CN109526523A - 一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，通过给土壤排酸，铺设防腐无纺布和密封层起到良好的隔离，再铺设蓄水层和包衣种子层，实现酸性尾矿库上的复绿目的。有益效果：能够最大程度的储存雨水，密封层能够阻止雨水渗入尾矿中，根本上解决了污染地下水和地表水的问题，施工方法简单、施工成本低；采用种子包衣技术，形成一套快速繁育苗木技术，培育稳定的生态修复系统，实现木本植物90d完全复绿的目标，一劳永逸的解决酸洗尾矿库的环境问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及矿山生态修复领域，具体涉及一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法。
背景技术
尾矿是矿山选矿生产中通过对矿石的破碎、磨细、分选，使有用矿物提取之后剩余的排弃物，其成分为岩石的细小颗粒，这些细小的颗粒物多以泥浆形式存在，因此亦可称为尾矿矿浆，在现有技术中，针对选矿产生的尾矿矿浆，一般多是通过尾矿输送系统将其输送至尾矿堆存系统中集中堆放，其堆放的尾矿废渣产生的不利后果主要由以下几点：
(1)在一般环境条件下，尾矿所压覆的表面闲置多年，表层板结严重，堆放区内基本无植物存活，堆放区边界的生物量也出现了明显的减少，并且占据大量的土地资源。
(2)尾矿颗粒扩散：由于尾矿粒度小，存储过程不易粘结，在水力作用下易被冲刷，对下游人身安全和自然环境造成巨大威胁。
(3)污染地下水和地表水：选矿尾矿水在尾矿堆场需要长时间的放置，在一定的水头的作用下，尤其是偏酸性条件下，更易淋溶重金属离子，可能因为防渗层的破坏而污染地下水和地表水。
此外，尾矿堆场不仅破坏和占用大量的土地资源，而且也带来了一系列环境问题，如区域性的重金属污染、土地退化、生物多样性丧失、生态系统和景观受到破坏、农作物减产和品质下降并可能危害到人体的健康等。
目前酸性尾矿库废弃地的治理方法主要有：理化修复法和生物修复法。理化修复法包括：客土法、淋洗沉淀法、电动化学法、磁化法与农业化学调控法，上述方法都存在各自的优点，但均存在工程量大、成本高、二次污染等问题。而生物修复方法主要选择抗性强的植物，通过生态修复的方法来治理酸性尾矿库，由于强酸性环境，种子繁殖不能够生存，一般是采取“先培育、后移栽”的手段，但是移栽的苗木能否适应酸性环境成为关键因素，成活率较低，反复移栽、生态修复效果慢，费工费时，也不能从根本上解决污染地下的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的克服现有技术的不足，提供一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，能够最大程度的储存雨水，密封层能够阻止雨水渗入尾矿中，根本上解决了污染地下水和地表水的问题，施工方法简单、施工成本低；采用种子包衣技术，形成一套快速繁育苗木技术，培育稳定的生态修复系统，实现木本植物90d完全复绿的目标，一劳永逸的解决酸洗尾矿库的环境问题。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术措施达到的：一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，包括以下步骤：
1)排除尾矿中的酸性水；
2)在尾矿50～70cm处铺设防腐无纺布；
3)在防腐无纺布上铺设3～5cm厚的密封层；
4)在密封层上铺设5～10cm厚的蓄水层；
5)在蓄水层上液力喷播1～3cm厚的包衣种子层；
6)人工养护。
进一步地，所述密封层，按体积百分比计量，包括腐殖酸钠10％～25％、粉质黏土35％～45％、碳酸钙粉5％～15％、尾矿粉30％～45％。
进一步地，所述碳酸钙粉的目数＞500目。
进一步地，所述蓄水层，按体积百分比计量，包括红壤土15％～25％、尾矿粉35％～50％、腐熟基质20％～30％、粉煤灰5％～10％、腐植酸5％～10％、保水材料1.5％～5％、阴性聚丙烯酰胺0.5％～2％。所述蓄水层的组成，可有效保证每立方米蓄水层可吸收的雨水量＞0.5m3。
进一步地，所述保水材料为瓦楞纸、木粉、木质素中的一种或者几种。
进一步地，所述阴性聚丙烯酰胺的分子量＞1000万，离子浓度为0.1％～0.5％，其中，丙烯酰胺单体的含量＜0.1％。
进一步地，所述包衣种子的包衣剂包括粘着剂、赤霉素、杀菌剂、杀虫剂、酸碱缓冲剂。
进一步地，所述粘着剂粘度为150～250mPa.S。合适的粘度范围，保证种衣脱落率＜1％。
进一步地，所述人工养护：当木本植物发芽15d后，喷施0.1％的尿素水溶液，每100平方米的喷施量为300～500L；木本植物发芽30d后，喷施0.15％尿素水溶液，100平方米的喷施量为500～800L。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：能够最大程度的储存雨水，密封层能够阻止雨水渗入尾矿中，根本上解决了污染地下水和地表水的问题，施工方法简单、施工成本低；采用种子包衣技术，形成一套快速繁育苗木技术，培育稳定的生态修复系统，实现木本植物90d完全复绿的目标，一劳永逸的解决酸洗尾矿库的环境问题。
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作详细说明。
具体实施方式
实施例1，南方某尾矿库，有环境污染风险的重金属为锌、砷、镉、六价铬，选择试验段面积为100平方米，测定尾矿酸性水的pH3.02，电导率1325μs/cm。生态修复方法：(1)排除尾矿中的酸性水；(2)在尾矿50cm处铺设防腐无纺布；(3)在防腐无纺布上铺设3cm厚的密封层，腐殖酸钠10％、粉质黏土45％、碳酸钙粉15％、尾矿粉30％；(4)在密封层上铺设5cm厚的蓄水层，红壤土15％、尾矿粉50％、腐熟基质20％、粉煤灰5％、腐植酸5％、保水材料3％、阴性聚丙烯酰胺2％；(5)在蓄水层上液力喷播1cm厚的包衣种子层；(6)人工养护；测得密封层的透水系数为5.4×10-8cm/s，蓄水层每立方米的蓄水量为0.62m3，蓄水层pH值为6.2；液力喷播的种子为银合欢，7天后种子开始发芽，13天后种子发芽结束，28天后开始施第一遍尿素水溶液，浓度为0.1％，每100平方米的施加量为300L，43天后施第二遍尿素水溶液，施肥的浓度为0.15％，每100平方米的施加量为500L。90天后统计苗木的生长状态，其中银合欢平均高度为47cm，密度为49株/m2，覆盖率超过95％，叶片深绿，生长健壮。12个月后测得蓄水层每立方米的蓄水量为0.57m3，其抗老化能力为92％；所述密封层的透水系数为5.9×10-8cm/s，其抗老化能力为91％。
实施例2，南方某尾矿库，有环境污染风险的重金属为锌、砷、镉、六价铬，选择试验段面积为100平方米，测定尾矿酸性水的pH3.02，电导率1325μs/cm。生态修复方法：(1)排除尾矿中的酸性水；(2)在尾矿70cm处铺设防腐无纺布；(3)在防腐无纺布上铺设5cm厚的密封层，腐殖酸钠25％、粉质黏土35％、碳酸钙粉5％、尾矿粉35％；(4)在密封层上铺设10cm厚的蓄水层，红壤土25％、尾矿粉35％、腐熟基质24％、粉煤灰7％、腐植酸7％、保水材料1.5％、阴性聚丙烯酰胺0.5％；(5)在蓄水层上液力喷播3cm厚的包衣种子层；(6)人工养护；测得密封层的透水系数为7.3×10-8cm/s，蓄水层每立方米的蓄水量为0.71m3，蓄水层pH值为6.0；液力喷播的种子为车桑子，10天后种子开始发芽，15天后种子发芽结束，30天后开始施第一遍尿素水溶液，浓度为0.1％，每100平方米的施加量为500L，40天后施第二遍尿素水溶液，施肥的浓度为0.15％，每100平方米的施加量为800L。90天后统计苗木的生长状态，其中车桑子平均高度为32cm，密度为74株/m2，覆盖率超过93％，叶片深绿，生长健壮。12个月后测得蓄水层抗老化能力为94％，其密封层的抗老化能力为90％。
实施例3，南方某尾矿库，有环境污染风险的重金属为锌、砷、镉、六价铬，选择试验段面积为100平方米，测定尾矿酸性水的pH3.02，电导率1325μs/cm。生态修复方法：(1)排除尾矿中的酸性水；(2)在尾矿60cm处铺设防腐无纺布；(3)在防腐无纺布上铺设4cm厚的密封层，腐殖酸钠12％、粉质黏土37％、碳酸钙粉8％、尾矿粉43％；(4)在密封层上铺设7cm厚的蓄水层，红壤土17％、尾矿粉37％、腐熟基质30％、粉煤灰8％、腐植酸5％、保水材料2％、阴性聚丙烯酰胺1％；(5)在蓄水层上液力喷播2cm厚的包衣种子层；(6)人工养护，测得密封层的透水系数为6×10-8cm/s，蓄水层每立方米的蓄水量为0.64m3，蓄水层pH值为5.9；液力喷播的种子为紫荆，12天后种子开始发芽，17天后种子发芽结束，32天后开始施第一遍尿素水溶液，浓度为0.1％，每100平方米的施加量为400L，47天后施第二遍尿素水溶液，施肥的浓度为0.15％，每100平方米的施加量为600L。90天后统计苗木的生长状态，其中紫荆平均高度为27cm，密度为101株/m2，覆盖率超过90％，叶片深绿，生长健壮。12个月后测得蓄水层抗老化能力为90％，其密封层的抗老化能力为93％。
实施例4，南方某尾矿库，有环境污染风险的重金属为锌、砷、镉、六价铬，选择试验段面积为100平方米，测定尾矿酸性水的pH3.02，电导率1325μs/cm。生态修复方法：(1)排除尾矿中的酸性水；(2)在尾矿65cm处铺设防腐无纺布；(3)在防腐无纺布上铺设3cm厚的密封层，腐殖酸钠13％、粉质黏土40％、碳酸钙粉10％、尾矿粉37％；(4)在密封层上铺设8cm厚的蓄水层，红壤土15％、尾矿粉39.5％、腐熟基质20％、粉煤灰10％、腐植酸10％、保水材料5％、阴性聚丙烯酰胺0.5％；(5)在蓄水层上液力喷播2cm厚的包衣种子层；(6)人工养护；测得密封层的透水系数为6.5×10-8cm/s，蓄水层每立方米的蓄水量为0.7m3，蓄水层pH值为5.4；液力喷播的种子为紫穗槐，10天后种子开始发芽，16天后种子发芽结束，31天后开始施第一遍尿素水溶液，浓度为0.1％，每100平方米的施加量为400L，46天后施第二遍尿素水溶液，施肥的浓度为0.15％，每100平方米的施加量为800L。90天后统计苗木的生长状态，其中紫穗槐平均高度为54cm，密度为170株/m2，覆盖率超过95％，叶片深绿，生长健壮。12个月后测得蓄水层抗老化能力为93％，其密封层的抗老化能力为95％。
Claims (9)
1.一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，包括以下步骤：
1)排除尾矿中的酸性水；
2)在尾矿50～70cm处铺设防腐无纺布；
3)在防腐无纺布上铺设3～5cm厚的密封层；
4)在密封层上铺设5～10cm厚的蓄水层；
5)在蓄水层上液力喷播1～3cm厚的包衣种子层；
6)人工养护。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述密封层，按体积百分比计量，包括腐殖酸钠10％～25％、粉质黏土35％～45％、碳酸钙粉5％～15％、尾矿粉30％～45％。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述碳酸钙粉的目数＞500目。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述蓄水层，按体积百分比计量，包括红壤土15％～25％、尾矿粉35％～50％、腐熟基质20％～30％、粉煤灰5％～10％、腐植酸5％～10％、保水材料1.5％～5％、阴性聚丙烯酰胺0.5％～2％。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述保水材料为瓦楞纸、木粉、木质素中的一种或者几种。
6.根据权利要求4所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述阴性聚丙烯酰胺的分子量＞1000万，离子浓度为0.1％～0.5％，其中，丙烯酰胺单体的含量＜0.1％。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述包衣种子的包衣剂包括粘着剂、赤霉素、杀菌剂、杀虫剂、酸碱缓冲剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于：所述粘着剂粘度为150～250mPa.S。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种在酸性尾矿库上进行生态修复的方法，其特征在于，所述人工养护：当木本植物发芽15d后，喷施0.1％的尿素水溶液，每100平方米的喷施量为300～500L；木本植物发芽30d后，喷施0.15％尿素水溶液，100平方米的喷施量为500～800L。
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| CN113025606B (zh) * | 2021-02-25 | 2023-09-01 | 浙江工业大学 | 用于尾矿修复的微生物胶囊及三位一体尾矿原位修复方法 |
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