in the field of batteries, lithium secondary batteries that generate electric energy by a change in chemical potential during intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions in a positive electrode and a negative electrode are most representative. Among them, the lithium secondary battery uses a material capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions as a material for a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an organic electrolyte or a polymer is injected between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
In general, a lithium composite metal compound, such as LiCoO, is used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2And the like. In the above-mentioned positive electrode material, LiMn2O4、LiMnO2The Mn-based positive electrode materials have the advantages of easy synthesis, relatively low price, small environmental pollution and better thermal stability compared with other positive electrode materials during overcharge, but have lower capacity. Although, LiCoO2The lithium ion battery has the advantages of good conductivity, high voltage (about 3.7V), long cycle life, good stability and high discharge capacity, is a representative cathode material in the current commercialized cathode materials, but is expensive and accounts for more than 30% of the cost of the battery, so that the lithium ion battery has no price competitiveness. Further, LiNiO in the positive electrode material2Has the highest specific discharge capacity, is difficult to synthesize and has high nickel content2+Become more distributed by Ni2+The formed NiO causes problems such as low cycle life, severe self-discharge, and low reversibility of the battery, and is difficult to commercialize due to its poor safety.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention has been completed based on the following findings of the inventors:
in order to solve the technical problems existing when the lithium composite metal compound is used as the anode material of the lithium ion battery, the inventor of the invention carries out a modification method of doping and shell coating on the lithium composite transition metal compound, so that the anode material has the excellent characteristics of higher capacity, longer cycle life, better safety performance and the like.
In a first aspect of the invention, the invention provides a positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the cathode material has a core-shell structure, and the core of the core-shell structure is made of Li1+ xM1-x-y1Ay1CzO2-zThe outer shell is formed of Li1+xM1-x-y2Ay2CzO2-zWherein M is at least one of Ni, Co and Mn, A is a doping element, C is a cladding element, -0.05-0.1 x, 0-0 y 1-0.01, 0.03-0 y 2-0.05 z-0.05.
The inventor finds that through anion and cation co-doping and surface coating modification methods, the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni in the central part material of the core-shell structure is higher than the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni in the surface part material, namely the oxidation number of Ni in the surface part of the positive electrode material is higher than that of Ni in the central part, so that the surface structure of the positive electrode material is more stable, and the electrochemical performance of the positive electrode material is improved.
In addition, the positive electrode material according to the above embodiment of the present invention may further have the following additional technical features:
according to an embodiment of the invention, M is NiaCobMncWherein a is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.9, b is more than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.4, and b is more than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.4.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the L3/L2 ratio of Ni of the material forming the inner core is 1.5-1.6, and the L3/L2 ratio of Ni of the material forming the outer shell is 1.2-1.4.
According to an embodiment of the invention, a is at least one of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ni, Co, Ti, Al, B, Si, Sn, Mn, Cr, Fe, V, Zr, Nb and Mo, and C is at least one of Al, B, P, F and S.
According to an embodiment of the invention, said a is at least one of Zr, Ti, Mg and Al, and said C comprises Al and B.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, 0.001. ltoreq. y 1. ltoreq.0.01.
According to the embodiment of the invention, in the core-shell structure, the mass ratio of the inner core to the outer shell is 100: (5-50).
In a second aspect of the invention, the invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned lithium ion battery cathode material.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises: (1) mixing the core raw materials, and performing first calcination treatment to obtain a core material; (2) and mixing the core material and the cladding material, and then carrying out secondary calcination treatment to obtain the cathode material.
The inventor finds that the lithium composite transition metal compound with the core-shell structure can be prepared as the cathode material by adopting the preparation method of the embodiment of the invention, the capacity of the cathode material is higher, the cycle life is longer, and the preparation method has the advantages of simple process, short period and easy compound synthesis. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the features and advantages described above for the positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery are still applicable to the method for preparing the positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery, and will not be described herein again.
In addition, the preparation method according to the above embodiment of the present invention may further have the following additional technical features:
according to the embodiment of the invention, the temperature of the first calcination treatment is 800-1050 ℃.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the temperature of the second calcination treatment is 300-450 ℃.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The foregoing aspects of the invention are explained in the description of the embodiments with reference to the following drawings, in which:
fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional structure of a core-shell structure of a positive electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of a method of preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a graph of the first charge and discharge curves of a button cell of undoped positive electrode material of example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a graph of the first charge and discharge curves of a button cell with a doped positive electrode material of example 2 of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a graph of the first charge and discharge curves of a button cell with doped and coated positive electrode material of example 2 of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a graph of rate performance of button cells of the positive electrode material of 3 embodiments of the invention;
fig. 7 is a graph of the retention rate of the cycling capacity of the button cell of the positive electrode material of 3 examples of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing values of the surface portion and the central portion L3/L2 of the positive electrode material of 3 examples of the present invention.
Reference numerals
100 kernel
200 outer cover
Detailed Description
The following examples of the present invention are described in detail, and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention, but should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated, specific techniques or conditions are not explicitly described in the following examples, and those skilled in the art may follow techniques or conditions commonly employed in the art or in accordance with the product specifications.
In one aspect of the invention, the invention provides a positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 1, the cathode material has a core-shell structure, and the core 100 of the core-shell structure is made of Li1+xM1-x-y1Ay1CzO2-zAnd the shell 200 of the core-shell structure is formed of Li1+xM1-x-y2Ay2CzO2-zWherein M is at least one of Ni, Co and Mn, A is a doping element, C is a cladding element, -0.05-0.1 x, 0-0 y 1-0.01, 0.03-0 y 2-0.05 z and 0-0.05 z.
The inventor of the invention has found through research that the existing positive electrode material selects LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2The capacity, cycle life and stability of the lithium transition metal compounds cannot be balanced, so that the positive electrode material cannot meet the pursuit trend of high energy density of the battery at the present stage. Therefore, the inventor designs the cathode material with the core-shell structure, wherein the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni of the material of the inner core 100 is higher than the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni of the material of the outer shell 200, so that the cathode material has high capacity, long cycle life and good safety performance.
The "L3/L2 ratio of Ni" in the text specifically means that the energy loss of Ni element on a spectrogram obtained by performing an electron energy loss test on a positive electrode material is 630-660 em-1The ratio of the peak area of L3 to the peak area of L2 reflects the degree of oxidation of Ni element.
In some embodiments of the invention, M may be NiaCobMncWherein a is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.9, b is more than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.4, and b is more than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.4, so that the capacity of the cathode material can be further improved, and the cycle life and the safety performance are not remarkably reduced by adopting the nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary cathode material.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni of the material forming the core 100 may be 1.5 to 1.6, and the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni of the material forming the outer shell 200 may be 1.2 to 1.4, so that the positive electrode material has higher capacity, longer cycle life, and better safety.
In some embodiments of the invention, the doped element a is at least one of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ni, Co, Ti, Al, C, Si, Sn, Mn, Cr, Fe, V, Zr, Nb, and Mo elements, and the clad element C may be at least one of Al, B, P, F, and S. Thus, by adopting the doping and coating of the types, the electrochemical properties of the positive electrode material such as capacity, multiplying power, circulation and the like can be improved. In some specific examples, the doped element a may be at least one of Zr, Ti, Mg and Al, and the coated element C may include Al and B, so that co-doping modification of the nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary cathode material by using anions and cations of the above kind can better stabilize the crystal lattice, thereby enabling the capacity of the cathode material to be higher and the cycle performance to be better.
In some embodiments of the invention, y1 is more than or equal to 0.001 and less than or equal to 0.01, so that the core material with the doping amount can improve the cycle life of the anode material while having higher capacity, thereby ensuring that the lithium ion battery containing the anode material has more excellent battery performance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in the core-shell structure, the mass ratio of the inner core 100 to the outer shell 200 may be 100: (5-50), therefore, through doping and coating, the anode material is more resistant to corrosion of electrolyte, so that the cycle performance of the anode material is more stable, and the capacity of the anode material is higher than that of the shell 200 with the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni of the inner core 100.
In summary, according to the embodiments of the present invention, the present invention provides a positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery, and through doping and surface coating modification methods, the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni in the central portion material of the core-shell structure is higher than the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni in the surface portion material, so that the positive electrode material has higher capacity, better rate capability, and longer cycle life.
In another aspect of the invention, the invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned cathode material of the lithium ion battery. According to an embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 2, the preparation method includes:
s100: after mixing the core raw materials, obtaining the core material through a first calcination treatment.
In the step, the raw materials of the core are uniformly mixed by a dry method, and then are subjected to primary calcination treatment, cooling, crushing and sieving to obtain the core material Li1+xM1-x-y1Ay1CzO2-zWherein M is at least one of Ni, Co and MnA is doped element, C is coating element, -0.05-0.1, 0-0. 1-0.01 and 0-0.05.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, the specific kinds and actual proportions of the components in the core raw material can be designed and selected by those skilled in the art according to the finally obtained core material, for example, the doped element a is at least one of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ni, Co, Ti, Al, B, Si, Sn, Mn, Cr, Fe, V, Zr, Nb and Mo, the cladding C is at least one of Al, B, P, F and S, and M can be NiaCobMnc(0.3. ltoreq. a.ltoreq.0.9, 0.05. ltoreq. b.ltoreq.0.4, and 0.05. ltoreq. b.ltoreq.0.4), or 0.001. ltoreq. y 1. ltoreq.0.01, etc., and those skilled in the art can adjust accordingly according to the performance of the actually prepared cathode material, and will not be described herein again.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature T1 of the first calcination process may be selected to be 800 to 1050 ℃ for at least one of the doping elements Zr, Ti, Mg and Al, so that the core material may be prepared by a high temperature solid phase reaction method at the first calcination temperature within the above range.
S200: and mixing the core material and the cladding material, and then carrying out secondary calcination treatment to obtain the cathode material.
In the step, the core material obtained in the step S100 and the coating material raw material are continuously and uniformly mixed, and then subjected to secondary calcination treatment, cooling, crushing and sieving, so as to obtain the core-shell structured positive electrode material. Wherein the coating layer is made of Li1+xM1-x-y2Ay2CzO2-zWherein M is at least one of Ni, Co and Mn, A is a doped element, C is a cladding element, -0.05. ltoreq. x.ltoreq.0.1, 0.03. ltoreq. y 2. ltoreq.0.05 and 0. ltoreq. z.ltoreq.0.05.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the specific types and actual proportions of the components in the raw materials of the coating material can be as long as the prepared coating material has a lower L3/L2 ratio of Ni than that of the core material, and the skilled person can design and select the coating material according to the finally obtained cathode material, wherein specifically, for example, A is at least one of Zr, Ti, Mg and Al, and the coated cathode materialThe element C may include Al and B, and M may be NiaCobMnc(0.3. ltoreq. a.ltoreq.0.9, 0.05. ltoreq. b.ltoreq.0.4, and 0.05. ltoreq. b.ltoreq.0.4), etc., and those skilled in the art can adjust accordingly according to the performance of the actually prepared cathode material, and will not be described herein again.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature T2 of the second calcination process for the clad layer doped with Al and B may be 300 to 450 ℃, so that the shell material may be prepared by a low-temperature solid-phase reaction method at the second calcination temperature within the above range.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in the prepared core-shell structure, the mass ratio of the core to the shell may be 100: (5-50), so, doping and coating can not only increase the cycle performance of the anode material, but also enable the capacity of the anode material to be higher.
In summary, according to the embodiments of the present invention, the present invention provides a preparation method, which can prepare a lithium composite transition metal compound having a core-shell structure as a positive electrode material, and the positive electrode material has a higher capacity, a longer cycle life, and a better safety performance, and the preparation method has a simple process, a short period, and the compound is easy to synthesize. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the features and advantages described above for the positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery are still applicable to the method for preparing the positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery, and will not be described herein again.
The invention will now be described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not to be limiting in any way.
Example 1
In this example, nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide (molar ratio Ni: Co: Mn ═ 80:10:10) and LiOH were dry-mixed in a mixer at a molar ratio of 1:1.025 (Li/Metal ═ 1.025), and then the dry-mixed material was calcined at 800 ℃ for 8 hours in an oxygen atmosphere, cooled, pulverized and sieved to obtain an undoped positive electrode material.
Example 2
In this example, nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide (molar ratio Ni: Co:Mn＝80:10:10)、ZrO2and TiO2According to the following steps of 100: 0.2: dry mixing at a mass ratio of 0.3 to ZrO2And TiO2The powder was uniformly attached to the surface of nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide particles, and the mixture was then mixed with LiOH at a molar ratio of 1:1.025 (Li/Metal 1.025). And calcining the dry-mixed material at 800 ℃ in an oxygen atmosphere for 8h, cooling, crushing and sieving to obtain the doped anode core material.
Example 3
In this example, the positive electrode core material prepared in example 2 was mixed with Al (OH)3And B2O3And (3) mixing the materials in a dry method according to the mass ratio of 100:0.4:0.2, calcining the mixture for 6 hours at 400 ℃ in an oxygen atmosphere after uniformly mixing, cooling, crushing and sieving the mixture to obtain the anode material uniformly coated with Al and B.
Example 4
In this example, the undoped cathode material of example 1, the doped cathode material of example 2, and the doped and coated cathode material of example 3 were uniformly mixed with the cathode material, the carbon black conductive agent, the binder PVDF, and NMP in a mass ratio of 95:2.5:2.5:5, respectively, to obtain a battery cathode slurry. Then, coating the slurry on an aluminum foil with the thickness of 20-40 microns, carrying out vacuum drying and rolling to prepare a positive electrode plate, taking a lithium metal plate as a negative electrode, and mixing the electrolyte with 1.15M LiPF6EC: DMC (1:1 vol%), and assembled into button cells.
Continuously testing the electrical performance of the 3 groups of buckle type batteries respectively, wherein a blue battery testing system is adopted for testing at 45 ℃, and the testing voltage range is 3-4.5V; capacity, 1 week, 20 weeks and 30 weeks capacity and capacity retention were tested. In this example, the first charge-discharge curves of the button cells of examples 1 to 3 are shown in fig. 3 to 5, respectively, and the rate performance curves and the cycle capacity retention rate curves of the button cells of examples 1 to 3 are shown in fig. 6 and 7.
As can be seen from fig. 6 and fig. 7, compared with example 1, the doped positive electrode material of example 2 has higher capacity, first effect, rate and cycle capacity retention rate (better cycle life property), while the coated positive electrode material of example 3 has higher capacity, first effect, rate and cycle capacity retention rate compared with example 2.
Then, the surface portion and the central portion of the undoped cathode material of example 1, the doped cathode material of example 2, and the doped and clad cathode material of example 3 were subjected to an electron energy loss test, respectively, and the L3/L2 ratio of Ni in the test result spectrum is shown in fig. 8.
As can be seen from FIG. 8, the ratio of L3/L2 of the surface portion of the example 1 is higher than that of the central portion L3/L2, while the ratio of L3/L2 of the surface portions of the doped positive electrode material of the example 2 and the doped and coated positive electrode material of the example 3 is lower than that of the central portion L3/L2, i.e., the oxidation number of Ni of the surface portion of the doped or doped and coated positive electrode material is high, so that Ni of the surface portion of the positive electrode material is high2+Less distribution, resulting in lower battery performance and less NiO content.
Summary of the invention
The method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery can be obtained by integrating the embodiments 1 to 4, the lithium composite transition metal compound with the core-shell structure can be prepared as the positive electrode material, the capacity of the positive electrode material is higher, the cycle life is longer, the safety performance is better, the preparation method is simple in process, the period is short, and the compound is easy to synthesize.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "first", "second" and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying any number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means at least two, e.g., two, three, etc., unless specifically limited otherwise.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, various embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without contradiction.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The cathode material of the lithium ion battery is characterized in that the cathode material has a core-shell structure, and the core of the core-shell structure is made of Li1+xM1-x-y1Ay1CzO2-zThe outer shell is formed of Li1+xM1-x-y2Ay2CzO2-zForming, wherein M is at least one of Ni, Co and Mn and contains Ni, A is a doping element, C is a cladding element, -0.05-x 0.1, 0-y 1 0.01, 0.03-y 2 0.05 and 0-z 0.05, the ratio of L3/L2 of the material forming the inner core is higher than the ratio of L3/L2 of the material forming the outer shell, and the ratio of L3/L2 of Ni is the energy loss of Ni element in the range of 630-660 energy loss on the spectrogram of an electron energy loss test of the cathode material-1The ratio of the corresponding L3 peak area to the L2 peak area.
2. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein M is NiaCobMncWherein a is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.9, b is more than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.4, and c is more than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.4.
3. The positive electrode material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the material forming the core has an L3/L2 ratio of Ni of 1.5 to 1.6, and the material forming the outer shell has an L3/L2 ratio of Ni of 1.2 to 1.4.
4. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein A is at least one of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ni, Co, Ti, Al, B, Si, Sn, Mn, Cr, Fe, V, Zr, Nb, and Mo, and C is at least one of Al, B, P, F, and S.
5. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein A is at least one of Zr, Ti, Mg and Al, and C comprises Al and B.
6. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein y1 is 0.001. ltoreq. y 1. ltoreq.0.01.
7. The positive electrode material according to claim 1, wherein in the core-shell structure, a mass ratio of the core to the shell is 100: (5-50).
8. A method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery of any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising:
(1) mixing the core raw materials, and performing first calcination treatment to obtain a core material;
(2) and mixing the core material and the cladding material, and then carrying out secondary calcination treatment to obtain the cathode material.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the temperature of the first calcination treatment is 800 to 1050 degrees centigrade.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the temperature of the second calcination treatment is 300 to 450 degrees centigrade.
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| CN105229830A (en) * | 2013-02-28 | 2016-01-06 | 汉阳大学校产学协力团 | Positive active material for lithium secondary battery |
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| CN108232150A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-06-29 | 贵州振华义龙新材料有限公司 | Anode material for lithium-ion batteries and its preparation method and application |
| CN108461743A (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2018-08-28 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | A kind of nickelic ternary electrode material of lithium battery that network is inlayed and preparation method |
| CN108461736A (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2018-08-28 | 苏州林奈新能源有限公司 | A kind of nickel cobalt aluminium ternary anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Preparation method and use being mixed with |
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