CN109510059B - Q-switched laser for outputting long pulse - Google Patents

Q-switched laser for outputting long pulse Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109510059B
CN109510059B CN201811416166.6A CN201811416166A CN109510059B CN 109510059 B CN109510059 B CN 109510059B CN 201811416166 A CN201811416166 A CN 201811416166A CN 109510059 B CN109510059 B CN 109510059B
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quartz glass
glass rod
reflecting surface
switched laser
window
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CN109510059A (en
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薄勇
刘可
涂玮
宗庆霜
彭钦军
许祖彦
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Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of CAS
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Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of CAS
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/08—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
    • H01S3/08059—Constructional details of the reflector, e.g. shape
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    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
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    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
    • H01S3/1123—Q-switching
    • H01S3/117—Q-switching using intracavity acousto-optic devices
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
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Abstract

A Q-switched laser outputting long pulses, comprising: the device comprises a quartz glass rod (4), an output mirror (5), a reflector (1), a Q switch (2) and a gain medium (3), wherein the reflector, the Q switch and the gain medium are sequentially arranged along an optical axis; the quartz glass rod (4) is provided with an incident window (401) and an exit window (404); one end of the quartz glass rod (4) is provided with a first reflecting surface (402) with the curvature of R; a second reflecting surface (403) with the other end provided with a curvature R; the entrance window (401) is arranged on the second reflecting surface (403), and the exit window (404) is arranged on the first reflecting surface (402) or the second reflecting surface (403); the output mirror (5) is arranged on the optical axis of the light beam emerging through the exit window (404). The Q-switched laser provided by the invention is provided with the quartz glass rod 4, on one hand, the quartz glass rod can increase the actual optical path of the optical path in the Q-switched laser, and on the other hand, the Q parameter of light when entering and exiting the quartz glass rod is unchanged, so that stable long-pulse Q-switched laser can be output.

Description

Q-switched laser for outputting long pulse
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of Q-switched lasers, in particular to a Q-switched laser capable of outputting long pulses.
Background
The pulse width of the Q-switched laser is generally between 10ns and 500ns, and the pulse peak power of the long-pulse Q-switched laser with the pulse width of 0.5 to 10 mu s is not high, but the average power is far higher than that of the common pulse laser, so that the long-pulse Q-switched laser has great development potential and application prospect in the application of industry, medical treatment, scientific research and the like. The pulse width of the output laser of the Q-switched laser is proportional to the cavity length of the laser, so that the cavity length is generally increased to obtain long-pulse Q-switched laser output. At present, in order to output a long pulse of Q-switched laser, the prior art is realized by a technique of directly pulling a cavity or a technique of using a multi-pass long cavity composed of a pair of concave mirrors spaced apart by a certain distance. However, these solutions have the following drawbacks:
1) the direct cavity pulling technology is adopted: the cavity length of the laser resonant cavity is directly prolonged, and no other optical element is inserted to introduce loss. Although the technology is simple, the direct cavity pulling can cause the overlong cavity length and the large volume of the whole laser resonant cavity, which is not beneficial to miniaturization, practicability and higher production cost.
2) Adopting a multi-way long cavity technology: the multi-pass long cavity consists of a pair of concave mirrors which are separated by a certain distance, each concave mirror is provided with an optical cutting groove, and light beams are emitted into the multi-pass long cavity from the cutting groove of one concave mirror; then, the light is reflected on two concave mirrors for multiple times, transmitted back and forth, and emitted from the notch of the other concave mirror. Although the multi-pass long cavity technology can meet the purpose of increasing the actual optical path of the optical path to obtain long-pulse Q laser output and reducing the volume of the laser. However, this technique requires two concave mirrors to be provided in the resonator, and the adjustment accuracy and the holding accuracy of the two concave mirrors are high, and if the positions of the two concave mirrors are changed, the laser cannot be output. In addition to this, the stability of the laser is further reduced due to the influence of the air flow between the two concave mirrors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a Q-switched laser for outputting long pulses, wherein a quartz glass rod is arranged in an optical path of the Q-switched laser, so that light beams can be incident on reflecting surfaces at two ends of the quartz glass rod from an incident window of the quartz glass rod and are reflected for multiple times, and the light beams meeting the requirement that v theta is mu pi are output from an emergent window of the quartz glass rod. The Q-switched laser provided by the invention is provided with the quartz glass rod 4, so that on one hand, the actual optical path of an optical path in the Q-switched laser can be increased, and on the other hand, the Q parameter when light is emitted from the emergent window after being transmitted back and forth for multiple times is completely the same as that before the light is emitted from the incident window, namely, the unit transformation of the Q parameter is realized, and the stable long-pulse Q laser output can be obtained.
To solve the above problem, a first aspect of the present invention provides a long pulse Q-switched laser, comprising: the quartz glass rod, the output mirror, the reflector, the Q switch and the gain medium are sequentially arranged along the optical axis; the quartz glass rod is provided with an incident window and an emergent window; one end of the quartz glass rod is provided with a first reflecting surface with the curvature of R; the other end of the second reflecting surface is provided with a second reflecting surface with the curvature of R; the incident window is arranged on the second reflecting surface, and the emergent window is arranged on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface; the output mirror is disposed on an optical axis of the light beam emitted through the exit window.
Further, the light beam entering the quartz glass rod from the incidence window is reflected to the second reflecting surface through the first reflecting surface to form a reflection cycle period; or the light beam entering the quartz glass rod from the incidence window is reflected to the first reflecting surface from the second reflecting surface and is reflected back to the second reflecting surface to form a reflection cycle period; in two adjacent reflection cycle periods, the included angle of two light rays reflected from the first reflection surface to the second reflection surface or two light rays reflected from the second reflection surface to the first reflection surface is theta, and theta is 2cos-1(1-d/R), and satisfies ν θ ═ μ pi; wherein d is the length of the quartz glass rod, ν is the round-trip frequency, and ν and μ are positive integers.
Further, the reflector is plated with a high reflection film.
Further, the Q switch is one of an electro-optical Q switch, an acousto-optical Q switch, a dye Q switch or a color center crystal Q switch.
Further, the gain medium is Nd, Yb, YAG, ceramic, carbon dioxide CO2Helium-neon, copper vapor, gallium arsenide GaAs, cadmium sulfide CdS, indium phosphide InP, rhodamine 6G, or rhodamine B.
Furthermore, the pumping mode of the Q-switched laser is end pump or side pump.
Further, the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface are plated with high-reflection films.
Further, the output mirror is coated with a film having a transmittance for the output wavelength.
Furthermore, any one or more of an etalon, a wave plate, a volume Bragg grating, a birefringent filter, a nonlinear frequency conversion crystal and a polaroid are arranged between any two of the reflector, the Q switch, the gain medium, the quartz glass rod and the output mirror.
Furthermore, two parts of the quartz glass rod are respectively provided with a high-transmittance film, and the positions where the high-transmittance films are arranged are an incident window and an emergent window.
Further, the incident window and the exit window are planar structures.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
(1) the quartz glass rod is arranged in the light path of the Q-switched laser, so that light beams can be incident from the incident window of the quartz glass rod to the reflecting surfaces at two ends of the quartz glass rod for multiple times of reflection, and the light beams meeting the requirement that v theta is equal to mu pi are output from the emergent window of the quartz glass rod. Through the quartz glass rod, on one hand, light is transmitted back and forth for v times, and the actual optical path of the light path can be increased; on the other hand, when the theta angle meets the closing condition, Q parameters of the light emitted from the emergent window through v times of round-trip transmission are completely the same as those before the light is emitted, namely unit transformation of the Q parameters is realized, so that the quartz glass rod has zero effect length in the light path, and stable long-pulse Q laser output can be obtained.
(2) Because the quartz glass rod has the characteristics of low loss and extremely small thermal expansion coefficient, compared with a laser for obtaining long pulse output by a multi-pass long cavity technology, the quartz glass rod replaces a multi-pass long cavity consisting of a pair of concave mirrors, the requirements for adjusting the position precision and maintaining the precision of the two concave mirrors are reduced, and the solid quartz glass rod can be arranged, so that the influence of air flow is not required to be considered, and the stability of the laser is further improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a long-pulse Q-switched laser according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the transmission of a beam within a quartz glass rod within a Q-switched laser in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a Q-switched laser according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the spots on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface of the quartz glass rod in the Q-switched laser shown in FIG. 3;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a Q-switched laser according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the spots on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface of the quartz glass rod in the Q-switched laser shown in fig. 5.
Reference numerals:
1: a mirror; 2: a Q-switch; 3: a gain medium; 4: a quartz glass rod; 401: an incident window; 402: a first reflective surface; 403: a second reflective surface; 404: an exit window; 5: an output mirror; 6: a pump source.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the following detailed description. It should be understood that the description is intended to be exemplary only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Moreover, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a long-pulse Q-switched laser according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the laser includes: quartz glass rod 4, output mirror 5 and along the optical axis set gradually reflector 1, Q-switch 2 and gain medium 3.
Wherein, the quartz glass rod 4 is provided with an incident window 401 and an exit window 404; one end of the quartz glass rod 4 is provided with a first reflecting surface 402 with a curvature R; the other end is set as a second reflecting surface 403 with curvature R; the entrance window 401 is disposed on the second reflection surface 403, and the exit window 404 is disposed on the first reflection surface 402 or the second reflection surface 403; the output mirror 5 is arranged on the optical axis of the light beam exiting through the exit window 404.
Specifically, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the transmission of a light beam within a quartz glass rod within the Q-switched laser of fig. 1.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the oscillation path of light in the Q-switched laser includes: light excited and radiated by the gain medium 3 enters the quartz glass rod 4 through the entrance window 401 along the optical axis direction, is reflected to the second reflecting surface 403 through the first reflecting surface 402, is continuously reflected between the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403, exits from the exit window 404, exits to the surface of the output mirror 5, is reflected by the surface of the output mirror 5, enters the quartz glass rod 4 through the exit window 404 in the original path, exits from the entrance window 401 through the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403 after multiple times of round-trip transmission, passes through the gain medium 3, the Q switch 2, is reflected to the gain medium 3 through the reflector 1, enters the quartz glass rod 4 after passing through the gain medium 3, and continuously oscillates back and forth. When the number of photons in the cavity reaches the output threshold, that is, the number of photons in the cavity contains energy higher than the loss of the beam in the cavity, light is output from the output mirror 5, and the light output from the output mirror 5 is the output laser of the long pulse Q-switched laser, which is the long pulse Q-switched laser.
Since the first reflection surface 402 has the predetermined curvature R, the light beam passing through the first reflection surface 402 is reflected to the second reflection surface 403 at an angle α in the longitudinal direction. Since the second reflecting surface 403 is also provided with the same curvature R as the first reflecting surface. Therefore, the second reflection surface 403 reflects the light beam that strikes its surface to the first reflection surface at an angle α, and the light beam is continuously reflected by the two reflection surfaces and finally output through the exit window 404. Therefore, each time a light ray is reflected by a primary reflection surface, there is a rotation angle of a, and an included angle between two adjacent reflected light rays on the same reflection surface is θ, and θ is 2 α. The rotation angle θ will be described in detail below.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 1 and 2, the light beam entering the quartz glass rod 4 from the entrance window 401, initially, the light beam entering the quartz glass rod 4 from the entrance window 401, is reflected to the second reflecting surface 403 via the first reflecting surface 402 to form a reflection cycle period; or, after the light beam is reflected to the first reflection surface for the second time, the light beam is reflected from the first reflection surface 402 to the second reflection surface 403 and is reflected back to the first reflection surface 402 to form a reflection cycle period; alternatively, the light beam entering the quartz glass rod 4 from the entrance window 401 is reflected from the second reflecting surface 403 to the first reflecting surface 402 and back to the second reflecting surface 403 to constitute one cycle of reflection.
In two adjacent reflection cycle periods, an angle between two light beams reflected from the first reflection surface 402 to the second reflection surface 403 and an angle between two light beams reflected from the second reflection surface to the first reflection surface 403 are the same, and are rotation angles θ, θ is less than or equal to 180 ° (when ν μ ═ 1, θ ═ 180 °), and θ ═ 2cos is equal to-1(1-d/R), wherein d is the length of the quartz glass rod 4 and R is the radius of curvature of the first and second reflecting surfaces. When the light beam satisfies ν θ ═ μ pi, a closed optical path is formed, where ν is the number of round-trip times, i.e., the number of cycle periods, and ν and μ are positive integers.
According to the formula vtheta-mu pi, the matrix T of the light beam forming the closed light path after v round-trip propagation in the quartz glass rod is obtained by calculation according to the ABCD matrix transmission theory:
according to the matrix, the matrix is a unit matrix, namely after v round trips, the quartz glass rod provides unit transformation of q parameters for the light beam, namely the q parameters of the light beam emitted from the exit window (404) after v round trips are completely the same as those before the light beam is emitted from the entrance window (401), and the quartz glass rod 4 has zero effect length in the light path, namely the quartz glass rod 4 is added into the laser, so that the actual light path of the light path is increased, and the properties of the light beam such as spot size, divergence angle and the like are not changed.
Therefore, the Q-switched laser provided by the invention adopts the quartz glass rod to replace a multi-pass long cavity consisting of a pair of concave mirrors, compared with a laser for obtaining long pulse output by a multi-pass long cavity technology, the Q-switched laser has the advantages that the requirements on the position precision and the maintenance precision of the two concave mirrors are reduced, in addition, the solid quartz glass rod can be arranged, the influence of air flow is not required to be considered, and the stability of the laser is further improved.
In a preferred embodiment, the mirror 1 is coated with a highly reflective film, which means a film having a high reflectivity for the wavelength of the oscillating laser.
In one embodiment, the Q-switch 2 is one of an electro-optic Q-switch, an acousto-optic Q-switch, a dye Q-switch, or a color center crystal Q-switch.
In one embodiment, the gain medium 3 is Nd: YAG, Yb: YAG, ceramic, carbon dioxide CO2Helium-neon, copper vapor, gallium arsenide GaAs, cadmium sulfide CdS, indium phosphide InP, rhodamine 6G, or rhodamine B.
It should be noted that, when the gain medium is in a gaseous state, the gaseous gain medium is contained in an air tank, and the liquid gain medium can be put into the dye cell by an electric pump when the gain medium is in a liquid state (for example, a dye gain medium such as rhodamine 6G or rhodamine B).
In one embodiment, the Q-switched laser is pumped by an end pump or a side pump.
In one embodiment, first reflecting surface 402 and second reflecting surface 403 are coated with highly reflective films, which refers to films having high reflectivity for the oscillating laser wavelength. For example, if the oscillation laser wavelength is 1064nm, the highly reflective film reflects the laser beam having a wavelength of 1064nm, and the reflectance can be generally 99.9% or more.
In one embodiment, the output mirror 5 is coated with a film that has a certain transmittance for the output wavelength.
The film having a certain transmittance means how much energy is transmitted or reflected by the laser light of the wavelength. For example, a film with a certain transmittance is 40% transmittance at a wavelength of 1064nm, that is, 1064nm light passes through the film coated with a certain transmittance, 40% of the energy is transmitted, and 60% is reflected. For example, if a laser beam having an energy of 100W and a wavelength of 1064nm passes through a film having a transmittance of 40%, the laser beam having a wavelength of 1064nm transmits 40W and reflects 60W; for example, a 99.9% reflective film is applied, that is, 99.9% of the light with a wavelength of 1064nm is reflected and only 0.1% is transmitted.
In one embodiment, any one or more of an etalon, a wave plate, a volume bragg grating, a birefringent filter, a nonlinear frequency conversion crystal, and a polarizer may be disposed between any two of the mirror 1, the Q-switch 2, the gain medium 3, the quartz glass rod 4, and the output mirror 5.
Specifically, due to the optical characteristics, an optical element may be provided between any two of the above-described mirror 1, Q-switch 2, gain medium 3, quartz glass rod 4, and output mirror 5. For example, an etalon may be inserted along the optical path between the mirror 1 and the Q-switch 2, which etalon may be used to narrow the line width and also to select wavelengths.
In one embodiment, the two positions of the quartz glass rod 4 are respectively provided with a high-permeability film, and the positions where the high-permeability films are provided are an incident window 401 and an exit window 404. Among them, the high-transmittance film is a film having a high transmittance for an oscillating light beam. For example, if the oscillation laser wavelength is 1064nm, the high-transmittance film transmits laser with a wavelength of 1064nm, and the transmittance can generally reach 99.9% or more.
The above technical scheme of this application has following beneficial effect:
(1) the quartz glass rod is arranged in the light path of the Q-switched laser, so that light beams can be incident from the incident window of the quartz glass rod to the reflecting surfaces at two ends of the quartz glass rod for multiple times of reflection, and the light beams meeting the requirement that v theta is equal to mu pi are output from the emergent window of the quartz glass rod. Through the quartz glass rod, on one hand, light is transmitted back and forth for v times, and the actual optical path of the light path can be increased; on the other hand, when the theta angle meets the closing condition, Q parameters of the light emitted from the emergent window through v times of round-trip transmission are completely the same as those before the light is emitted, namely unit transformation of the Q parameters is realized, so that the quartz glass rod has zero effect length in the light path, and stable long-pulse Q laser output can be obtained.
(2) Because the quartz glass rod has the characteristics of low loss and extremely small thermal expansion coefficient, compared with a laser for obtaining long pulse output by a multi-pass long cavity technology, the quartz glass rod replaces a multi-pass long cavity consisting of a pair of concave mirrors, the requirements for adjusting the position precision and maintaining the precision of the two concave mirrors are reduced, and the solid quartz glass rod can be arranged, so that the influence of air flow is not required to be considered, and the stability of the laser is further improved.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a long-pulse Q-switched laser according to a second embodiment of the present invention; fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the spots on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface of the quartz glass rod in the Q-switched laser shown in fig. 3.
As shown in fig. 3, the pump source 6 used in the second embodiment of the present invention is a side pump. Wherein, the reflecting mirror 1 is a plane mirror and is plated with a high reflection film with the wavelength of 1064 nm.
The Q-switch 2 is an acousto-optic Q-switch.
The gain medium is Nd: YAG. The entrance window 401 and the exit window 404 of the quartz glass rod 4 are coated with a highly transparent film for a wavelength of 1064nm, and the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface window 403 are coated with a highly reflective film for a wavelength of 1064 nm.
The pumping means is a side pump and the pump source 6 may be an optical pump.
The output mirror 5 is a flat mirror coated with a certain transmittance for a wavelength of 1064 nm.
The oscillation path of light in the laser is: light excited and radiated by the gain medium 3 enters the quartz glass rod 4 through the entrance window 401 along the optical axis direction, is reflected to the second reflecting surface 403 through the first reflecting surface 402, is continuously reflected between the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403, exits from the exit window 404, exits to the surface of the output mirror 5, is reflected by the surface of the output mirror 5, enters the quartz glass rod 4 through the exit window 404 on the original way, exits from the entrance window 401 through the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403 in a multiple round-trip transmission mode, passes through the gain medium 3, the Q switch 2, is reflected to the gain medium 3 through the reflector 1, passes through the gain medium 3, and then enters the quartz glass rod 4 to continuously oscillate round-trip. When the number of photons in the cavity reaches the output threshold, the long-pulse Q-switched laser is output from the output mirror 5 coated with a certain transmittance.
In the long pulse Q-switched laser according to the second embodiment of the present application, the light excited and radiated from the gain medium 3 is incident on the silica glass rod 4 at a certain angle, and when ν θ ═ μ pi is satisfied, the light beam is output from the exit window 404.
There is an alpha for each reflection of the light beam by the first reflective surface or the second reflective surface. If the angle of the incident light beam relative to the optical axis is changed, the distribution locus of the reflected light spots on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface forms an ellipse or a circle.
As shown in fig. 4, when the round trip times v is 4, μ is 2, and θ is 90 °, the distribution of the spots on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface of the quartz glass rod is shown. The solid line light spot is a light spot on the first reflecting surface 402, and the broken line light spot is a light spot on the second reflecting surface 403 as viewed from the first reflecting surface 402.
Light beam is composed of0Injecting a quartz glass rod 4, P0→P1′→P1→P2′→P2→P3′→P3→P4', from P4' injection; after being reflected by the output mirror 5, the light is reflected by P4' injection, P4′→P3→P3′→P2→P2′→P1→P1′→P0From P0The long-pulse Q-switched laser is emitted to a gain medium 3, reflected by a reflector 1 after passing through the gain medium, and then emitted into a quartz glass rod 4 through the gain medium 3 again, so that the long-pulse Q-switched laser oscillates back and forth continuously, and when the number of photons in a cavity reaches an output threshold value, the long-pulse Q-switched laser is output from an output mirror 5 plated with a certain transmittance.
The above technical scheme of this application has following beneficial effect:
(1) the quartz glass rod is arranged in the light path of the Q-switched laser, so that light beams can be incident from the incident window of the quartz glass rod to the reflecting surfaces at two ends of the quartz glass rod for multiple times of reflection, and the light beams meeting the requirement that v theta is equal to mu pi are output from the emergent window of the quartz glass rod. Through the quartz glass rod, on one hand, light is transmitted back and forth for v times, and the actual optical path of the light path can be increased; on the other hand, when the theta angle meets the closing condition that the v theta is equal to mu pi, Q parameters of the light rays emitted from the emergent window through v times of round-trip transmission are completely the same as those before the light rays are emitted, namely unit transformation of the Q parameters is realized, so that the quartz glass rod has zero effect length in the light path, and stable long-pulse Q laser output can be obtained.
(2) Because the quartz glass rod has the characteristics of low loss and extremely small thermal expansion coefficient, compared with a laser for obtaining long pulse output by a multi-pass long cavity technology, the quartz glass rod replaces a multi-pass long cavity consisting of a pair of concave mirrors, the requirements for adjusting the position precision and maintaining the precision of the two concave mirrors are reduced, and the solid quartz glass rod can be arranged, so that the influence of air flow is not required to be considered, and the stability of the laser is further improved.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a long-pulse Q-switched laser according to a third embodiment of the present invention; fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the spots on the reflecting surface of the quartz glass rod in the Q-switched laser shown in fig. 5.
As shown in fig. 5, the laser includes: quartz glass rod 4, output mirror 5 and along the optical axis set gradually reflector 1, Q-switch 2 and gain medium 3.
The first reflecting surface 402 is provided with an incident window 401 for light beams to enter and an exit window 404 for light beams to exit; or, the second reflecting surface 403 is further provided with an incident window 401 for light beam incidence and an exit window 404 for light beam exit; or, the first reflecting surface 402 is provided with an incident window 401 for light beam to enter, and the second reflecting surface 403 is provided with an exit window 404 for light beam to exit; alternatively, the first reflecting surface 402 is provided with an exit window 404 through which the light beam exits, and the second reflecting surface 403 is provided with an entrance window 401 through which the light beam enters.
The output mirror 5 is arranged on the optical axis of the light beam exiting through the exit window 404.
Wherein, the reflecting mirror 1 is a plane mirror coated with a film with high reflectivity of 820 nm.
The Q-switch 2 is an electro-optical Q-switch.
The gain medium in the gain medium 3 is a sapphire crystal of sapphire Ti.
The entrance window 401 and the exit window 404 of the quartz glass rod 4 are coated with a highly transmissive film for a wavelength of 820nm, and the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403 are coated with a highly reflective film for a wavelength of 820 nm.
The output mirror 5 is a flat mirror coated with a film having a certain transmittance for a wavelength of 820 nm.
The pump source 6 is flash lamp pump.
The oscillation process of the beam in the Q-switched laser provided by the third embodiment of the present invention is as follows: light excited and radiated by the gain medium 3 enters the quartz glass rod 4 through the entrance window 401 along the optical axis direction, is reflected to the second reflecting surface 403 through the first reflecting surface 402, is continuously reflected between the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403, exits from the exit window 404, exits to the surface of the output mirror 5, is reflected by the surface of the output mirror 5, enters the quartz glass rod 4 through the exit window 404 on the original way, exits from the entrance window 401 through the first reflecting surface 402 and the second reflecting surface 403 in a multiple round-trip transmission mode, passes through the gain medium 3, the Q switch 2, is reflected to the gain medium 3 through the reflector 1, passes through the gain medium 3, and then enters the quartz glass rod 4 to continuously oscillate round-trip. When the number of photons in the cavity reaches the output threshold, the long-pulse Q-switched laser is output from the output mirror 5 coated with a certain transmittance.
Since the first reflection surface 402 has the predetermined curvature R, the light beam passing through the first reflection surface 402 is reflected to the second reflection surface 403 at an angle α in the longitudinal direction. Since the second reflecting surface 403 is also provided with the same curvature R as the first reflecting surface. Therefore, the second reflection surface 403 reflects the light beam that strikes its surface to the first reflection surface at an angle α, and the light beam is continuously reflected by the two reflection surfaces and finally output through the exit window 404. Each time a light ray is reflected by a primary reflection surface, there is a rotation angle of α, where an angle between two adjacent reflected light rays on a single reflection surface is θ, and θ is 2 α, which will be described in detail below.
The light beam entering the quartz glass rod 4 from the incident window 401 is reflected to the second reflecting surface 403 through the first reflecting surface 402 to form a reflection cycle period; alternatively, the light beam entering the quartz glass rod 4 from the entrance window 401 is reflected from the second reflecting surface 403 to the first reflecting surface 402 and back to the second reflecting surface 403 to constitute one cycle of reflection.
In two adjacent reflection cycle periods, an included angle between two light rays reflected from the first reflection surface 402 to the second reflection surface 403 and an included angle between two light rays reflected from the second reflection surface to the first reflection surface 403 are the same, and are both rotation angles θ, where θ is 2cos-1(1-d/R), wherein d is the length of the quartz glass rod 4 and R is the radius of curvature of the first and second reflecting surfaces. When the light beam satisfies ν θ ═ μ pi, a closed optical path is formed, where ν is the round-trip times, and ν and μ are positive integers.
According to the formula vtheta-mu pi, the matrix of the light beam forming the closed light path after v round-trip propagation in the quartz glass rod is obtained by calculation according to the ABCD matrix transmission theory:
the matrix is a unit matrix, namely after v round trips, the quartz glass rod provides unit transformation of Q parameters for the light beam, namely the Q parameters of the light beam emitted from the emergent window after multiple round trips are completely the same as those of the light beam emitted from the incident window, so that the quartz glass rod has zero effect length in the optical path of the resonant cavity of the Q-switched laser.
Therefore, the Q-switched laser provided by the invention adopts the quartz glass rod to replace a multi-pass long cavity consisting of a pair of concave mirrors, and compared with a laser for obtaining long pulse output by a multi-pass long cavity technology, the Q-switched laser reduces the requirements on the position precision and the maintenance precision of the two concave mirrors. Moreover, a solid quartz glass rod can be arranged, the influence of air flow is not required to be considered, and the stability of the laser is further improved.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of the spots on the reflecting surface of the quartz glass rod in the Q-switched laser shown in fig. 5.
In the example shown in fig. 6(a), when ν is 9, μ is 2, and θ is 40 °, the spot distribution pattern on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface of the silica glass rod is a pattern of points, solid points are spots formed on the first reflecting surface 402, hollow points are spots formed on the second reflecting surface, and when μ is the same as the parameter ν of the laser beam in the laser shown in fig. 4, μ is 2, and θ is 90 °, the number of spots on the reflecting window can be changed by changing the number of round trips, that is, the actual optical path length of the optical path can be changed, and at the same time, the number is inversely proportional to the rotation angle θ.
In the example shown in fig. 6(b), when ν is 9, μ is 4, and θ is 80 °, the spot distribution pattern on the curved surfaces at both ends of the silica glass rod is changed by changing μ so as to change the spot angle θ formed between two adjacent cycle periods on the reflection window in inverse proportion to the same number of round-trips ν as compared with ν 9, μ is 2, and θ is 40 ° in fig. 6 (a).
Alternatively, the size and curvature of the quartz glass rod are determined by the following method:
first, the number of times v and μ of the turn-back of the light beam of the quartz glass rod are determined (not practically meaningful, but only as an integral multiple of pi) as needed, and the rotation angle θ is calculated from the closed optical path formula ν θ ═ μ pi, and θ ═ 2cos-1(1-d/R) the relationship between the curvature R and the length d of the silica glass rod is calculated, and the length of the silica glass rod may be determined first, thereby obtaining the curvature of the silica glass rod.
In summary, the actual optical path length of the optical path can be changed by adjusting the round trip times ν of the light between the first reflective surface and the second reflective surface, so as to obtain stable Q-switched long pulse laser output.
The above technical scheme of this application has following beneficial effect:
(1) the quartz glass rod is arranged in the light path of the Q-switched laser, so that light beams can be incident from the incident window of the quartz glass rod to the reflecting surfaces at two ends of the quartz glass rod for multiple times of reflection, and the light beams meeting the requirement that v theta is equal to mu pi are output from the emergent window of the quartz glass rod. Through the quartz glass rod, on one hand, light is transmitted back and forth for v times, and the actual optical path of the light path can be increased; on the other hand, when the theta angle meets the closing condition, Q parameters of the light emitted from the emergent window through v times of round-trip transmission are completely the same as those before the light is emitted, namely unit transformation of the Q parameters is realized, so that the quartz glass rod has zero effect length in the light path, and stable long-pulse Q laser output can be obtained.
(2) Because the quartz glass rod has the characteristics of low loss and extremely small thermal expansion coefficient, compared with a laser for obtaining long pulse output by a multi-pass long cavity technology, the quartz glass rod replaces a multi-pass long cavity consisting of a pair of concave mirrors, the requirements for adjusting the position precision and maintaining the precision of the two concave mirrors are reduced, and the solid quartz glass rod can be arranged, so that the influence of air flow is not required to be considered, and the stability of the laser is further improved.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely illustrative of or explaining the principles of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Therefore, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Further, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such variations and modifications as fall within the scope and boundaries of the appended claims or the equivalents of such scope and boundaries.

Claims (9)

1. A Q-switched laser outputting long pulses, comprising: the device comprises a quartz glass rod (4), an output mirror (5), a reflector (1), a Q switch (2) and a gain medium (3), wherein the reflector, the Q switch and the gain medium are sequentially arranged along an optical axis;
the quartz glass rod (4) is provided with an incident window (401) and an exit window (404);
one end of the quartz glass rod (4) is provided with a first reflecting surface (402) with the curvature of R; a second reflecting surface (403) with the other end provided with a curvature R;
the entrance window (401) is arranged on the second reflecting surface (403), and the exit window (404) is arranged on the first reflecting surface (402) or the second reflecting surface (403);
the output mirror (5) is arranged on the optical axis of the light beam emitted through the exit window (404);
the light beam entering the quartz glass rod (4) from the incidence window (401) is reflected to the second reflecting surface (403) through the first reflecting surface (402) to form a reflection cycle period; or,
the light beam entering the quartz glass rod (4) from the incidence window (401) is reflected from the second reflecting surface (403) to the first reflecting surface (402) and back to the second reflecting surface (403) to form a reflection cycle period;
in two adjacent reflection cycle periods, the included angle of two light rays reflected from the first reflection surface (402) to the second reflection surface (403) is theta, and the included angle of two light rays reflected from the second reflection surface (403) to the first reflection surface (402) is theta; wherein θ is 2cos-1(1-d/R), and satisfies ν θ ═ μ pi;
wherein d is the length of the quartz glass rod (4), ν is the round-trip frequency, and ν and μ are positive integers.
2. The Q-switched laser according to claim 1, wherein the mirror (1) is coated with a high reflective film.
3. The Q-switched laser according to claim 1, wherein the Q-switch (2) is one of an electro-optic Q-switch, an acousto-optic Q-switch, a dye Q-switch or a color-centered crystal Q-switch.
4. The Q-switched laser according to claim 1, wherein the gain medium (3) is Nd-doped YAG-garnet Nd: YAG, Yb: YAG-doped Yb-doped YAG-garnet, ceramic, carbon dioxide CO2Helium-neon, copper vapor, gallium arsenide GaAs, cadmium sulfide CdS, indium phosphide InP, rhodamine 6G, or rhodamine B.
5. The Q-switched laser of claim 1, wherein the laser is pumped by end-pumping or side-pumping.
6. The Q-switched laser according to claim 1, wherein the first reflecting surface (402) and the second reflecting surface (403) are plated with high reflective films; the output mirror (5) is coated with a film having a transmittance for the output wavelength.
7. The Q-switched laser according to claim 1, wherein any one or more of an etalon, a wave plate, a volume Bragg grating, a birefringent filter, a nonlinear frequency conversion crystal and a polarizing plate is arranged between any two of the reflector (1), the Q-switch (2), the gain medium (3), the quartz glass rod (4) and the output mirror (5).
8. The Q-switched laser according to claim 1, wherein the quartz glass rod (4) is provided at two places with high-transmission films respectively at the entrance window (401) and the exit window (404).
9. The Q-switched laser according to claim 8, wherein the entrance window (401) and the exit window (404) are planar structures.
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