CN109477670A - 制冷剂排气整流器与效率增压器 - Google Patents

制冷剂排气整流器与效率增压器 Download PDF

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CN109477670A
CN109477670A CN201780044598.6A CN201780044598A CN109477670A CN 109477670 A CN109477670 A CN 109477670A CN 201780044598 A CN201780044598 A CN 201780044598A CN 109477670 A CN109477670 A CN 109477670A
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refrigerant
entrance
rectifier
level
outlet
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M·惠特尼
M·乌尔里奇
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/08—Separating gaseous impurities from gases or gaseous mixtures or from liquefied gases or liquefied gaseous mixtures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F25B1/10—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with multi-stage compression
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B43/00—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat
    • F25B43/04—Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids; Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat for withdrawing non-condensible gases
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    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
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    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
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    • F25J1/0085—Ethane; Ethylene
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    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
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    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
    • F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
    • F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
    • F25J1/0268—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer using a dedicated refrigeration means
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0274—Retrofitting or revamping of an existing liquefaction unit
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
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    • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0238—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 2 carbon atoms or more
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    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/13—Economisers
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    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
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Abstract

一种用于在石油化工设备中使用的制冷系统，例如乙烯生成设备，包括制冷剂排气整流器。该整流器通过清除低分子量惰性物质来净化制冷剂。该制冷系统更有效，耗能更低并且增加了设备的容量。

Description

制冷剂排气整流器与效率增压器
背景技术
本发明涉及液氮用于增强工业设备的闭环制冷系统的操作的用途。
许多工业过程需要制冷系统。例如，从气体混合物中回收烯烃是一项经济意义重大但高能耗的石油化工过程。通常，气体混合物在蒸气存在下(通过热裂解、流体催化裂化或流体焦化工艺)通过碳氢化合物热解而产生。随后，通常使用低温分离法回收烯烃，这些方法需要低温下的大量制冷。
更具体的示例是乙烯生产设备。需要制冷从裂化加热器的流出物中分离所需产物。可以通过水冷却、闭环丙烯和乙烯系统、或分离过程中加压轻质气体的功膨胀来提供制冷。
在这种设备中，还需要在设备中使用大量气态氮。通常氮作为低温液体输送到设备中。需要蒸发并加热液氮以在可用的温度和压力下提供氮气。通常，这是在环境条件下使用空气来蒸发和加热氮气。氮气在低于-147℃下蒸发。该蒸发和加热可能高能耗。例如，将氮加热到35℃环境条件，每克氮需要约83卡路里。需要100千瓦制冷的设备通常将需要1,000kg/hr的氮。从而，加热氮所需的能量在每小时8.3千万卡路里的范围内，即相当大的数量。
图1示出了现有技术中已知的制冷系统。在图1中所示的系统中，第二级制冷剂压缩机排放在进入制冷剂蓄能器之前在制冷剂冷凝器中冷凝。制冷剂液体闪蒸至较低压力，并随后在第二级制冷剂用户中部分蒸发。随后制冷剂进入第二级抽气鼓，在其中清除液体，并随后输送到第一级制冷剂用户，其中制冷剂闪蒸至较低压力并完全蒸发。第二级抽气鼓的蒸气回到第二级制冷剂压缩机。第一级制冷剂用户的蒸气在第一级抽气鼓中处理，以清除任何夹带的液体，并随后输送到第一级制冷剂压缩机中。
对于乙烯设备中的使用，图1示出了典型的闭环制冷系统。制冷系统的固有限制通常限制了设备的生成能力，其在工业上称为“瓶颈”。为了缓解这一瓶颈，可能需要增加制冷容量，在这个情况下，可能需要对压缩机、热交换器、鼓等进行昂贵地改造或更换。即使制冷系统不是设备的瓶颈，通过回收制冷剂增加制冷系统的冷却负荷并去清除惰性物质也会显着降低制冷剂压缩机的功率需求，并从而显着降低能耗和相关的运行费用。
在本领域仍需要改进工业设备(例如，石油化工设备)中使用的制冷系统。
附图说明
为更全面地理解本发明，可以参考结合附图考虑的示例性实施例的以下描述，其中
图1是示出本领域中已知的制冷系统的现有技术的示意图。
图2是示出根据本发明的第一实施例的制冷系统的示意图。
图3是示出根据本发明的第二实施例的制冷系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
在详细解释本发明实施例之前，应该理解的是，本发明并没有将其应用限制于附图中所示的部件的构造和排列的细节。相反，本发明能够实施其他实施例，并以不同方式实践或实施。并且，应该理解的是，本文使用的措词或术语是为了描述而非限制。附图是为了例示本发明而不旨在按比例绘制。
如下文更全面地描述的，根据本发明的制冷系统的优点在于，其提供了回收制冷以在制冷系统或设备中其他地方重复使用的装置。额外的制冷可以缓解由于需要更高制冷能力而引起的与瓶颈情况相关的问题。这反过来可以减少或消除了对设备机械增加或修改的需要，从而降低了资本支出。回收的制冷可以用于减少制冷压缩机功率需求，从而减少能耗并降低相关运行成本。
此外，本发明的制冷系统具有能够清除低分子量杂质否则会在制冷剂中积聚的优势。这些杂质通常经过泄漏、低质量部件材料、不充分的净化和低排放密封进入闭环制冷系统中。该杂质，也称为“惰性物质”，具有比使用的普通制冷剂低得多的沸点，并可以造成许多负面影响。
例如，该惰性物质可以增加制冷剂排放压，从而增加压缩机的功耗。该惰性物质还可以通过置换更重的普通制冷剂来降低制冷系统的容量。此外，惰性物质可以在形成“覆盖层”的制冷剂冷凝器的顶部产生不凝结蒸气的起泡，这层“覆盖层”阻止进来的制冷剂蒸气与冷凝器的冷表面接触，并因此降低了制冷效率。惰性物质的存在还降低了制冷剂闪蒸温度，并减少了制冷剂与制冷系统的最小设计金属温度之间的安全界限。当必须排放制冷系统以清除过量的惰性物质时，惰性物质还造成有价值制冷剂的损失。
通过使用本发明的制冷系统，通过由使用与蒸发的液氮进行热交换冷却制冷剂实现的蒸馏法，可以很容易地清除制冷剂中的惰性物质。氮气可以达到低于典型的制冷系统的温度，并且蒸发的氮气可以在烯烃设备内使用，用于典型的用途。
本发明的第一实施例将参考图2进行描述。图2包括了上述图1所述的用于制冷系统的所有部件。特别是，本发明的制冷系统包括第一和第二级制冷剂压缩机、第一和第二级抽气鼓、制冷剂冷凝器、和制冷剂蓄能器，如上所述进行操作以为第一和第二级制冷剂用户提供制冷剂。
为解释本发明的制冷系统的操作，以下讨论指的是在乙烯生产设备中使用。如图2所示，根据本发明的制冷系统包括制冷剂排气整流器1。整流器1具有大体圆柱形横截面，并用于处理从第二级抽气鼓转移到整流器1中的一些蒸气。转移的蒸气送入到整流器1的低部，并向上通过填充部分2。在填充部分2中，蒸气直接与填充部分2下来的液体相遇。该液体通过在整流器1的顶部3中的热交换器6上冷凝产生，其中氮气被加热并蒸发。液体将乙烯从蒸气中清洗出来，同时蒸气剥离来自液体的惰性物质(例如甲烷)。到达整流器顶部的蒸气随后排放到扩口4中。该蒸气包含少量乙烯，该乙烯反过来从蒸气中冲洗出来并从底部通过阀门5排出整流器1。该乙烯几乎没有惰性物质。
如图2所示，整流器中使用的氮气从热交换器6排出。该氮气不够热，不能在设备中使用，并因此需要在使用前加热。从而如图3所示，根据本发明的第二实施例，进一步处理氮气以提高其温度。离开热交换器6的氮气在制冷过程中被加热，以节省额外的能量。来自第二级制冷剂压缩机的部分蒸气在氮气加热器中进行过热降温并与来自热交换器6的氮气冷凝。来自第二级制冷剂压缩机的制冷剂温度足够高，以充分加热氮气，从而离开氮气加热器的氮气可以在设备中的其他地方使用。排出氮气加热器的制冷剂回到第二级抽气鼓与第一级制冷剂用户之间的过程中。
在某些情况下，该制冷剂不需要清除惰性物质。在那种情况下，可以关闭整流器排气口4(如图3所示)，并且所述冷凝的制冷剂可以回到第一级制冷用户中。
本发明的制冷剂系统提供多个优势。本发明的系统能够清除来自闭环制冷系统的惰性物质。这具有降低制冷剂压缩机排放压力的效果，这会节省压缩功率。此外，循环制冷剂不包含轻质杂质，这意味着蒸发制冷剂每千克和每升能够吸收更多能量，从而提高了制冷系统的容量。此外，没有任何惰性物质蒸汽袋，否则其会填充设备的上部，如冷凝器。从而，本发明的应用允许系统更有效地运行和起作用。压力降低后的制冷剂的闪蒸温度将在没有惰性物质的情况下更热，其允许制冷剂温度与最小设计金属温度之间的设计限度得以维持。
通过使用根据本发明的制冷剂排气整流器，净化了排出的蒸气并减少了有价值制冷剂的损失，同时清除了惰性物质。惰性物质排气冷凝器还负责冷凝低压制冷剂并为最冷用户提供液体制冷剂。这提高了制冷系统的运行。
即使当不需要从系统中清除惰性物质时，通过使用本发明的制冷剂排气整流器，可以提高整个设备的效率。
以上描述指的是在乙烯生产设备中使用本发明。对于这样的乙烯设备，本发明可以用于在任何闭合的甲烷、乙烯或丙烯制冷系统中净化制冷剂。但是，本发明并没有那么有限。本发明还可以用于净化任何闭环制冷系统(例如，甲烷、乙烯、丙烯)的制冷剂。本发明的系统可以用于在乙烯或其他生产设备中使用的混合的制冷系统中。典型的混合制冷系统将包含甲烷，并且理想的是从系统中清除尽可能多的不凝结的氢和氮惰性物质。用于这种系统的甲烷通常包含氢和氮杂质。本发明的系统净化了来自本系统的氢和氮，而不会有过量的甲烷损失。
本发明的系统还可以用在其他闭环制冷系统中，例如用于天然气液化设备、空调机组和冷库机组中。从这样的闭环系统清除惰性物质(例如氮气)再次提供了许多上述提到的优势。
将理解的是，本文所述的实施例仅为示例性的，并且本领域技术人员可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下做变更和修改。所有变更和修改旨在包括在权利要求限定的本发明的范围内。应该理解是，上述实施例不仅可以替换，还可以组合。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于工业设备的制冷系统，所述制冷系统包括：
具有入口和出口的第一级制冷剂用户；
具有入口和出口的第二级制冷剂用户；
具有入口和出口的第一级抽气鼓；
具有入口、液体出口和蒸气出口的第二级抽气鼓；
具有入口和出口的第一级制冷压缩机；
具有第一入口、第二入口和出口的第二级制冷压缩机；
具有入口和出口的制冷剂冷凝器；
具有入口和出口的制冷剂蓄能器；以及
制冷剂排气整流器；
其中，所述第一级制冷剂用户的入口流体连接到所述第二级抽气鼓的液体出口上，而所述第一级制冷剂用户的出口流体连接到所述第一级抽气鼓的入口上；
所述第一级抽气鼓的出口流体连接到所述第一级制冷压缩机的入口上；
所述第一级制冷压缩机的出口流体连接到所述第二级制冷压缩机的第一入口上；
所述第二级制冷压缩机的出口流体连接到所述制冷剂冷凝器的入口上；
所述制冷剂冷凝器的出口流体连接到所述制冷剂蓄能器的入口上；
所述制冷剂蓄能器的出口流体连接到所述第二级制冷剂用户的入口上；
所述第二级制冷剂用户的出口流体连接到所述第二级抽气鼓的入口上；以及
所述第二级抽气鼓的蒸气出口流体连接到所述第二级制冷压缩机的第二入口上；
其中，所述第二级抽气鼓的蒸气出口还连接到所述制冷剂排气整流器的入口上；
其中，所述制冷剂排气整流器包括具有入口和容纳填充部分的下部、容纳热交换器的上部和在制冷剂排气整流器的顶部与制冷剂排气整流器的内部连通的排气口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制冷系统，其中，所述制冷系统是闭环制冷系统。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制冷系统，其中，所述第一级制冷剂用户是工业设备的热交换器，第二级制冷剂用户是工业设备的热交换器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制冷系统，进一步包括具有氮气入口、氮气出口、制冷剂入口和制冷剂出口的氮气加热器，其中所述制冷剂排气整流器的热交换器的出口流体连接到氮气加热器的氮气入口上，第二级制冷压缩机的出口也流体连接到氮气加热器的制冷器入口上，而氮气加热器的制冷剂出口流体连接到第一级制冷剂用户的入口上。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制冷系统，其中，所述工业设备是乙烯生产设备。
6.一种为工业设备提供制冷剂的方法，所述方法包括：
建立制冷系统，所述制冷系统具有第一级制冷剂用户、第二级制冷剂用户、第一级抽气鼓、第二级抽气鼓、第一级制冷压缩机、第二级制冷压缩机、制冷剂冷凝器、制冷剂蓄能器和制冷剂排气整流器；
将排出第二级抽气鼓的一部分制冷剂蒸气转移到排气整流器的下部；
通过在容纳在排气整流器顶部的热交换器上冷凝来产生液体；
将转移的制冷剂蒸气向上通过排气整流器的填充部分；
将液体向下通过排气整流器的填充部分；
通过将转移的制冷剂蒸气与液体接触，将乙烯从填充部分内转移的制冷剂蒸气中冲洗出来；
通过将液体与转移的制冷剂蒸气接触，将惰性材料从填充部分中的液体中剥离出来；以及
将到达排气整流器的顶部的任何转移的制冷剂蒸气排出。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，所述制冷系统是闭环制冷系统。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，所述第一级制冷剂用户是工业设备的热交换器，第二级制冷剂用户是工业设备的热交换器。
9.根据权利要求6所述的方法，进一步包括
利用来自第二级制冷剂压缩机的一部分制冷剂蒸气，在氮气加热器中加热从排气整流器的热交换器排出的氮气。
10.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，所述工业设备是乙烯生产设备。
11.一种用户制冷剂系统的排气整流器，所述整流器具有大体圆柱形的横截面，其包括用于接收制冷剂的下部、所述下部上方的填充部分、所述填充部分上方的顶部、容纳热交换器的上部和在所述顶部上方的排气口。
12.一种从闭环制冷系统中的制冷剂蒸气中清除乙烯的方法，包括：
将来自制冷系统的一部分制冷剂蒸气转移到排气整流器中，所述整流器具有大体圆柱形的横截面，其具有用于接收转移的制冷剂蒸气的下部、所述下部上方的填充部分、所述填充部分上方的顶部、容纳热交换器的上部和在所述顶部上方的排气口。
通过在排气整流器顶部的热交换器上冷凝来产生液体；
将转移的制冷剂蒸气向上通过排气整流器的填充部分；
将液体向下通过排气整流器的填充部分；并且
通过将转移的制冷剂蒸气与液体接触，将乙烯从填充部分内转移的制冷剂蒸气中冲洗出来。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，进一步包括通过将液体与转移的制冷剂蒸气接触，将惰性材料从填充部分中的液体中剥离出来。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法，进一步包括将到达排气整流器的顶部的任何转移的制冷剂蒸气排出。
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CN112856864B (zh) * 2021-01-16 2023-07-21 北海职业学院 一种制冷剂净化系统

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