CN109509234B - Urban building group high-definition grid map vectorization-based method - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，包括如下步骤：1)、高清栅格地图的获取；2)、提取高清栅格地图信息；3)、建立管理工作空间；4)、导入地理信息数据库；5)、地理信息配准；6)、导出文件；7)、数据转换；8)、完成矢量化。本发明的基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，其能够以较精确的地理信息配比技术处理信息量较大的城区建筑高清栅格地图，并能得到较好的矢量化结果。
The invention discloses a method for vectorizing high-definition grid maps based on urban building groups, comprising the following steps: 1), acquiring high-definition grid maps; 2), extracting high-definition grid map information; 3), establishing management workspaces ; 4), import geographic information database; 5), geographic information registration; 6), export file; 7), data conversion; 8), complete vectorization. The method based on the vectorization of the high-definition grid map of urban building groups of the present invention can process the high-definition grid map of urban buildings with a large amount of information with a more accurate geographical information matching technology, and can obtain better vectorization results.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及建筑地图矢量化方法，特别是一种基于城区建筑高清栅格地图的矢量化方法。The invention relates to a vectorization method of a building map, in particular to a vectorization method based on a high-definition grid map of urban buildings.
背景技术Background technique
随着城镇化速度加快，基于城镇化的地理信息系统数据要求也越来越广泛，GIS数据作为研究所需要的基础数据成为了至关重要的一部分。而目前流行的地图软件提供的均是栅格地图，并不具有地理信息系统数据。所以需要人为对栅格地图进行矢量化配比。为弥补我国城区建筑地理信息系统信息的不足，需选用栅格地图进行矢量化的方法，对城区建筑地理信息数据库提供基础信息。但是平时我们所能获得的地图几乎都是分辨率较低的栅格地图，缺点是稍微放大观察建筑信息时会失真，因此不适合进行精准的地理信息系统研究，会导致矢量化不准确。而矢量图的特点就是不会随着图像的放大或缩小而出现失真额情况，而且都是由体积很小的点所组成。故本发明提供一种基于高清TIF栅格地图的地图矢量化方法，其能够以较精确的地理信息配比技术处理含有信息量较大的城区建筑高清栅格地图，并能达到较好的矢量化结果。With the acceleration of urbanization, the data requirements of geographic information system based on urbanization are becoming more and more extensive, and GIS data, as the basic data required for research, has become a vital part. However, currently popular map software provides raster maps and does not have geographic information system data. Therefore, it is necessary to manually vectorize the raster map. In order to make up for the lack of information in my country's urban architectural geographic information system, it is necessary to use the method of vectorizing raster maps to provide basic information for the urban architectural geographic information database. But usually the maps we can get are almost all low-resolution raster maps. The disadvantage is that when you zoom in slightly to observe the building information, it will be distorted. Therefore, it is not suitable for accurate GIS research, which will lead to inaccurate vectorization. The characteristic of vector graphics is that there will be no distortion as the image is enlarged or reduced, and they are all composed of small points. Therefore, the present invention provides a map vectorization method based on high-definition TIF raster maps, which can process high-definition raster maps of urban buildings containing large amounts of information with more accurate geographic information matching technology, and can achieve better vector results.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种基于高清TIF栅格地图的地图矢量化方法，其能够以较精确的地理信息配比技术处理信息量较大的城区建筑高清栅格地图，并能得到较好的矢量化结果。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a map vectorization method based on high-definition TIF grid maps, which can process high-definition grid maps of urban buildings with relatively large amounts of information using more accurate geographical information matching technology , and can get better vectorization results.
本发明解决其技术问题是通过以下技术方案实现的：The present invention solves its technical problem and realizes through the following technical solutions:
一种基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：A method for vectorizing high-definition grid maps based on urban building groups, characterized in that: comprising the following steps:
1)、高清栅格地图的获取：通过高清地图软件获取城区建筑群的高清栅格地图；1) Acquisition of high-definition grid maps: Obtain high-definition grid maps of urban buildings through high-definition map software;
2)、提取高清栅格地图信息：对城区建筑群的高清栅格地图的信息进行提取，所述信息包括像素列数和行数、波段数、像素大小、源类型、像素深度、空间参考坐标系及基准面，确保DPI在300以上；2), extract high-definition grid map information: extract the information of the high-definition grid map of urban buildings, the information includes the number of pixel columns and rows, the number of bands, pixel size, source type, pixel depth, spatial reference coordinates system and datum, ensure that the DPI is above 300;
3)、建立管理工作空间：通过地理信息系统软件，建立管理工作空间，保证后续的矢量化数据均保存在该空间中，然后在该空间下构建地理信息数据库，地理信息数据库构建要素包括点、线、面数据集；3) Establish a management workspace: use geographic information system software to establish a management workspace to ensure that subsequent vectorized data are stored in this space, and then build a geographic information database under this space. The elements of geographic information database construction include points, Line and area data sets;
4)、导入地理信息数据库：在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS中导入下载的高清栅格地图和管理工作空间以及构建的地理信息数据库，并生成地理信息库图层。确定构建的地理信息数据库信息和高清栅格地图信息相互匹配，包括地理坐标系和投影坐标系；4) Import the geographic information database: import the downloaded high-definition raster map and management workspace and the constructed geographic information database into the geographic information system software ArcGIS, and generate the geographic information database layer. Confirm that the constructed geographic information database information and high-definition raster map information match each other, including geographic coordinate system and projected coordinate system;
5)、地理信息配准：在地理信息库图层中对高清栅格地图进行地理信息配准，对配比原点坐标以及X轴与Y轴进行确立，确定X轴与Y轴的比例尺在1:400～1：1000之间，并且确保比例尺与现实比例匹配；5), geographic information registration: perform geographic information registration on the high-definition raster map in the geographic information library layer, establish the coordinates of the matching origin and the X-axis and Y-axis, and determine the scale of the X-axis and Y-axis at 1 : between 400 and 1:1000, and ensure that the scale matches the actual scale;
6)、导出文件：在地图软件ArcGIS中对高清栅格地图进行矢量化操作，导出SHP格式结果文件；6) Export file: Carry out vectorization operation on the high-definition raster map in the map software ArcGIS, and export the result file in SHP format;
7)、数据转换：通过Qgis数据转化软件将SHP格式结果文件转为逗号分隔值文件格式文件；7), data conversion: convert the SHP format result file into a comma-separated value file format file by Qgis data conversion software;
8)、完成矢量化：完成高清栅格地图矢量化。8) Complete vectorization: Complete the vectorization of high-definition raster maps.
本发明的优点和有益效果为：Advantage of the present invention and beneficial effect are:
1、本发明的基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，通过BIGEMAP、ArcGis、Qgis软件的协同配合，快速完成栅格地图矢量化的工作，适合工作条件有限、不具备高性能机器视觉设备以及不借助高级算法的情况下，完成高清栅格地图矢量化的任务。1. The method for vectorizing high-definition grid maps based on urban buildings of the present invention can quickly complete the vectorization of grid maps through the cooperation of BIGEMAP, ArcGis, and Qgis software, and is suitable for limited working conditions and lack of high-performance machine vision Complete the task of high-definition raster map vectorization without using advanced algorithms.
2、本发明的基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，可以通过将每栋建筑进行特殊的GTN编号，然后将配准好的地理信息数据和GTN数据进行匹配，将得到的地理信息数据和建筑的动态数据(例如局部地区典型气象数据以及冷热负荷等)以及静态信息(例如窗墙比、窗导热系数和墙体导热系数等)相结合，通过R语言等具有ASCII码编写功能的数据进行结合，生成类似于IDF文件的能耗模拟数据文件，生成之后的文件可以放入EnergyPlus和DeST等能耗模拟软件中进行能耗模拟，进而完成基于城区建筑群的能耗模拟工作，保证计算的速度和配比的精准性。2. The method of the present invention based on high-definition grid map vectorization of urban buildings can carry out special GTN numbering for each building, and then match the registered geographic information data with the GTN data, and the obtained geographic information The data is combined with the dynamic data of the building (such as typical meteorological data in local areas and cooling and heating loads, etc.) Combine the data to generate energy consumption simulation data files similar to IDF files. The generated files can be put into energy consumption simulation software such as EnergyPlus and DeST for energy consumption simulation, and then complete the energy consumption simulation work based on urban building groups. Guarantee the speed of calculation and the accuracy of proportioning.
3、本发明的基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，通过栅格地图的矢量化，能够最后转换成的地理坐标逗号分隔值文件格式数据文件和建筑模拟的相关文件数据(气象参数、围护结构特性、内部得热、暖通系统等)相结合，最终完成基于城市地理信息系统的建筑能耗模拟研究。在传统的建筑能耗模拟中，以EnergyPlus为例，如果要进行大批量的建筑能耗模拟，需要通过EnergyPlus本身的编辑器IDF Editor对建筑的几何参数和非几何参数进行编辑。还有一种方法是采用SketchUp的插件OpenStudio对建筑进行可视化的参数编辑，虽然和之前的IDF Editor相比做到了可视化编辑，但是如果要模拟城市建筑能耗状况还是需要做大量的重复性工作。3, the method based on the high-definition grid map vectorization of urban buildings group of the present invention, by the vectorization of grid map, the geographic coordinates comma-separated value file format data file and the related file data (meteorological parameters) that can be converted into finally , envelope structure characteristics, internal heat gain, HVAC system, etc.), and finally completed the building energy consumption simulation research based on the urban geographic information system. In the traditional building energy consumption simulation, taking EnergyPlus as an example, if you want to conduct a large-scale building energy consumption simulation, you need to edit the geometric parameters and non-geometric parameters of the building through the editor IDF Editor of EnergyPlus itself. Another method is to use the SketchUp plug-in OpenStudio to visually edit the parameters of the building. Although compared with the previous IDF Editor, it has achieved visual editing, but if you want to simulate the energy consumption of urban buildings, you still need to do a lot of repetitive work.
4、本发明的基于城区建筑群高清栅格地图矢量化的方法，其能够以较精确的地理信息配比技术处理含有信息量较大的城区建筑高清栅格地图，并能达到较好的矢量化结果。4. The method based on the vectorization of high-definition grid maps of urban buildings of the present invention can process high-definition grid maps of urban buildings containing large amounts of information with more accurate geographical information matching technology, and can achieve better vector results.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是通过商业软件BIGEMAP下载的高清TIF地图；Figure 1 is a high-definition TIF map downloaded through the commercial software BIGEMAP;
图2是通过ArcMap软件进行地理配准(确定图像的坐标原点、X轴和Y轴)；Fig. 2 carries out georeferencing (determining the coordinate origin, X axis and Y axis of image) by ArcMap software;
图3是通过矢量化软件ArcMap进行矢量化配比；Figure 3 is the vectorization ratio through the vectorization software ArcMap;
图4是将ArcMap导出的SHP格式的文件通过Qgis文件转化成需要的逗号分隔值文件格式(CSV)；Figure 4 converts the SHP format file exported by ArcMap into the required comma-separated value file format (CSV) through the Qgis file;
图5是最后得到的逗号分隔值文件格式的部分数据；Figure 5 is part of the data in the comma-separated value file format obtained at last;
图6为本发明的方法流程图。Fig. 6 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步详述，以下实施例只是描述性的，不是限定性的，不能以此限定本发明的保护范围。The present invention will be further described in detail below through the specific examples, the following examples are only descriptive, not restrictive, and cannot limit the protection scope of the present invention with this.
一种对于高清栅格地图的矢量化方法，包括以下步骤：A vectorization method for a high-definition raster map, comprising the following steps:
1)、高清栅格地图的获取：通过高清地图软件获取城区建筑群的高清栅格地图；对所研究的地理信息建筑的坐标位置、朝向进行信息汇总，必要时需要进行实地考察与测量，查询完毕后，通过高清地图软件BIGEMAP下载格式为TIF的高清栅格地图文件，得到图1。得到的高清栅格地图分辨率高，方便之后的配比工作。1) Acquisition of high-definition grid maps: Obtain high-definition grid maps of urban buildings through high-definition map software; collect information on the coordinates, positions and orientations of the geographical information buildings studied, and conduct on-site inspections and measurements when necessary, and query After completion, download the high-definition raster map file in the format of TIF through the high-definition map software BIGEMAP, and obtain Figure 1. The obtained high-definition raster map has a high resolution, which is convenient for the subsequent matching work.
2)、提取高清栅格地图信息：对城区建筑群的高清栅格地图的信息进行提取，所述信息包括像素列数和行数、波段数、像素大小、源类型、像素深度、空间参考坐标系及基准面，确保DPI在300以上，DPI是衡量图像像素的参数之一；对高清栅格地图进行核查，目的是之后进行地理信息数据库的建立时保证信息一致，防止在下一步的ArcCatalog中建立的文件地理信息数据库的参数与高清栅格地图的信息不匹配，导致不能在ArcGIS中进行地理配准。为了保证矢量化的精准度，确定高清栅格地图文件的DPI在300以上。2), extract high-definition grid map information: extract the information of the high-definition grid map of urban buildings, the information includes the number of pixel columns and rows, the number of bands, pixel size, source type, pixel depth, spatial reference coordinates System and datum, ensure that DPI is above 300, DPI is one of the parameters to measure image pixels; check the high-definition raster map, the purpose is to ensure the consistency of information when the geographic information database is established later, and prevent it from being established in the next step of ArcCatalog The parameters of the file geographic information database do not match the information of the high-definition raster map, resulting in the inability to georeference in ArcGIS. In order to ensure the accuracy of vectorization, make sure that the DPI of the high-definition raster map file is above 300.
3)、建立管理工作空间：通过地理信息系统软件ArcGIS中的ArcCatalog，建立管理工作空间，保证后续的矢量化数据均保存在该空间中，然后在该空间下构建地理信息数据库，地理信息数据库构建要素包括点、线、面数据集；ArcCatalog是用户组织、使用和管理工作空间和地理信息数据库。工作空间是指磁盘上的文件夹，用管理和操作地理信息系统(地图文档、影像和其他数据文件、地理处理模型、图层等)。工作空间提供了一个简单的方法来组织和共享地理信息的逻辑集合。3), establish a management workspace: through ArcCatalog in the geographic information system software ArcGIS, establish a management workspace to ensure that subsequent vectorized data are stored in this space, and then construct a geographic information database under this space, and construct a geographic information database Features include point, line, and area datasets; ArcCatalog is a user organization, use, and management workspace and geographic information database. A workspace is a folder on disk used to manage and manipulate a geographic information system (map documents, imagery and other data files, geoprocessing models, layers, etc.). Workspaces provide an easy way to organize and share logical collections of geographic information.
4)、导入地理信息数据库：在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS中导入下载的高清栅格地图和管理工作空间以及构建的地理信息数据库，并生成地理信息库图层。确定构建的地理信息数据库信息和高清栅格地图信息相互匹配，包括地理坐标系和投影坐标系，例如地理坐标系和投影坐标系，在本专利中地理坐标系选用的是WGS_1984，投影坐标系选用的是WGS_1984_World_Mercator。由于地图软件的差异性。需要对重要参数进行确定，此时在ArcMap中导入高清栅格地图和之前建立的文件地理信息数据库。通过属性选项可以对地理坐标系和投影坐标系进行核查与修改。4) Import the geographic information database: import the downloaded high-definition raster map and management workspace and the constructed geographic information database into the geographic information system software ArcGIS, and generate the geographic information database layer. Confirm that the constructed geographic information database information and high-definition grid map information match each other, including geographic coordinate system and projected coordinate system, such as geographic coordinate system and projected coordinate system. In this patent, the geographic coordinate system is WGS_1984, and the projected coordinate system is selected is WGS_1984_World_Mercator. Due to differences in map software. It is necessary to determine the important parameters. At this time, import the high-definition raster map and the previously established file geographic information database into ArcMap. The geographic coordinate system and projected coordinate system can be checked and modified through the property option.
5)、地理信息配准：在地理信息库图层中对高清栅格地图进行地理信息配准，如图2中所示；对配比原点坐标以及X轴与Y轴进行确立，确定X轴与Y轴的比例尺在1:400～1：1000之间，并且确保比例尺与现实比例匹配。通过ArcMap具有的地图放大缩小功能进行精确手动配比，确立二维笛卡尔坐标系，完成的结果如图3所示。5), geographic information registration: carry out geographical information registration to the high-definition grid map in the geographic information library layer, as shown in Figure 2; establish the coordinates of the matching origin and the X-axis and Y-axis, and determine the X-axis The scale of the Y axis is between 1:400 and 1:1000, and ensure that the scale matches the actual scale. Through the zoom-in and zoom-out function of ArcMap, accurate manual matching is performed, and a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is established. The completed result is shown in Figure 3.
6)、导出文件：在地图软件ArcGIS中对高清栅格地图进行矢量化操作，导出SHP格式结果文件。ArcMap文件中导出SHP格式结果文件，但该SHP格式结果文件并不能被之后的建筑能耗模拟直接采用，而且SHP格式结果文件不能进行可视化操作，故需要下一步的数据转化。6) Export file: Carry out vectorization operation on the high-definition raster map in the map software ArcGIS, and export the result file in SHP format. The SHP format result file is exported from the ArcMap file, but the SHP format result file cannot be directly adopted by the subsequent building energy consumption simulation, and the SHP format result file cannot be visualized, so the next step of data conversion is required.
7)、数据转换：通过Qgis数据转化软件将SHP格式结果文件转为逗号分隔值文件格式文件(csv文件)，如图4、5所示，最后得到的逗号分隔值文件格式的部分数据。此文件信息包含建筑图层坐标信息和面积信息等。得到的结果可以直接用在自动化建模的操作中。7), data conversion: convert the SHP format result file into a comma-separated value file format file (csv file) by Qgis data conversion software, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, the part data of the finally obtained comma-separated value file format. This file information includes building layer coordinate information and area information, etc. The obtained results can be directly used in the operation of automatic modeling.
8)、完成矢量化：完成高清栅格地图矢量化。8) Complete vectorization: Complete the vectorization of high-definition raster maps.
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| CN101957987A (en) * | 2009-07-17 | 2011-01-26 | 同济大学 | Method for automatically registering raster image and vector electronic map |
| CN102332168A (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2012-01-25 | 南京大学 | A Vectorization Method of Raster Map Based on V-Graph |
| JP2016071786A (en) * | 2014-10-01 | 2016-05-09 | 株式会社日立システムズ | Geographic information vectorization supporting system and geographic information vectorization support method |
| CN107679229A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2018-02-09 | 东南大学 | The synthetical collection and analysis method of city three-dimensional building high-precision spatial big data |
| CN108573510A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-09-25 | 上海思岚科技有限公司 | A kind of grating map vectorization method and equipment |
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