CN109629293A - A method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber - Google Patents
A method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber Download PDFInfo
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- CN109629293A CN109629293A CN201811626959.0A CN201811626959A CN109629293A CN 109629293 A CN109629293 A CN 109629293A CN 201811626959 A CN201811626959 A CN 201811626959A CN 109629293 A CN109629293 A CN 109629293A
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- dietary fiber
- bean dregs
- solid matter
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
- D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
- D21B1/04—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment by dividing raw materials into small particles, e.g. fibres
- D21B1/12—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment by dividing raw materials into small particles, e.g. fibres by wet methods, by the use of steam
- D21B1/30—Defibrating by other means
- D21B1/36—Explosive disintegration by sudden pressure reduction
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C3/00—Pulping cellulose-containing materials
- D21C3/02—Pulping cellulose-containing materials with inorganic bases or alkaline reacting compounds, e.g. sulfate processes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C3/00—Pulping cellulose-containing materials
- D21C3/04—Pulping cellulose-containing materials with acids, acid salts or acid anhydrides
Abstract
A method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, pretreatment, the processing of NaOH/ urea liquid, centrifugal treating, the processing of acetic acid neutralization precipitation, washing and drying and crushing including bean dregs dietary fiber.In bean dregs dietary fiber, it is a kind of convenience, efficient method that about 40%, which is cellulose, and the present invention extracts cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber.
Description
Technical field
The method that the present invention relates to a kind of to extract cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber belongs to deep processing of farm products technology neck
Domain.
Background technique
Soybean, also known as soya bean, originate in China, cultivate extensively in all over the world at present.Soybean is the important grain in China
One of crop has 5,000 years cultivation histories, and Gu claims bean, is a kind of crop that its seed contains abundant phytoprotein.Soybean
Various bean product are most commonly used for, soya-bean oil is squeezed, make soy sauce and extracts protein.
Bean dregs are the byproducts during Soybean production soymilk, soya-bean milk, bean curd, contain protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron etc.
A variety of nutriments.China be bean curd, soya-bean milk production cradle, have long production history, bean curd, soya-bean milk production,
Sales volume is all larger, and corresponding bean dregs yield is also very big.General bean dregs water content 85%, protein 3.0%, fat 0.5%, carbon water
Compound 8.0% etc., wherein the main component of carbohydrate is dietary fiber.
Cellulose be it is a kind of by glucose group at macromolecular substances, mostly come from green plants, be that plant fiber is thin
The important component of cell wall, therefore, cellulose are the renewable resources of rich reserves in nature.In recent years, with scientific and technological progress,
Cellulose is also applied to the new neck such as biological medicine, petrochemical industry in addition to applying as raw material in fields such as food, papermaking
Domain.
Summary of the invention
The method that the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of to extract cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber.
In order to achieve the above objects and other related objects, present invention provide the technical scheme that it is a kind of fine from bean dregs diet
The method of cellulose is extracted in dimension, including the following steps:
Step 1: mixing bean dregs dietary fiber with purified water 1:0.8-1.5 in mass ratio under the conditions of 5-30 DEG C, 60- is impregnated
120min；Then using refiner handle 2-4 time, the time per treatment be 2-4min, twice handle between interval time be
2-4min；Material after homogenized is placed in steam blasting equipment, handles 120-180s with the steam dimension pressure of 1.8-2.0Mpa,
It is then shut off high steam, opens material liquid outlet valve, material sprays, and explosion occurs under the action of pressure difference；Collect explosion
Material after processing, it is spare；
Step 2: the material and NaOH/ urea liquid after the steam blasting for obtaining the first step are by quality at a temperature of 5-30 DEG C
It is mixed than 5-10:100 ratio, then with revolving speed 30-60r/min stir process 15-30min；During stir process, make to mix
It closes material to be in ultrasonic environment, ultrasonic frequency 25-35KHz, power density 0.35-0.45w/cm2；Stir process
After mixed material is placed on to 15-16h in -20.5-19.5 DEG C of low temperature environment；
Step 3: the mixed material that second step is obtained is centrifuged under conditions of 0-6 DEG C with the revolving speed of 7000-8000r/min
15-18min obtains supernatant；
Step 4: the acetic acid solution that mass concentration is 45-55% is added into the supernatant, pH value is then adjusted to 7.0, is connect
Placement 120-150min to stand accumulation sediment；
Step 5: the mixture that the 4th step obtains is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains first
Solid matter is retained, then the first retention solid matter is washed and filtration treatment three times；
S1, for the first time washing and filtration treatment
First retention solid matter is mixed with 25-30 times of its quality of purified water, then agitation cleaning, then sets mixture
Vacuum filter processing is carried out in vacuum filter, collection obtains the second retention solid matter；
S2, second of washing and filtration treatment
Second retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 15-20 times of its quality of volume fraction is 70-80%, then agitation is clear
It washes, mixture is then placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains third retention solid matter；
S3, third time washing and filtration treatment
Third retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 8-10 times of its quality of volume fraction is 95-98%, then agitation is clear
It washes, mixture is then placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains the 4th retention solid matter；
Step 6: the 4th retention solid matter is less than or equal to 8% using 60-80 DEG C of heated-air drying to water content, it is crushed to
Soybean-drag fiber element product is obtained after 60-100 mesh.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: the water content of the bean dregs dietary fiber is 6-8%, and dietary fiber purity is 85-90%,
Fineness is 60-100 mesh.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: the shearing rotating speed of the refiner is 8000-13000r/min.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: for the NaOH/ urea liquid using purified water as solvent, NaOH, urea are solute to match
Solution is set, so that the mass concentration of NaOH is the mass concentration 4-12% of 6-7%, urea in solution.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: negative pressure of vacuum when vacuum filter processing is carried out in the 5th step, in vacuum filter
For 0.4-0.5MPa, aperture of filter screen 30-50mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: in S1, the negative pressure of vacuum in vacuum filter when progress vacuum filter processing is
0.4-0.5MPa, aperture of filter screen 30-50mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: in S2, the negative pressure of vacuum in vacuum filter when progress vacuum filter processing is
0.7-0.8MPa, aperture of filter screen 3-5mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: negative pressure of vacuum when vacuum filter processing is carried out in the 5th step, in vacuum filter
For 0.7-0.8MPa, aperture of filter screen 3-5mm.
Since above-mentioned technical proposal is used, the present invention has the advantage, that compared with prior art
1, in bean dregs dietary fiber, about 40% is cellulose, and the present invention extracts cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, be a kind of convenience,
Efficient method.
2, NaOH/ urea solvent is a kind of green aqueous solvent, base hydrated object, urea hydration under low-temperature condition in solvent
Object, free water can penetrate into the macromolecular of cellulose, and wherein energy and the cellulose of the oxygen atom with lone pair electrons
On hydroxyl have an effect and form new intermolecular interaction, be finally reached the mesh for destroying intermolecular hydrogen bonding, make cellulose from
It is dissolved out in dietary fiber, makes its precipitation using acid is heavy.
Specific embodiment
Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by particular specific embodiment below, those skilled in the art can be by this implementation
Content disclosed by example is understood other advantages and efficacy of the present invention easily.
The purpose of term used herein, which is only that, illustrates particular embodiment, it is not intended to be limited to the present invention.It removes
Non- context is explicitly shown, otherwise singular " one " used herein, "one" also include plural form.
When illustrating preferred embodiment, it is potentially based on clear purpose and uses special term；However, this specification institute
Revealer is not intended to be limited in the selected special term；And it is to be understood that each particular element includes having
Identical function, all equivalence techniques for operating in a similar manner and reaching similar effects.
Embodiment one: a method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber
A method of it extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, includes the following steps.
(1) it pre-processes
The bean dregs dietary fiber is made using new fresh bean dreg as raw material by proteolysis, decoloration washing, dry, crushing.Institute
The bean dregs dietary fiber stated, water content 7m%, dietary fiber purity are 83m%, and fineness is 80 mesh.
At a temperature of 20 DEG C, bean dregs dietary fiber is mixed with food-grade purified water 1:1 in mass ratio, impregnates 90min；It adopts
It is handled 3 times, each shearing rotating speed 10000r/min with food-grade refiner, handles time 3min, intermittent time per treatment
3min。
Material after homogenized is placed in steam blasting equipment, ties up pressure processing 160s with 1.9MPa steam；Then, it closes
High steam is closed, material liquid outlet valve is opened, material sprays, and explosion occurs under the action of pressure difference and temperature difference；It collects quick-fried
Material after tear reason, it is spare.
(2) NaOH/ urea liquid is handled
It is made into NaOH/ urea liquid.Using food-grade purified water as solvent, NaOH, urea are solute to configure solution, so that solution
In, NaOH mass concentration is 6.5m%, urea quality concentration 8m%.
At a temperature of 20 DEG C, by after steam blasting material and NaOH/ urea liquid 7.5:100 ratio in mass ratio mix
It closes, revolving speed 45r/min stir process 25min；During stir process, it is in mixed material in ultrasonic environment, ultrasonic wave
Frequency is 30KHz, power density 0.4w/cm2.After stir process, mixed material is placed in -20 DEG C of low temperature environments
15.5h。
(3) centrifugal treating
Mixed material in low temperature environment is taken out, at a temperature of 3 DEG C, 16.5min is centrifuged using revolving speed 7500r/min, obtains
Supernatant, it is spare.
(4) acetic acid neutralization precipitation is handled
The acetic acid solution of mass concentration 50m% is slowly added into supernatant, the pH value for adjusting mixed liquor is 7.0, is placed
135min stands accumulation sediment.
(5) washing and drying and crushing
The mixture of supernatant, acetic acid solution, sediment is placed in vacuum filter, in negative pressure of vacuum 0.4.5MPa, filter
Vacuum filter is handled under conditions of screen distance 40mm, collects the solid matter of retention.The solid matter of retention is washed three times
It washs and filtration treatment.
Washing and filtration treatment for the first time.The food-grade purified water of 27 times of quality is mixed with the solid matter of retention, is stirred
Mixture, is then placed in vacuum filter, under conditions of negative pressure of vacuum 0.45MPa, aperture of filter screen 40mm by dynamic cleaning
Vacuum filter processing, collects the solid matter of retention.
Second of washing and filtration treatment.What is retained after the ethyl alcohol that 17 times of volume fractions are 75% is filtered with first time consolidates
Mixture, is then placed in vacuum filter, in negative pressure of vacuum 0.7MPa, aperture of filter screen by body material mixing, agitation cleaning
Vacuum filter is handled under conditions of 3mm, collects the solid matter of retention.
Third time washing and filtration treatment.The solid retained after the ethyl alcohol that 9 times of volume fractions are 75% is filtered with second
Mixture, is then placed in vacuum filter, in negative pressure of vacuum 0.7MPa, aperture of filter screen 3mm by material mixing, agitation cleaning
Under conditions of vacuum filter handle, collect the solid matter of retention.
Will third time filtering retention solid matter use 70 DEG C of heated-air dryings most 7%, be then crushed to 80 mesh to get
To soybean-drag fiber element product.
Embodiment two: a method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber
A method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, including the following steps:
Step 1: mixing bean dregs dietary fiber with purified water 1:1.5 in mass ratio under the conditions of 30 DEG C, 120min is impregnated；
Then it is handled 4 times using refiner, the time per treatment is 4min, and the interval time between processing is 4min twice；At homogenate
Material after reason is placed in steam blasting equipment, with the steam dimension pressure processing 180s of 2.0Mpa, is then shut off high steam, is opened
Material liquid outlet valve, material spray, and explosion occurs under the action of pressure difference；Material after collection explosion treatment, it is spare；
Step 2: material and NaOH/ urea liquid after the steam blasting for obtaining the first step are in mass ratio at a temperature of 30 DEG C
10:100 ratio mixing, then with revolving speed 60r/min stir process 30min；During stir process, it is in mixed material
In ultrasonic environment, ultrasonic frequency 35KHz, power density 0.45w/cm2；Mixed material is put after stir process
Set the 16h in -19.5 DEG C of low temperature environment；
Step 3: the mixed material that second step is obtained is centrifuged 18min with the revolving speed of 8000r/min, obtains under conditions of 6 DEG C
To supernatant；
Step 4: the acetic acid solution that mass concentration is 55% is added into the supernatant, pH value is then adjusted to 7.0, is then put
150min is set to stand accumulation sediment；
Step 5: the mixture that the 4th step obtains is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains first
Solid matter is retained, then the first retention solid matter is washed and filtration treatment three times；
S1, for the first time washing and filtration treatment
First retention solid matter is mixed with 30 times of its quality of purified water, then mixture, is then placed in by agitation cleaning
Vacuum filter processing is carried out in vacuum filter, collection obtains the second retention solid matter；
S2, second of washing and filtration treatment
Second retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 20 times of its quality of volume fraction is 80%, then agitation cleaning, then
Mixture is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains third retention solid matter；
S3, third time washing and filtration treatment
Third retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 10 times of its quality of volume fraction is 98%, then agitation cleaning, then
Mixture is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains the 4th retention solid matter；
Step 6: using 80 DEG C of heated-air drying for 6%, to be crushed to after 100 mesh to obtain the final product to water content the 4th retention solid matter
To soybean-drag fiber element product.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: the water content of the bean dregs dietary fiber is 8%, and dietary fiber purity is 90%, fineness
For 100 mesh.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: the shearing rotating speed of the refiner is 13000r/min.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: for the NaOH/ urea liquid using purified water as solvent, NaOH, urea are solute to match
Solution is set, so that the mass concentration of NaOH is the mass concentration 12% of 7%, urea in solution.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: negative pressure of vacuum when vacuum filter processing is carried out in the 5th step, in vacuum filter
For 0.5MPa, aperture of filter screen 50mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: in S1, the negative pressure of vacuum in vacuum filter when progress vacuum filter processing is
0.5MPa, aperture of filter screen 50mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: in S2, the negative pressure of vacuum in vacuum filter when progress vacuum filter processing is
0.8MPa, aperture of filter screen 5mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: negative pressure of vacuum when vacuum filter processing is carried out in the 5th step, in vacuum filter
For 0.8MPa, aperture of filter screen 5mm.
Embodiment three: a method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber
A method of extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, including the following steps:
Step 1: mixing bean dregs dietary fiber with purified water 1:0.8 in mass ratio under the conditions of 5 DEG C, 60min is impregnated；Then
It is handled 2 times using refiner, the time per treatment is 2min, and the interval time between processing is 2min twice；After homogenized
Material be placed in steam blasting equipment, with the steam of 1.8Mpa dimension pressure processing 120s, be then shut off high steam, open feed liquid
Outlet valve, material spray, and explosion occurs under the action of pressure difference；Material after collection explosion treatment, it is spare；
Step 2: material and NaOH/ urea liquid after the steam blasting for obtaining the first step are in mass ratio at a temperature of 5 DEG C
5:100 ratio mixing, then with revolving speed 30r/min stir process 15min；During stir process, it is in mixed material
In ultrasonic environment, ultrasonic frequency 25KHz, power density 0.35w/cm2；Mixed material is put after stir process
Set the 15h in -20.5 DEG C of low temperature environment；
Step 3: the mixed material that second step is obtained is centrifuged 15min with the revolving speed of 7000r/min, obtains under conditions of 0 DEG C
To supernatant；
Step 4: the acetic acid solution that mass concentration is 45% is added into the supernatant, pH value is then adjusted to 7.0, is then put
120min is set to stand accumulation sediment；
Step 5: the mixture that the 4th step obtains is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains first
Solid matter is retained, then the first retention solid matter is washed and filtration treatment three times；
S1, for the first time washing and filtration treatment
First retention solid matter is mixed with 25 times of its quality of purified water, then mixture, is then placed in by agitation cleaning
Vacuum filter processing is carried out in vacuum filter, collection obtains the second retention solid matter；
S2, second of washing and filtration treatment
Second retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 15 times of its quality of volume fraction is 70%, then agitation cleaning, then
Mixture is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains third retention solid matter；
S3, third time washing and filtration treatment
Third retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 8 times of its quality of volume fraction is 95%, then agitation cleaning, then
Mixture is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains the 4th retention solid matter；
Step 6: using 60 DEG C of heated-air drying for 5%, to be crushed to after 60 mesh to obtain the final product to water content the 4th retention solid matter
To soybean-drag fiber element product.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: the water content of the bean dregs dietary fiber is 6%, and dietary fiber purity is 85%, fineness
For 60 mesh.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: the shearing rotating speed of the refiner is 8000r/min.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: for the NaOH/ urea liquid using purified water as solvent, NaOH, urea are solute to match
Solution is set, so that the mass concentration of NaOH is the mass concentration 4% of 6%, urea in solution.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: negative pressure of vacuum when vacuum filter processing is carried out in the 5th step, in vacuum filter
For 0.4MPa, aperture of filter screen 30mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: in S1, the negative pressure of vacuum in vacuum filter when progress vacuum filter processing is
0.4MPa, aperture of filter screen 30mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: in S2, the negative pressure of vacuum in vacuum filter when progress vacuum filter processing is
0.7MPa, aperture of filter screen 3mm.
Preferred technical solution are as follows: negative pressure of vacuum when vacuum filter processing is carried out in the 5th step, in vacuum filter
For 0.7MPa, aperture of filter screen 3mm.
As described above is only to be not intended to tool to explain the preferred embodiments of the invention to do any shape to the present invention
Limitation in formula should all wrap therefore all have any modification or change for making the related present invention under identical spirit
It includes in the scope that the invention is intended to protect.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of method for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: include the following steps:
Step 1: mixing bean dregs dietary fiber with purified water 1:0.8-1.5 in mass ratio under the conditions of 5-30 DEG C, 60- is impregnated
120min；Then using refiner handle 2-4 time, the time per treatment be 2-4min, twice handle between interval time be
2-4min；Material after homogenized is placed in steam blasting equipment, handles 120-180s with the steam dimension pressure of 1.8-2.0Mpa,
It is then shut off high steam, opens material liquid outlet valve, material sprays, and explosion occurs under the action of pressure difference；Collect explosion
Material after processing, it is spare；
Step 2: the material and NaOH/ urea liquid after the steam blasting for obtaining the first step are by quality at a temperature of 5-30 DEG C
It is mixed than 5-10:100 ratio, then with revolving speed 30-60r/min stir process 15-30min；During stir process, make to mix
It closes material to be in ultrasonic environment, ultrasonic frequency 25-35KHz, power density 0.35-0.45w/cm2；Stir process
After mixed material is placed on to 15-16h in -20.5-19.5 DEG C of low temperature environment；
Step 3: the mixed material that second step is obtained is centrifuged under conditions of 0-6 DEG C with the revolving speed of 7000-8000r/min
15-18min obtains supernatant；
Step 4: the acetic acid solution that mass concentration is 45-55% is added into the supernatant, pH value is then adjusted to 7.0, is connect
Placement 120-150min to stand accumulation sediment；
Step 5: the mixture that the 4th step obtains is placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains first
Solid matter is retained, then the first retention solid matter is washed and filtration treatment three times；
S1, for the first time washing and filtration treatment
First retention solid matter is mixed with 25-30 times of its quality of purified water, then agitation cleaning, then sets mixture
Vacuum filter processing is carried out in vacuum filter, collection obtains the second retention solid matter；
S2, second of washing and filtration treatment
Second retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 15-20 times of its quality of volume fraction is 70-80%, then agitation is clear
It washes, mixture is then placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains third retention solid matter；
S3, third time washing and filtration treatment
Third retention solid matter is mixed with the ethyl alcohol that 8-10 times of its quality of volume fraction is 95-98%, then agitation is clear
It washes, mixture is then placed in progress vacuum filter processing in vacuum filter, collection obtains the 4th retention solid matter；
Step 6: the 4th retention solid matter is less than or equal to 8% using 60-80 DEG C of heated-air drying to water content, it is crushed to
Soybean-drag fiber element product is obtained after 60-100 mesh.
2. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: the bean dregs
The water content of dietary fiber is 6-8%, and dietary fiber purity is 85-90%, and fineness is 60-100 mesh.
3. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: the homogenate
The shearing rotating speed of machine is 8000-13000r/min.
4. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: described
NaOH/ urea liquid is using purified water as solvent, and NaOH, urea are solute to configure solution, so that the quality of NaOH is dense in solution
Degree is the mass concentration 4-12% of 6-7%, urea.
5. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: in the 5th step
In, in vacuum filter carry out vacuum filter processing when negative pressure of vacuum be 0.4-0.5MPa, aperture of filter screen 30-50mm.
6. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: in S1,
In vacuum filter carry out vacuum filter processing when negative pressure of vacuum be 0.4-0.5MPa, aperture of filter screen 30-50mm.
7. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: in S2,
In vacuum filter carry out vacuum filter processing when negative pressure of vacuum be 0.7-0.8MPa, aperture of filter screen 3-5mm.
8. the method according to claim 1 for extracting cellulose from bean dregs dietary fiber, it is characterised in that: in the 5th step
In, in vacuum filter carry out vacuum filter processing when negative pressure of vacuum be 0.7-0.8MPa, aperture of filter screen 3-5mm.
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| CN109629293B (en) | 2020-10-09 |
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