CN109513004B - 一种用于光动力学疗法的光敏剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于光动力学疗法的光敏剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109513004B CN109513004B CN201811413897.5A CN201811413897A CN109513004B CN 109513004 B CN109513004 B CN 109513004B CN 201811413897 A CN201811413897 A CN 201811413897A CN 109513004 B CN109513004 B CN 109513004B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于光动力学疗法的光敏剂及其制备方法,该光敏剂的化学结构式为
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于光动力学疗法的光敏剂及其制备方法,特别涉及一种特异靶向强效光敏剂,属于生物医药领域。
背景技术
上皮癌是起源于皮肤或粘膜棘细胞的恶性肿瘤,主要由长期日光暴晒引起且多发于50岁以上的老年人。随着人口老龄化、环境污染问题的日益严重以及全球紫外线等辐射的逐渐加强,上皮癌已成为全球居民身体健康的一大威胁。目前临床治疗上皮癌主要采取手术切除、化疗的手段,然而,手术切除易形成瘢痕,影响美观以及皮肤组织的功能,化疗使用的药物则对患者身体具有较强的毒副作用,常会引起呕吐,脱发,厌食,免疫力下降等症状,给患者身心健康带来巨大伤害。因此,一种新型且副作用小的上皮癌治疗手段急需推广。
光动力学疗法(Photodynamic Therapy,PDT)是近年发展起来的的一种新的治疗恶性肿瘤的方法。其治疗肿瘤的原理是将光敏剂输入人体后以特定波长的光照射病变部位,再利用反应产生的单线态氧(singlet oxygen)或自由基(free radical)氧化破坏细胞中的各种生物大分子,从而使癌细胞发生不可逆损伤而死亡。其对肿瘤有相对的选择特异性,能定向地消灭原发和复发肿瘤,很少损伤正常组织,毒副作用小;使患者免受全身麻醉的危险性、且简单易行。在杀伤肿瘤细胞的过程中,光敏剂作为能量的载体和反应的桥梁起着决定性的作用。
光敏剂作为光动力治疗的核心组成部分,其性能的好坏决定了光动力治疗疗效的高低。到目前为止,临床使用的光敏剂如第一代光敏剂血卟啉衍生物(HpD),第二代光敏剂初卟啉锡、亚甲基兰等尚存不足之处,其中,第一代光敏剂成分比例不明,有严重的皮肤过敏作用,疗效不佳;而第二代光敏剂虽于第一代光敏剂的基础上有了很大的改进,但仍存在水溶性不足,副作用仍较强等缺陷,如发明专利(申请号:CN201410812169.7;公开号:CN105777760A)中提到的用于治疗头颈部癌症的光动力药物四羟基苯基二氢卟酚易造成皮肤光敏反应;再如中国发明专利(申请号:CN201610296438.8;公开号:CN107344943A)中公开的一种四苯基类卟啉亦存在水溶性不足的问题。因此,一种性能优异且无副作用的新型光敏剂亟待研发。
光动力治疗利用光敏剂产生的光化学反应促进肿瘤细胞凋亡达到治疗肿瘤的目的。而ASK/JNK信号通路与细胞凋亡息息相关。ASK/JNK信号通路是内质网应激中的重要信号之一,活化ASK/JNK信号通路,能提高Bip和Chop蛋白的表达,使细胞产生内质网应激,增加促凋亡和氧化蛋白的产物,从而诱导细胞凋亡。因此,ASK/JNK信号通路激活剂可提高光动力治疗的疗效。
发明内容
本发明解决的一个技术问题是,现有的光敏剂副作用大,见效慢,效果差等。本发明解决的另一个技术问题是,现有的光敏剂特异性差、靶向性差。
本发明的技术方案是,提供一种用于光动力学疗法的光敏剂,该光敏剂的化学结构式为:
优选地,双氧水为质量分数为40-60%的水溶液。
本发明还提供一种用于光动力学疗法的特异靶向光敏剂,所述特异靶向光敏剂的化学结构式为:
所述的特异靶向光敏剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:在含有权利要求1所述光敏剂的无水溶液中通入氯化氢气体,加入乙二醇,反应得到中间产物A:
S2:将中间产物A与茴香霉素反应,得到中间产物B:
S3:S2步骤完成后,调节反应液中pH为4~5.5,加入天冬酰胺乙二醇酯
S4:在含中间产物C的溶液中加入酸,调节pH至3以下,使缩醛结构水解,得到特异靶向光敏剂。
优选地,所述S2步骤的具体反应条件是:将中间产物A与茴香霉素同时加入含KOH的丙酮溶液中,在68~73℃温度下反应3~5h,得到中间产物B。
优选地,S2步骤的反应物中,中间产物A的浓度为0.1~0.8mol/L,茴香霉素的浓度为0.5~2.3mol/L。
优选地,S3步骤的反应物中,天冬酰胺乙二醇酯过量,浓度为1.0~2.5mol/L。
上述光敏剂与辅助添加物可制成药物组合物。赋形剂或辅料,包括但不限于甘露醇、亚硫酸氢钠、淀粉、糊精粉、无水乙醇、注射用水、糖粉、乳糖、羟丙甲纤维素、硬脂酸镁、蔗糖、聚维酮K30。
EtNBQSe在所述光敏剂的药物组合物中的合适的重量百分含量为0.0001%~0.0025%,优选0.001%~0.002%,相当于浓度为0.002~0.0035mg/kg体质量。
本发明的光敏剂的优点如下:本发明的光敏剂EtNBQSe本身无毒,并且无完整芳香体系,在照光的条件下没有光反应活性,不会对生物体造成损害,而所述EtNBQSe被细胞摄取后,可在细胞内还原酶的作用下还原成含硒对苯二酚并吩恶嗪类物质,所述含硒对苯二酚并吩恶嗪类物质具有完整的芳香体系,从而具备光活性,可在特定波长的光源照射下发生光化学反应,产生毒性,杀灭癌细胞。
EtNBQSe的光敏活性比目前临床普遍使用的第一、二代光敏剂更高,治疗效果显著,具体地,所述EtNBQSe注射浓度为0.001~0.01mg/kg体质量时即可有明显的治疗效果。其次,EtNBQSe还具有天冬酰胺疏水端与茴香霉素亲水段,有良好的水溶性和脂溶性,无暗细胞毒性,治疗后易于代谢,不产生耐药性。
茴香霉素为细胞ASK/JNK信号通路的激活剂,能激活细胞细胞ASK/JNK信号通路,能明显促进细胞凋亡,增加肿瘤的治愈率。
天冬酰胺是鳞癌细胞转移所必须的氨基酸,将所述天冬酰胺残基引入所述一种特异靶向强效光敏剂复合物可提高光敏剂复合物的细胞摄取率约至28.1%,达到增强光敏剂的光动力治疗疗效,同时减小治疗的副作用的双重效果,使得肿瘤细胞清除更彻底。
综上可知,本发明的光敏剂本身无毒,不会对生物体造成损害,光敏活性比目前临床普遍使用的第一、二代光敏剂更高,治疗效果显著;本发明的特异靶向光敏剂能具有更好的靶向性,能明显促进细胞凋亡,增加肿瘤的治愈率。
附图说明
图1为A-431细胞经等量蒸馏水和特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞流式检测结果示意图。
图2为A-431细胞经等量蒸馏水和特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞中GADD153和GRP78相对含量示意图。
图3为A-431细胞经梯度剂量特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞中p-ASK和p-JNK相对表达量示意图。
图4为A-431细胞中p-ASK和p-JNK相对表达量与特异靶向光敏剂剂量的柱状关系图。
图5为特异靶向光敏剂的H1氢谱图。
图6为400nmol EtNBSe、400nmol EtNBQSe加入后,MTT分析的A-431细胞存活率柱状图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1:本发明的光敏剂和特异靶向光敏剂的合成路线如下:
(2)将下述反应物与数滴FeCl3加入50%H2O2水溶液与丙酮混合溶液中,迅速加热至55~65℃,搅拌15min;得到光敏剂EtNBQSe。
(3)上述反应液冷却至10℃以下,加入FeCl3至不再有气泡冒出,加入硫酸铵固体少许,待静置分层后取油层,加入少量无水硫酸镁干燥,过滤,通入干燥的HCl气体,加入乙二醇生成中间产物A;
(5)向上述反应液中加入适量0.5mol/L稀盐酸,控制反应液pH为4~5.5,向反应液中加入天冬酰胺乙二醇酯;控制加热温度为65~67℃,并不间断搅拌,得到中间产物C;
(6)再加入稀盐酸,调节pH至3以下,缩醛结构水解,暴露出苯醌基团,生成特异靶向光敏剂,
该特异靶向光敏剂的氢谱如图5所示。
应用例1:特异靶向光敏剂-PDT使上皮癌细胞产生凋亡实施例
Annexin V是一种具有极强抗凝血特性的血管蛋白,与磷脂有高亲合力,尤其与带负电荷的磷脂如磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)具有极强的结合力。在正常细胞中,磷脂酰丝氨酸只分布在细胞膜脂质双层的内侧,而细胞发生凋亡早期,膜磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)由脂膜内侧翻向外侧。因此,Annexin V可检测细胞的早期凋亡,是细胞凋亡的灵敏指标。PI(碘化丙啶)是一种可对DNA染色的细胞核染色试剂,PI能穿过破损的细胞膜而对核染色。因此Annexin V与PI联合使用能同时对活细胞和死细胞进行染色。
(1)实验方法
将鳞癌细胞A-431细胞系培养于10%小牛血清的DMEM培养液中,添加100IU/L的青霉素和100mg/L的链霉素,置于37℃,5%CO2的恒温培养箱中常规培养,待细胞长满瓶底后,弃掉培养液,用PBS液冲洗细胞两次,再用0.25%的胰酶和0.02%的EDTA消化5分钟,再分瓶培养,2至3天传代一次,取对数生长期细胞用于实验。
取对数生长期的A-431细胞经胰酶消化后接种于六孔培养板中,置于5%CO2培养箱,37℃恒温培养,待细胞生长至80%~90%融合状态时,向六孔培养板中分别加入400nM蒸馏水,400nM特异靶向光敏剂-PDT,孵育1h后,用20J/cm2的红光照射15min,16h后用Annexin V–PI染色,通过FACSCalibur flow cytometer观察细胞发生凋亡的情况。
(2)实验结果
A-431细胞经等量蒸馏水和特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞流式检测结果如图1所示。分析结果可知,A-431细胞经过特异靶向光敏剂-PDT后16h产生的细胞凋亡比空白组增加了42.3%。实验表明400nM的特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显诱导细胞产生凋亡。
应用例2:特异靶向光敏剂-PDT诱导细胞凋亡和内质网应激实施例
ASK/JNK信号通路是内质网应激中的三条重要信号之一,启动ASK/JNK信号,能明显促进细胞产生内质网应激,并且提高GADD153和GRP78的表达量,促进内质网应激的产生。Caspase-3是细胞凋亡的重要指标,Caspase-3表达增加是细胞产生凋亡的重要标志。
(1)实验方法
鳞癌细胞A-431细胞系培养于10%小牛血清的DMEM培养液中,添加100IU/L的青霉素和100mg/L的链霉素,置于37℃,5%CO2的恒温培养箱中常规培养,待细胞长满瓶底后,弃掉培养液,PBS液冲洗两次,再用0.25%的胰酶和0.02%的EDTA消化5分钟,再分瓶培养,2至3天传代一次,取对数生长期细胞进行实验。
取对数生长期的A-431细胞经胰酶消化后接种于六孔培养板中,置于5%CO2培养箱,37℃培养,待生长至80%~90%融合状态时,分别加入等量的蒸馏水和400nM特异靶向光敏剂药剂,孵育1h后,用20J/cm2的红光照射15min,16h后收集细胞并提取总蛋白,用Western Blot法检测细胞中GADD153和GRP78。
取对数生长期的A-431细胞经胰酶消化后接种于六孔培养板中,置于5%CO2培养箱,37℃培养,待生长至80%~90%融合状态时,分别加入等量的蒸馏水和400nM特异靶向光敏剂药剂孵育1h后,用20J/cm2的红光照射15min,16h后用收集细胞进行免疫荧光染色,观察细胞Caspase-3表达量变化。
取对数生长期的A-431细胞经胰酶消化后接种于六孔培养板中,置于5%CO2培养箱,37℃培养,待生长至80%~90%融合状态时,分别加入等量的蒸馏水、100nM、200nM和400nM的特异靶向光敏剂,孵育1h后,用20J/cm2的红光照射15min,0.5h后收集细胞提取总蛋白用Western Blot法检测细胞中p-ASK和p-JNK表达量变化。
(2)实验结果
A-431细胞经等量蒸馏水和特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞中GADD153和GRP78相对含量如图2所示。分析结果可知,400nM特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显促进细胞的GADD153和GRP78表达量增加,表明特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显诱导细胞产生内质网应激。
A-431细胞经等量蒸馏水和特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞中Caspase-3相对表达量如图3所示。分析结果可知,400nM特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显促进Caspase-3表达量的增加,表明特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显促进细胞凋亡。
A-431细胞经梯度剂量特异靶向光敏剂-PDT处理后,细胞中p-ASK和p-JNK相对表达量如图3所示,根据图3,分别作出p-ASK和p-JNK相对表达量与特异靶向光敏剂剂量的柱状关系图,如图4所示。分析结果可知特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显促进p-ASK的增加,而对于p-JNK的激活作用,当特异靶向光敏剂的剂量达到400nM才较明显,总体来说特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能明显激活ASK/JNK通路。
实验表明,特异靶向光敏剂-PDT能通过激活ASK/JNK信号通路而诱导细胞产生内质网应激和凋亡。
应用例3EtNBQSe与EtNBSe在不照光时细胞存活率实例
理想光敏剂是无细胞暗毒性的,但现有光敏剂无法完全做到无细胞暗毒性。在本实验中,用细胞存活率来反应光敏剂暗毒性大小。
MTT,即噻唑蓝,活细胞线粒体中的琥珀酸脱氢酶能使外源性MTT还原为水不溶性的蓝紫色结晶甲臢并沉积在细胞中,而死细胞无此功能。二甲基亚砜能溶解细胞中的甲臢,用酶标仪在490nm波长处(测定其光吸收值,在一定细胞数范围内,MTT结晶形成的量与细胞数成正比。
(1)实验方法
MTT法检测细胞存活率。3组5×103个A-431细胞接种在96孔板上,空白对照组用400nmol/L的完全培养基培养,EtNBSe组用400nmol/L的完全培养基培养,EtNBQSe组用400nmol/L的完全培养基培养。贴壁后,37℃孵育12小时。在每个孔中加入10μL MTT(在PBS中,5mg/ml)。培养2小时后,去除上清液,并在每个孔中加入150微升DMSO。振荡10分钟后,将96孔板置于微型板阅读器(Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA,USA)中,评估490nm处的吸光度,电脑自动生成细胞存活率统计图。
(2)实验结果
根据图6看出,空白对照组细胞存活率96.7%,EtNBSe组细胞存活率84.5%,EtNBQSe组细胞存活率92.4%,由数据可知,原有光敏剂有较新型光敏剂高的细胞暗毒性,导致细胞死亡多于EtNBQSe组与空白对照组。
Claims (5)
3.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述S2步骤的具体反应条件是:将中间产物A与茴香霉素同时加入含KOH的丙酮溶液中,在68~73℃温度下反应3~5h,得到中间产物B。
4.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,S2步骤的反应物中,中间产物A的浓度为0.1~0.8mol/L,茴香霉素的浓度为0.5~2.3mol/L。
5.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,S3步骤的反应物中,天冬酰胺乙二醇酯过量,浓度为1.0~2.5mol/L。
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