CN109577283B - Artificial ladder deep pool unit, deep pool group and application thereof in improving natural river habitat - Google Patents
Artificial ladder deep pool unit, deep pool group and application thereof in improving natural river habitat Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了人工阶梯深潭单元、深潭组群及其在改善自然河流生境中的应用,属于河流生境恢复技术领域。人工阶梯深潭单元是由5～10个梯形体结构沿其长度方向紧固连接得到；梯形体结构包括梯形体石笼网结构和填充在梯形体石笼网结构的内腔中的卵石。人工阶梯深潭群组，是阶梯深潭单元按鱼鳞状交错摆放于河道中，所述阶梯深潭单元按照河道宽度、阶梯深潭单元的深度和河床的坡度确定行距，根据阶梯深潭单元长度确定间距，根据河床的坡度确定沿河流方向阶梯深潭单元的数量。将人工阶梯深潭组群用于改善自然河流生境中，有利于提供生物栖息环境，从而起到改善自然河流生境的作用。
The invention provides artificial stepped deep pool units, deep pool groups and their application in improving natural river habitat, belonging to the technical field of river habitat restoration. The artificial ladder deep pool unit is obtained by fastening and connecting 5-10 trapezoid structures along its length; the trapezoid structure includes a trapezoid gabion net structure and pebbles filled in the inner cavity of the trapezoid gabion net structure. The artificial stepped pool group is that the stepped pool units are staggered in the river channel in the shape of fish scales. The stepped pool units determine the row spacing according to the width of the river channel, the depth of the stepped pool unit and the slope of the river bed. The length determines the spacing, and the number of stepped pool cells along the river direction is determined according to the slope of the river bed. The use of artificial stepped deep pools to improve natural river habitat is conducive to providing biological habitat, thereby improving the natural river habitat.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于河流生境恢复技术领域，具体涉及一种人工阶梯深潭单元、深潭群组及其在改善自然河流生境中的应用。The invention belongs to the technical field of river habitat restoration, and in particular relates to an artificial stepped deep pool unit, a deep pool group and its application in improving natural river habitat.
背景技术Background technique
河床底质栖息环境常见为浅滩和深潭两类。浅滩的生境中，水深较浅，水流湍急，河流水体具有较强的曝气增氧能力，同时较好的光热条件，使浅滩中不同底质上(鹅卵石、片石等)上附着的藻类、水生昆虫种类繁多，能够为鱼类提供良好的觅食处，并可供鸟类、两栖动物和昆虫栖息以及鱼类产卵。而深潭生境中，水流缓慢，水深加大，是鱼类和各类底栖水生动物的良好休息和庇护所，也是洪水期、干旱期等逆境条件下，鱼类等水生生物避难提供场所。自然河流中深潭和浅滩的交替存在可形成河流水体中流速变换和多样生境，为丰富河流的生物多样性，提供了基础条件，并使附着在河床上的生物数量增加，提高了生物链底端生物数量，有利于水体自净能力增强和河流水生生态系统的稳定。The habitats of riverbed sediments are commonly divided into two types: shoals and deep pools. In the shoal habitat, the water depth is shallow, the water flow is turbulent, the river water has strong aeration and oxygenation capacity, and at the same time, the better light and heat conditions make the algae, A wide variety of aquatic insects can provide good feeding grounds for fish, as well as habitat for birds, amphibians and insects, and for fish to lay eggs. In the deep pool habitat, the water flow is slow and the water depth increases. It is a good rest and shelter for fish and various benthic aquatic animals. It is also a refuge for fish and other aquatic organisms under adverse conditions such as flood periods and drought periods. The alternating existence of deep pools and shoals in natural rivers can form flow velocity changes and diverse habitats in river water bodies, providing basic conditions for enriching the biodiversity of rivers, increasing the number of organisms attached to the riverbed, and improving the bottom of the biological chain. It is beneficial to the enhancement of the self-purification ability of the water body and the stability of the river aquatic ecosystem.
自然条件下，河流中阶梯-深潭结构多存在在生境良好的环境中，常在河床坡降较大的山区河流中自然形成，是山溪型河流中常见的一种微地貌形式。一般而言，阶梯深潭结构出现的河段河宽较小(小于30m)且坡降较大的上游区，在同属山区型河流中下游区或河床坡降较大、水深浅但河宽较大(大于50m)的河流中，少有产生阶梯深潭结构。Under natural conditions, the ladder-deep pool structure in rivers mostly exists in environments with good habitats, and often forms naturally in mountain rivers with large riverbed slopes. Generally speaking, the upper reaches of the river reach where the stepped deep pool structure appears is smaller (less than 30m) and the slope is larger. In the large (greater than 50m) rivers, there are few steps and deep pools.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
有鉴于此，为了充分利用梯深潭结构提高河流生物多样性，提高河流水体自净能力，针对山区型河流中下游区或坡降较大的城市段河流，河宽较大不易形成阶梯深潭结构的问题，本发明提供一种人工阶梯深潭单元、深潭群组及其在改善自然河流生境中的应用。In view of this, in order to make full use of the stepped pool structure to improve river biodiversity and improve the self-purification capacity of river water, for the middle and lower reaches of mountainous rivers or urban rivers with large slopes, the large river width is not easy to form a stepped pool structure. To solve the problem, the present invention provides an artificial stepped deep pool unit, a deep pool group and its application in improving the natural river habitat.
本发明提供的一种人工阶梯深潭单元，所述深潭单元是以梯形体结构为基本元件；所述梯形体结构包括梯形体石笼网结构和填充在所述梯形体石笼网结构的内腔中的卵石；The present invention provides an artificial ladder deep pool unit, wherein the deep pool unit takes a trapezoidal body structure as a basic element; the trapezoidal body structure includes a trapezoidal body gabion net structure and a Pebble in the inner cavity;
所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面的宽度为70～100cm，所述梯形体石笼网结构的上底面的宽度为20～40cm；所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面或上底面的长度为1～2m；所述梯形体石笼网结构的垂直高度为40～80cm；The width of the lower bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 70-100 cm, the width of the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 20-40 cm; the lower bottom surface or the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure The length of the cage is 1-2m; the vertical height of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 40-80cm;
所述梯形体石笼网结构中石笼网的孔径为5～8cm，所述卵石的粒径为10～30cm；In the trapezoidal gabion net structure, the aperture of the gabion net is 5-8 cm, and the particle size of the pebbles is 10-30 cm;
所述深潭单元是由5～10个所述梯形体结构沿所述长度方向紧固连接得到。The deep pool unit is obtained by fastened connection of 5-10 trapezoid structures along the length direction.
优选的，所述梯形体结构包括等腰梯形体结构或非等腰梯形体结构。Preferably, the trapezoid structure includes an isosceles trapezoid structure or a non-isosceles trapezoid structure.
优选的，所述非等腰梯形体结构为一边垂直的梯形体结构。Preferably, the non-isosceles trapezoid structure is a trapezoid structure with one side vertical.
优选的，所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面的宽度为80cm，所述梯形体石笼网结构的上底面的宽度为30cm。Preferably, the width of the lower bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 80 cm, and the width of the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 30 cm.
优选的，所述梯形体石笼网结构的垂直高度为50cm。Preferably, the vertical height of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 50cm.
优选的，所述梯形体石笼网结构中石笼网的孔径为6cm；所述卵石的粒径为15～25cm。Preferably, the aperture of the gabion net in the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 6 cm; the particle size of the pebbles is 15-25 cm.
优选的，所述深潭单元是由6～8个所述梯形体结构沿所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面或上底面的长度方向紧固连接得到。Preferably, the deep pool unit is obtained by fastening and connecting 6 to 8 of the trapezoidal body structures along the length direction of the lower bottom surface or the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal body gabion net structure.
本发明提供了一种人工阶梯深潭群组，所述的阶梯深潭单元按鱼鳞状交错摆放于河道中；The invention provides an artificial stepped deep pool group, wherein the stepped deep pool units are staggered in the river channel in the shape of fish scales;
沿河流方向，每两个阶梯深潭单元的行距由公式a计算得到；Along the river direction, the row spacing of every two step deep pool units is calculated by formula a;
L＝0.5H/α·S 公式aL=0.5H/α·S Formula a
其中，L表示每两个阶梯深潭单元的行距，H表示阶梯的高度，即所述梯形体结构的垂直高度；S表示所处河段的河床内平均坡降，且S<0.03；α为1.2～2.0，α值根据α＝40S计算得到；Among them, L represents the row spacing of every two step deep pool units, H represents the height of the steps, that is, the vertical height of the trapezoid structure; S represents the average slope in the riverbed of the river reach, and S<0.03; α is 1.2～2.0, α value is calculated according to α=40S;
沿河道的宽度方向，每两个阶梯深潭单元的间距为阶梯深潭单元总长度的5～10倍；Along the width of the river, the spacing between every two stepped pool units is 5 to 10 times the total length of the stepped pool units;
沿河流方向，所述阶梯深潭单元群组包括阶梯深潭单元的数量按照公式b计算得到；Along the direction of the river, the number of the stepped pool unit group including the stepped pool unit is calculated according to formula b;
W＝1/(0.03-S) 公式bW=1/(0.03-S) Formula b
其中，W表示沿河流方向，所述阶梯深潭单元群组包括阶梯深潭单元的数量；S表示所处河道的河床内平均坡降，且S<0.03。Wherein, W represents the direction along the river, and the step pool unit group includes the number of step pool units; S represents the average slope in the riverbed of the channel where it is located, and S<0.03.
本发明提供了所述人工阶梯深潭群组在改善自然河流生境中的应用。The present invention provides the application of the artificial stepped deep pool group in improving the natural river habitat.
优选的，所述改善自然河流生境的方法，包括以下步骤：Preferably, the method for improving natural river habitat comprises the following steps:
1)选择待改善的自然河流；1) Select the natural river to be improved;
2)测定所述待改善的自然河流中河床1km内的坡度、河水流速和河道的宽度，计算待改善的自然河流中河床的平均坡度和平均河水流速；2) measure the gradient in the riverbed 1km in the described natural river to be improved, the river flow velocity and the width of the river course, calculate the mean gradient and the mean river flow velocity of the riverbed in the natural river to be improved;
3)根据步骤2)中河床的平均坡度、平均河水流速和河道的宽度，计算河床各段中每两个阶梯深潭单元的行距、间距和沿河流方向所需阶梯深潭单元的数量；3) according to the average gradient of the riverbed in step 2), the average river flow velocity and the width of the river course, calculate the row spacing, spacing of every two stepped deep pool units in each section of the riverbed, and the quantity of the required stepped deep pool units along the river direction;
4)根据步骤3)中所述阶梯深潭单元的行距和间距，摆放人工阶梯深潭群组。4) According to the row spacing and spacing of the stepped pool units described in step 3), place artificial stepped pool groups.
本发明提供的一种人工阶梯深潭单元，所述深潭单元是以梯形体结构为基本元件；所述梯形体结构包括梯形体石笼网结构和填充在所述梯形体石笼网结构的内腔中的卵石；所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面的宽度为70～100cm，所述梯形体石笼网结构的上底面的宽度为20～40cm；所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面或上底面的长度为1～2m；所述梯形体石笼网结构的垂直高度为40～80cm；所述梯形体石笼网结构中石笼网的孔径为5～8cm，所述卵石的粒径为10～30cm；所述深潭单元是由5～10个所述梯形体结构沿所述长度方向紧固连接得到。本发明以梯形体结构为基本元件，梯形体结构下宽上窄，整体重心下移，有利于使人工阶梯深潭单元在水流湍急的河流中保持稳定，形成稳定的人工解阶梯深潭，增加河流生态环境。同时填充在梯形体石笼网结构的内腔中的卵石粒径比梯形体石笼网结构的孔径大很多，不仅有利于支撑梯形体结构，也有利于在卵石孔隙形成较大较多的孔隙，在梯形体结构中形成与河流相比，动态相对小的微环境，利于河流生物的栖息和繁衍。The present invention provides an artificial ladder deep pool unit, wherein the deep pool unit takes a trapezoidal body structure as a basic element; the trapezoidal body structure includes a trapezoidal body gabion net structure and a Pebble in the inner cavity; the width of the lower bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 70-100 cm, and the width of the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 20-40 cm; the trapezoidal gabion net structure The length of the lower bottom surface or the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 1-2m; the vertical height of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 40-80cm; The particle size is 10-30cm; the deep pool unit is obtained by fastened connection of 5-10 trapezoid structures along the length direction. The invention takes the trapezoidal body structure as the basic element. The trapezoidal body structure is wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, and the overall center of gravity is moved downward, which is beneficial to keep the artificial stepped deep pool unit stable in the turbulent river, and form a stable artificial stepped deep pool. river environment. At the same time, the particle size of the pebbles filled in the inner cavity of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is much larger than that of the trapezoidal gabion net structure, which is not only conducive to supporting the trapezoidal structure, but also conducive to the formation of larger and more pores in the pebble pores. Compared with rivers, microenvironments with relatively small dynamics are formed in the trapezoid structure, which is conducive to the habitat and reproduction of river creatures.
本发明提供了一种人工阶梯深潭群组，通过人工方式形成阶梯深潭结构，使水流在形成的阶梯深潭群组区充分剪切、传质、混合、增氧，提高水体自净能力。同时可在不易自然形成阶梯深潭的较宽河流区快速构建出阶梯深潭区域，增加河流底质生境多样性，利于河流生境的快速恢复。此外，还能形成跌水交错的河流生态景观，流速多样性提高，不同流速喜好的底栖动物都能找到其适应的流速带，利于其的栖息和发育，进而提高河流生物多样性。The invention provides an artificial stepped deep pool group. The stepped deep pool structure is formed artificially, so that the water flow can fully shear, mass transfer, mix and increase oxygen in the formed stepped deep pool group area, thereby improving the self-purification ability of the water body. At the same time, the stepped deep pool area can be quickly constructed in the wider river area where it is difficult to naturally form the stepped deep pool, which increases the diversity of the river bottom habitat and is conducive to the rapid restoration of the river habitat. In addition, it can also form a river ecological landscape with staggered water flow, and the diversity of flow velocity is improved, and benthic animals with different flow velocity preferences can find their suitable flow velocity belts, which is conducive to their habitat and development, thereby improving the biodiversity of rivers.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明制备的梯形体结构；Fig. 1 is the trapezoidal body structure prepared by the present invention;
图2为制备梯形体结构用的石笼网图片；Fig. 2 is a picture of gabion net for preparing trapezoid structure;
图3为本发明人工阶梯深潭群组布设效果示意图。FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the effect of the arrangement of artificial ladder deep pool groups according to the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明提供的一种人工阶梯深潭单元(见图1)，所述深潭单元是以梯形体结构为基本元件；所述梯形体结构包括梯形体石笼网结构和填充在所述梯形体石笼网结构的内腔中的卵石；所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面的宽度为70～100cm，所述梯形体石笼网结构的上底面的宽度为20～40cm；所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面或上底面的长度为1～2m；所述梯形体石笼网结构的垂直高度为40～80cm；所述梯形体石笼网结构中石笼网的孔径为5～8cm，所述卵石的粒径为10～30cm；所述深潭单元是由5～10个所述梯形体结构沿所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面或上底面的长度方向紧固连接得到。An artificial ladder deep pool unit provided by the present invention (see FIG. 1 ), the deep pool unit is based on a trapezoidal body structure; the trapezoidal body structure includes a trapezoidal body gabion mesh structure and a Pebble in the inner cavity of the gabion net structure; the width of the lower bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 70-100 cm, and the width of the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 20-40 cm; The length of the lower bottom surface or the upper bottom surface of the gabion net structure is 1-2 m; the vertical height of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 40-80 cm; the aperture of the gabion net in the trapezoidal gabion net structure is 5-80 cm 8cm, the particle size of the pebble is 10-30cm; the deep pool unit is fastened and connected by 5-10 trapezoid structures along the length direction of the lower bottom surface or the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal body gabion net structure get.
在本发明中，所述梯形体石笼网结构的下底面的宽度优选为80cm，所述梯形体石笼网结构的上底面的宽度优选为30cm。所述梯形体石笼网结构的垂直高度优选为50cm。所述梯形体石笼网结构中石笼网的孔径优选为6cm；所述卵石的粒径优选为15～25cm。所述梯形体石笼网结构的制备方法采用石笼网按照上述记载的尺寸裁剪得到(见图2)。本发明对所述石笼网的来源没有特殊限制，采用本领域所熟知的石笼网即可。在本发明实施例中，所述石笼网购自河北富煌丝网制品有限公司。In the present invention, the width of the lower bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is preferably 80 cm, and the width of the upper bottom surface of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is preferably 30 cm. The vertical height of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is preferably 50cm. In the trapezoidal gabion net structure, the aperture of the gabion net is preferably 6 cm; the particle size of the pebbles is preferably 15-25 cm. The preparation method of the trapezoidal gabion net structure is obtained by cutting the gabion net according to the size described above (see FIG. 2 ). The present invention has no special limitation on the source of the gabion net, and the gabion net well known in the art can be used. In the embodiment of the present invention, the gabion net was purchased from Hebei Fuhuang Wire Mesh Products Co., Ltd.
在本发明中，所述梯形体结构优选包括等腰梯形体结构或非等腰梯形体结构。所述非等腰梯形体结构优选为一边垂直的梯形体结构。In the present invention, the trapezoid structure preferably includes an isosceles trapezoid structure or a non-isosceles trapezoid structure. The non-isosceles trapezoid structure is preferably a trapezoid structure with one side vertical.
在本发明中，所述深潭单元优选是由6～8个所述梯形体结构沿所述长度方法紧固连接得到。所述紧固的方法优选采用铁丝将所述梯形体结构的侧面紧紧连接起来。In the present invention, the deep pool unit is preferably obtained by fastening and connecting 6-8 trapezoid structures along the length. The fastening method preferably adopts iron wires to tightly connect the sides of the trapezoid structure.
在本发明中，所述人工阶梯深潭单元放置在河流中，使所述人工阶梯深潭单元的长度与河流方向垂直，当所述人工阶梯深潭单元由一边垂直的梯形体结构组成，连接时优选将非直角的一端在同一方向固定，经紧固后得到的人工阶梯深潭单元将带有非直角的一端迎水流方向摆放，减少水流冲击力，避免因河流水流速度太大随水流移动，从而形成稳定的生态环境。In the present invention, the artificial stepped deep pool unit is placed in the river, so that the length of the artificial stepped deep pool unit is perpendicular to the direction of the river. It is preferable to fix the non-right-angled end in the same direction, and the artificial stepped deep pool unit obtained after fastening will place the non-right-angled end in the direction of the water flow to reduce the impact force of the water flow and avoid the flow of the river due to the high speed of the river. move to form a stable ecological environment.
因所述人工阶梯深潭单元在河道过宽或水流过快的环境中短时间内不利于有效改善河流生境，本发明还提供了一种人工阶梯深潭群组，所述的阶梯深潭单元按鱼鳞状交错摆放于河道中；Because the artificial stepped deep pool unit is not conducive to effectively improving the river habitat in a short time in the environment where the river channel is too wide or the water flow is too fast, the present invention also provides an artificial stepped deep pool group. They are staggered in the river channel in the shape of fish scales;
沿河流方向，每两个阶梯深潭单元的行距由公式a计算得到；Along the river direction, the row spacing of every two step deep pool units is calculated by formula a;
L＝0.5H/α·S 公式aL=0.5H/α·S Formula a
其中，L表示每两个阶梯深潭单元的行距，H表示阶梯的高度，即所述梯形体结构的垂直高度；S表示所处河段的河床内平均坡降，且S<0.03；α为1.2～2.0，α值根据α＝40S计算得到；Among them, L represents the row spacing of every two step deep pool units, H represents the height of the steps, that is, the vertical height of the trapezoid structure; S represents the average slope in the riverbed of the river reach, and S<0.03; α is 1.2～2.0, α value is calculated according to α=40S;
沿河道的宽度方向，每两个阶梯深潭单元的间距为阶梯深潭单元总长度的5～10倍；Along the width of the river, the spacing between every two stepped pool units is 5 to 10 times the total length of the stepped pool units;
沿河流方向，所述阶梯深潭单元群组包括阶梯深潭单元的数量按照公式b计算得到；Along the direction of the river, the number of the stepped pool unit group including the stepped pool unit is calculated according to formula b;
W＝1/(0.03-S) 公式bW=1/(0.03-S) Formula b
其中，W表示沿河流方向，所述阶梯深潭单元群组包括阶梯深潭单元的数量；S表示所处河道的河床内平均坡降，且S<0.03。Wherein, W represents the direction along the river, and the step pool unit group includes the number of step pool units; S represents the average slope in the riverbed of the channel where it is located, and S<0.03.
在本发明中，所述阶梯深潭单元按鱼鳞状交错摆放于河道中排列方式见图3。按鱼鳞状交错摆有利于降低整个河流的河水流速，形成多种生物栖息的环境，提高生物多样性。In the present invention, the stepped deep pool units are arranged in a staggered manner in the river channel in a fish scale shape, as shown in FIG. 3 . The staggered arrangement in the shape of fish scales will help reduce the flow rate of the entire river, form a habitat for a variety of organisms, and improve biodiversity.
本发明提供了所述人工阶梯深潭群组在改善自然河流生境中的应用。The present invention provides the application of the artificial stepped deep pool group in improving the natural river habitat.
在本发明中，所述改善自然河流生境的方法，优选包括以下步骤：In the present invention, the method for improving natural river habitat preferably comprises the following steps:
1)选择待改善的自然河流；1) Select the natural river to be improved;
2)测定所述待改善的自然河流中河床1km内的坡度、河水流速和河道的宽度，计算待改善的自然河流中河床的平均坡度和平均河水流速；2) measure the gradient in the riverbed 1km in the described natural river to be improved, the river flow velocity and the width of the river course, calculate the mean gradient and the mean river flow velocity of the riverbed in the natural river to be improved;
3)根据步骤2)中河床的平均坡度、平均河水流速和河道的宽度，计算河床各段中每两个阶梯深潭单元的行距、间距和沿河流方向所需阶梯深潭单元的数量；3) according to the average gradient of the riverbed in step 2), the average river flow velocity and the width of the river course, calculate the row spacing, spacing of every two stepped deep pool units in each section of the riverbed, and the quantity of the required stepped deep pool units along the river direction;
4)根据步骤3)中所述阶梯深潭单元的行距和间距，摆放人工阶梯深潭群组。4) According to the row spacing and spacing of the stepped pool units described in step 3), place artificial stepped pool groups.
在本发明中，所述河床各段的坡度的测定方法优选按照公式e计算得到；In the present invention, the method for measuring the slope of each section of the river bed is preferably calculated according to formula e;
S＝△H/L×1000‰ 公式eS＝△H/L×1000‰ Formula e
其中S表示所处河道的河床内平均坡降，△H表示河床纵向上测量两点高差，L表示纵向(河流方向)上测量的两点水平距离。Among them, S represents the average slope in the river bed of the river where it is located, ΔH represents the height difference between two points measured in the longitudinal direction of the river bed, and L represents the horizontal distance between the two points measured in the longitudinal direction (river direction).
在本发明中，河水流速的测定方法优选为流速仪法。In the present invention, the method for measuring the flow rate of river water is preferably a flow meter method.
在本发明中，河道的宽度的测定方法优选采用米尺或GPS仪测量。In the present invention, the measurement method of the width of the river channel is preferably measured with a meter ruler or a GPS instrument.
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的一种人工阶梯深潭群组及其在改善自然河流生境中的应用进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。The following describes in detail an artificial stepped deep pool group provided by the present invention and its application in improving natural river habitat in combination with the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例1Example 1
于辽宁省本溪市本溪县碱厂镇黄堡村太子河干流上游，在平均坡降为4‰，河道的宽度为140m，水流平均速度为0.1～0.3m/s，平均水深0.5的河道内开展基于阶梯深潭结构的河流底栖生境恢复，具体为：It is carried out in the upper reaches of the main stream of Taizi River, Huangbao Village, Jichang Town, Benxi County, Benxi City, Liaoning Province. The average slope is 4‰, the width of the channel is 140m, the average flow velocity is 0.1-0.3m/s, and the average water depth is 0.5. Restoration of river benthic habitat based on stepped deep pool structure, specifically:
1.采用热镀锌网构建梯形石笼网结构，梯形石笼网结构长1m，下底边宽80cm，上底边宽30cm，高50cm，迎水斜面角度45度；石笼网内添加粒径20-25cm的卵石；1. Use hot-dip galvanized mesh to build a trapezoidal gabion mesh structure. The trapezoidal gabion mesh structure is 1m long, 80cm wide at the bottom, 30cm wide at the top, 50cm high, and has a water-facing slope angle of 45 degrees. Add particles to the gabion mesh. Pebble with a diameter of 20-25cm;
2.每5个添加卵石的梯形石笼网采用铁丝连接的方式形成一组5m长的阶梯深潭单元；2. Every 5 trapezoidal gabion nets with pebbles are connected by wire to form a set of 5m long stepped pool units;
3.布置参数的确定：3. Determination of layout parameters:
(1)流向行距：取α值为1.5，由公式a确定每组梯形阶梯深潭单元的流向间距为43m；(1) Flow direction row spacing: take the value of α as 1.5, and determine the flow direction spacing of each group of trapezoidal step deep pool units by formula a to be 43m;
L＝0.5H/α·S 公式aL=0.5H/α·S Formula a
(2)河道宽度间距：按单个阶梯深潭单元长度5m计，各阶梯深潭单元间的横向距离为25～50m；(2) The width and spacing of the river channels: based on the length of a single step pool unit of 5m, the lateral distance between the step pool units is 25 to 50m;
(3)单元个数：沿河流方向，阶梯深潭单元的数量按公式b计算为39个；(3) Number of units: along the direction of the river, the number of step deep pool units is calculated as 39 according to formula b;
W＝1/(0.03-S) 公式bW=1/(0.03-S) Formula b
4.综合各参数计算结果及实地情况，共构建梯形石笼网结构390个，形成78组阶梯深潭单元，每组阶梯深潭单元横向距离45m，河流流向距离43m，横向间距为35m，2组方式布置，形成长近1700m的人工阶梯深潭组区；4. Based on the calculation results of various parameters and the actual situation, a total of 390 trapezoidal gabion net structures were constructed, forming 78 sets of stepped deep pool units. The group is arranged in a group manner, forming an artificial stair deep pool group area with a length of nearly 1700m;
5.应用效果：经现场实测，在所形成的人工阶梯深潭组区内，阶梯深潭单元前滞水区内平均流速为0.2～0.3m/s，阶梯深潭单元后流速达到0.4-0.7m/s，形成了快慢交替的河流流速分布，河流溶解氧浓度较未布设阶梯深潭单元区提高25％以上，在气温为15℃的情况下，平均达到8.6mg/L。5. Application effect: According to the field measurement, in the formed artificial stepped deep pool area, the average flow velocity in the stagnant water area before the stepped deep pool unit is 0.2-0.3m/s, and the flow velocity after the stepped deep pool unit reaches 0.4-0.7 m/s, forming a river velocity distribution with alternating fast and slow. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the river is more than 25% higher than that of the deep pool unit area without ladders. When the temperature is 15 °C, the average reaches 8.6 mg/L.
采用镜检计数法，按公式c并结合Shannow-Weaver多样性指数公式d计算底栖藻类多样性指数，计算得到该河段多样性指数由1.68提升至2.2左右。The microscopic counting method was used to calculate the benthic algae diversity index according to formula c and Shannow-Weaver diversity index formula d, and the calculated diversity index of this river reach increased from 1.68 to about 2.2.
其中：Ni-单位面积第i种藻类的个体数(个/cm2)；C1-标本定容水量数(ml)；C2-实际计数的标本水量数(ml)；L-藻类计数框每边的长度(mm)；Among them: Ni - the number of individuals of the i -th species of algae per unit area (units/cm 2 ); C 1 - the number of water samples with constant volume (ml); C 2 - the number of sample water actually counted (ml); L - algae count The length of each side of the frame (mm);
R-计算的行数；h-视野中平行线间的距离(mm)；ni-实际计数所得第i种藻类个体数；A—刮取基质的总面积(cm2)R - the number of rows calculated; h - the distance between parallel lines in the visual field (mm); ni - the number of individuals of the i-th algae obtained by actual counting; A - the total area of the scraped substrate (cm 2 )
其中，H为生物的种类数，N为群落的个体总数，ni为i种的个体数。Among them, H is the number of species of organisms, N is the total number of individuals in the community, and n i is the number of individuals of i species.
实施例2Example 2
于辽宁省本溪市本溪县碱厂镇城门村太子河支流。在平均坡降为6‰，宽40m，水流平均速度0.3～0.5m/s，水深0.3m的山溪型河道内开展阶梯深潭结构的河流底栖生境恢复效果验证试验，具体为：In the tributary of Taizi River in Chengmen Village, Jichang Town, Benxi County, Benxi City, Liaoning Province. In the mountain-river channel with an average slope of 6‰, a width of 40m, an average flow velocity of 0.3-0.5m/s, and a water depth of 0.3m, the verification test of the restoration effect of the river benthic habitat of the stepped deep pool structure is carried out. The specifics are as follows:
构建梯形石笼网结构，参数为长1m，下底边宽70cm，上底边宽20cm，高40cm，迎水斜面角度45度；石笼网内添加粒径10～15cm的卵石；Build a trapezoidal gabion net structure with parameters of 1m in length, 70cm in width at the bottom, 20cm in width at the top, 40cm in height, and 45 degrees in the water-facing slope angle; add pebbles with a particle size of 10-15cm in the gabion net;
1.每5个添加卵石的梯形石笼网采用铁丝连接的方式形成一组8m长的阶梯深潭单元；1. Every 5 trapezoidal gabion nets with pebbles are connected by wire to form a set of 8m-long ladder deep pool units;
2.布置参数的确定：2. Determination of layout parameters:
(1)流向间距：取α值为2，由公式a确定每组梯形阶梯深潭单元的流向间距为17m；(1) Flow direction spacing: take the value of α as 2, and determine the flow direction spacing of each group of trapezoidal step deep pool units by formula a to be 17m;
(2)横向间距：按单个阶梯深潭单元长度8m计，各阶梯深潭单元间的横向距离为40～80m；(2) Horizontal spacing: based on the length of a single stepped pool unit of 8m, the lateral distance between each stepped pool unit is 40-80m;
(3)单元个数：阶梯深潭单元的个数按公式b计算为42个；(3) Number of units: the number of step deep pool units is calculated as 42 according to formula b;
3.综合各参数计算结果及实地情况，共构建梯形石笼网结构330个，形成42组阶梯深潭单元，受河道宽度限制采用单组的方式构建，河流流向距离17m，形成长近720m的人工阶梯深潭组区；3. Based on the calculation results of various parameters and the actual situation, a total of 330 trapezoidal gabion net structures were constructed, forming 42 sets of stepped deep pool units. Due to the limitation of the width of the river, a single set was used. Artificial ladder deep pool area;
4.应用效果：经现场实测，在所形成的人工阶梯深潭组区内，阶梯深潭单元前滞水区内平均流速为0.5m/s，阶梯深潭单元后流速达到0.8～1.2m/s，在气温为15℃的情况下，平均达到9.7mg/L，底栖藻类多样性指数按实施例1中公式c和公式d计算结果，由1.92提升至2.6左右。4. Application effect: According to the field measurement, in the formed artificial stepped deep pool area, the average flow velocity in the stagnant water area before the stepped deep pool unit is 0.5m/s, and the flow velocity after the stepped deep pool unit reaches 0.8~1.2m/s. s, when the temperature is 15 °C, the average reaches 9.7 mg/L, and the benthic algae diversity index is calculated according to formula c and formula d in Example 1, and increases from 1.92 to about 2.6.
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。The above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principles of the present invention, several improvements and modifications can be made. It should be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
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