CN109441746B - Self-triggering method applied to vacuum arc thruster - Google Patents
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- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H1/00—Using plasma to produce a reactive propulsive thrust
- F03H1/0006—Details applicable to different types of plasma thrusters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H1/00—Using plasma to produce a reactive propulsive thrust
- F03H1/0087—Electro-dynamic thrusters, e.g. pulsed plasma thrusters
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Abstract
The embodiment of the invention provides a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster. The method comprises the following steps: selecting a carbon-based material as a trigger electrode; set up from trigger electrode structure, from trigger electrode structure includes: a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode and an insulating medium; the cathode is of a conical cylindrical structure, the anode is of a horn-shaped nozzle structure, the insulating medium is of a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated in the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium; uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes to penetrate through the insulating medium, wherein the tips protrude from the inner surface of the insulating medium; low voltage is applied between the trigger electrode (and the cathode) and the anode, creeping discharge is generated between the trigger electrode and the anode, and then plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode is generated, so that low voltage self-triggering is realized, and vacuum arc is established between the cathode and the anode. The self-triggering method provided by the invention can realize reliable low-voltage triggering under the condition of no external triggering power supply.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of vacuum arc thrusters, in particular to a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster.
Background
The low-voltage vacuum arc starting is of great significance to the optimization of VATs (vacuum arc thrusters).
The triggering of vacuum arcs generally requires special methods such as fuses, trailing arcs and striking arcs. The purpose of all triggering methods for initiating a cold cathode arc is to establish one or more stable cathode spots, thereby generating a large amount of plasma to connect the electrodes. The simplest method of initiating a vacuum arc is to apply a high voltage to break down the vacuum gap and use the same power supply to sustain the arc. This is a reliable method for most cathode materials and does not require any other trigger assembly. However, this method has a disadvantage in that it requires a high voltage and thus tends to cause insulation problems.
Vacuum arc thrusters have been widely developed and used in recent years. It is a propeller which uses vacuum metal plasma to generate thrust. Among all the triggering modes, the most widely used vacuum arc thruster is the one using a spark plug. The spark plug generates a small amount of plasma near the cathode and initiates breakdown of the vacuum gap, which can achieve discharge at interelectrode voltages of several hundred volts. In this case, the triggering of the discharge and the maintenance of the arc current come from different power sources. However, the disadvantages of this triggering method are: due to the problems of the design of the trigger circuit and the power supply circuit and the interaction between the trigger circuit and the power supply circuit, the design becomes more complex; in addition, spark plugs are susceptible to deposition and corrosion.
Therefore, low voltage triggering without a trigger circuit is of great significance. A "triggerless" concept has been proposed by a.anders and i.g.brown. They are provided with a conductive layer on the surface of an insulating medium connecting the cathode and the anode. The explosion effect between the conductive layer and the cathode due to joule heat can generate plasma due to the low electrical resistance between the cathode and the anode. Although this method is feasible in most cases, it still has some drawbacks due to deposition and corrosion problems. The conductive layer is typically made of the same material as the cathode (not graphite) to avoid carbon contamination problems in certain applications. However, some low melting point materials (e.g., lead) may cause the resistance between the cathode and anode to be too low, and some easily oxidized materials (e.g., Li, Mg, Ba) are easily corroded to cause very high impedance (>100k Ω) between the cathode and anode; both of these conditions can lead to trigger failure. Furthermore, the special requirement of 10 μm between the cathode and the insulator is a potential disadvantage for vacuum arc thrusters, since it is almost impossible to maintain in outer space.
Therefore, it is necessary to design a method of generating a plasma-triggered vacuum arc using a special creeping discharge. The carbon fiber material with efficient field emission characteristics is used as the trigger electrode, and a lower trigger voltage is realized under the condition of no external trigger circuit.
Disclosure of Invention
Embodiments of the present invention provide a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster to solve the above-mentioned problems in the background art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the embodiment of the invention provides a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting a carbon-based material with a micron-sized structure and size and field electron emission characteristics as a trigger electrode;
providing a self-triggering electrode structure, the self-triggering electrode structure comprising: a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode and an insulating medium; wherein,
the cathode is arranged to be of a conical cylindrical structure, the anode is arranged to be of a horn-shaped nozzle structure, the insulating medium is arranged to be of a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated inside the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium; and the number of the first and second groups,
uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes, and penetrating the trigger electrodes into the insulating medium to enable the tips of the trigger electrodes to protrude from the inner surface of the insulating medium;
applying low voltage among the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode, generating surface discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode, further generating plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, realizing low voltage self-triggering, and establishing vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode.
Preferably, the carbon-based material with micron-scale structure size and field electron emission characteristic is selected as the trigger electrode, and comprises the following components:
according to Fowler-Nordheim's law which expresses the relationship between field emission current density and electric field strength:
wherein the field current density j of the cathodeFEIs a function of the electric field strength E in units of V/m, phi is the work function of the field emission point, t (y) and V (y) are tabulated functions relating to phi and E, in units;
in the formula (1), the field current density jFEIs exponentially related to the electric field intensity EA slight increase in this will result in a sharp increase in current density;
according to the above formula, the electric field intensity on the tip surface of the trigger electrode is enhanced, the carbon-based material as the trigger electrode is arranged at a position a predetermined distance from the anode, and the carbon-based material of a filament structure is used.
Preferably, the step of arranging the carbon-based material as the trigger electrode at a predetermined distance from the anode comprises:
setting a preset distance between the tip of the trigger electrode and the anode to be: 0-5 mm.
Preferably, the cathode is set to a cylindrical structure with one end being a cone, the anode is set to a horn nozzle structure, the insulating medium is set to a cylindrical structure, the cathode is wrapped inside the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium, including:
materials from which the cathode is made include, but are not limited to: lead, copper and aluminum;
the anode is made of stainless steel;
the cylindrical diameter of the cathode was set to: 1-20mm, the cone angle of the cone-shaped structure is set as follows: 0-120 degrees, and the distance between the conical tip part and the outlet of the insulating medium is set as follows: 0-20 mm;
selecting a solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube as an insulating medium, setting the inner diameter of the insulating medium to be equal to the cylindrical diameter of the cathode, wherein the difference between the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the insulating medium is as follows: 2-4 mm.
Preferably, the uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes and penetrating the trigger electrodes through the insulating medium so that tips of the trigger electrodes protrude from an inner surface of the insulating medium, includes:
the trigger electrodes are independent of each other, are connected in parallel, are connected outside the cylinder part of the insulating medium and then are connected with a current limiting resistor R with a specific resistance value2Are connected in series;
the tip of the trigger electrode protrudes from the inner surface of the insulating medium, and under the action of an induction enhancement factor β, the electric field intensity at the emission point of the tip surface of the trigger electrode is increased to reach the critical field intensity of field electron emission;
the critical field strength is as follows: 108V/m。
Preferably, the current limiting resistor R2A current limiting means for limiting current flow through said trigger electrode prior to formation of a vacuum arc;
the current limiting resistor R2The trigger electrode branch circuit is used for increasing the resistance of the trigger electrode branch circuit after a vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode is formed, and protecting the trigger electrode from being damaged in the discharging process;
the current limiting resistor R2The resistance value range of (1) is set as: 0-100k omega.
Preferably, the applying of the low voltage between the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode, generating the creeping discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode, and further generating the plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, so as to realize the low voltage self-triggering, and establishing the vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode, includes:
a plurality of trigger electrodes and a current limiting resistor R2After being connected in series, the power supply is connected with a negative high-voltage end of the power supply;
connecting the cathode with a negative high-voltage end of a power supply, wherein a branch of the trigger electrode connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply is connected with a branch of the cathode connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply in parallel;
and connecting the anode with the ground end of an external circuit through a lead.
Preferably, the applying of the low voltage between the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode, generating the creeping discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode, and further generating the plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, so as to realize the low voltage self-triggering, and establishing the vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode, further includes:
after a low voltage is applied between the trigger electrode and the anode, surface flashover occurs between the trigger electrode and the anode, and surface flashover plasma is generated;
the surface flashover plasma spreads to the region between the cathode and the anode and diffuses to the cathode, so that electrical conduction is established between the cathode and the anode, field emission of the cathode is initiated, metal plasma is generated at the conical tip of the cathode and penetrates through a vacuum gap between the cathode and the anode to form a vacuum arc.
As can be seen from the technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention, the embodiments of the present invention provide a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster, where the method includes: selecting a carbon-based material with good field electron emission characteristics and micron-sized structure size as a trigger electrode; providing a self-triggering electrode structure, the self-triggering electrode structure comprising: a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode and an insulating medium; the cathode is arranged to be in a conical cylindrical structure at one end, the anode is arranged to be in a horn-shaped nozzle structure, the insulating medium is arranged to be in a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated in the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium; and uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes, and penetrating the trigger electrodes into the insulating medium to enable the tips of the trigger electrodes to protrude from the inner surface of the insulating medium; and applying low voltage among the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode, generating surface discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode, further generating plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, realizing low-voltage self-triggering, and establishing a vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode. The self-triggering method provided by the invention can realize reliable low-voltage triggering under the condition of no external triggering power supply, does not influence the propelling effect of the vacuum arc propeller on the basis of reducing the electrode triggering voltage, further reduces the mass and the volume of the vacuum arc propeller, and provides conditions for simplifying the structure.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without inventive labor.
Fig. 1 is a process flow diagram of a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a result of electric field simulation performed on a self-triggered electrode structure by using ANSYS Maxwell 3D software according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a plasma generated by a self-triggering electrode structure along a surface flashover according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an experimental system of a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of an inter-electrode voltage waveform of a conventional high voltage vacuum breakdown method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is an inter-pole voltage waveform diagram of a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a discharge phenomenon of a conventional high voltage vacuum breakdown method under the same discharge conditions provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a discharge phenomenon of a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster under the same discharge conditions provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of an experimental result of changing an influence of a resistance value of a current limiting resistor on a breakdown characteristic according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of an experimental result of the effect of changing the distance between the cathode and the trigger electrode on the breakdown characteristic according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only for the purpose of explaining the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", "the" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Further, "connected" or "coupled" as used herein may include wirelessly connected or coupled. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the prior art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
For the convenience of understanding the embodiments of the present invention, the following description will be further explained by taking several specific embodiments as examples in conjunction with the drawings, and the embodiments are not to be construed as limiting the embodiments of the present invention.
Example one
The embodiment of the invention provides a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster, which uses a special carbon-based material as a triggering electrode to realize reliable low-voltage triggering under the condition of no external triggering power supply.
The processing flow chart of the self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster provided by the embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 1, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step S110: the carbon-based material with micron-sized structure size and field electron emission characteristic is selected as the trigger electrode.
Carbon-based materials such as diamond, graphite, and carbon nanotubes can be used as electron sources because their field emission characteristics, particularly under poor vacuum conditions, are superior to conventional metal field emission. Thus, low voltage triggering can be accomplished using carbon fiber as the trigger electrode.
Carbon fibers possess many unique properties under high vacuum conditions, such as low electron work function and cathode sputtering coefficient, high mechanical strength values, and good electrical and thermal conductivity. The surface atoms of the carbon fiber tips constitute the structure of an ideal graphite lattice, interact through most weak sigma bonds, and thus have a rather weak surface activity. The most pronounced field emission of carbon fibers occurs at this tip surface due to its large anisotropy.
In addition to the field emission characteristics of the cathode, the electric field strength is also a critical factor in determining the resulting emission current. Fowler-Nordheim's law is used to express the relationship between field emission current density and electric field strength as follows:
wherein the field current density j of the cathodeFEIs a function of the electric field strength E in units of V/m, phi is the work function of the field emission point, and t (y) and V (y) are tabulated functions of phi and E, in units.
As can be seen from the formula (1), the field current density jFEIs an exponential function of the electric field strength E, so a slight increase in the electric field strength will result in a sharp increase in the current density. And arranging the carbon-based material serving as the trigger electrode at a position away from the anode by a preset distance, and adopting the carbon-based material with a filament structure. Due to the specific filamentous structure of the carbon fibers and their short distance from the anode, the electric field strength on the tip surface thereof is significantly enhanced.
Wherein, the preset distance between the tip of the trigger electrode and the anode can be set as: 0-5 mm.
Step S120: set up from trigger electrode structure, from trigger electrode structure includes: a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode and an insulating medium; wherein,
the cathode is arranged to be in a conical cylindrical structure, the anode is arranged to be in a horn-shaped nozzle structure, the insulating medium is arranged to be in a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated inside the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium; and the number of the first and second groups,
a plurality of trigger electrodes are uniformly arranged, and the trigger electrodes are penetrated through the insulating medium so that the tips of the trigger electrodes protrude on the inner surface of the insulating medium.
In embodiments of the present invention, the cathode is made of materials including, but not limited to: lead, copper and aluminum; the anode is made of stainless steel; and the cylindrical diameter of the cathode was set to: 1-20mm, the cone angle of the cone structure of the cathode is set as follows: 0 to 120 degrees, and the distance between the conical tip part and the outlet of the insulating medium can be set as follows: 0-20 mm.
Selecting a solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube as an insulating medium, setting the inner diameter of the insulating medium to be equal to the cylindrical diameter of the cathode, and setting the difference between the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the insulating medium as follows: 2-4 mm.
The arrangement of the plurality of trigger electrodes is as follows: multiple trigger electrodes are independent of each other, connected in parallel, and connected with a current limiting resistor R with specific resistance value after being connected with the outer side of the cylinder part of the insulating medium2Are connected in series. Wherein a current limiting resistor R is connected to2The resistance value range of (1) is set as: 0-100k omega.
Current limiting resistor R2A current limiting means for limiting current flow through said trigger electrode prior to formation of a vacuum arc; and the device is also used for increasing the resistance of the trigger electrode branch after a vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode is formed, and protecting the trigger electrode from being damaged in the discharging process.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a result of electric field simulation of a self-triggering electrode structure using ANSYS Maxwell 3D software according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which a low voltage (1kV) is applied between a cathode, a triggering electrode, and an anode, and the triggering electrode passes through the cathode, the triggering electrode, and the anodeAn insulating medium with a tip protruding from the inner surface of the insulating medium, and a maximum electric field intensity of the trigger electrode tip of 3.5312 × 107V/m, which is 40 times the intensity of the electric field at the cathode tip, the emission point (typically some protrusions) at the surface of the trigger electrode tip will typically exhibit a much greater intensity of the electric field than the trigger electrode surface due to the presence of the field enhancement factor β, the field enhancement factor β may increase the intensity of the electric field by several tens of times, thereby bringing the emission point at the trigger electrode tip surface to the critical field intensity for field electron emission, 108V/m。
The electric field vector distribution is also an important factor affecting flashover along the surface. As shown in fig. 3, the electric field vector has a component perpendicular to the inner surface of the hole and a component parallel to the inner surface of the hole. A schematic diagram of the generated plasma is indicated in fig. 3. As shao, Harris and Anderson describe the mechanism of rapid flashover along a surface in vacuum, the initial electrons emitted from the carbon fibers will bombard the insulating medium and create a flashover along the inner surface between the carbon fibers and the anode. The distribution of the electric field vector also provides conditions for ions in the plasma to diffuse to the cathode and initiate a vacuum arc. Since the field emission current amplitude of a single carbon fiber is generally in the order of μ a, in order to increase the trigger current and improve the trigger reliability, the carbon fiber bundle may be used as a trigger electrode and uniformly arranged in the insulating medium of the self-triggering electrode structure.
Step S130: low voltage is applied among the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode, creeping discharge is generated between the trigger electrode and the anode, and then plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode is generated, low voltage self-triggering is realized, and a vacuum arc is established between the cathode and the anode.
A plurality of trigger electrodes and a current limiting resistor R2After being connected in series, the power supply is connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply.
And the cathode is directly connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply, and the branch of the trigger electrode connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply is connected with the branch of the cathode connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply in parallel.
And connecting the anode with the ground end of an external circuit through a lead.
After a low voltage is applied between the trigger electrode and the anode, surface flashover occurs between the trigger electrode and the anode, and surface flashover plasma is generated.
The surface flashover plasma spreads to the region between the cathode and the anode and diffuses to the cathode, so that electrical conduction is established between the cathode and the anode, field emission of the cathode is initiated, metal plasma is generated at the conical tip of the cathode and penetrates through a vacuum gap between the cathode and the anode to form a vacuum arc.
Example two
The embodiment provides an experimental system applied to a self-triggering method of a vacuum arc thruster, and a specific implementation structure of the experimental system is shown in fig. 4, which specifically includes the following contents:
the pulsed power supply uses an energy storage capacitor as an energy source for discharging. Before discharging, the energy storage capacitor C is charged to a certain voltage. When switch SG is closed, the voltage of capacitor C starts to be applied across the electrodes through current limiting resistor R1 and inductor L. A diode D in series with the circuit serves to prevent the circuit current from flowing in the reverse direction and thus to avoid oscillation of the current. In the experiment, the discharge was carried out under high vacuum condition, and the gas pressure was maintained at 10-4Pa. During the discharge, the voltage between the point a and ground is defined as the interelectrode voltage and can be obtained by a high voltage probe (TEK-P6015A); the current flowing through the anode is an arc current, which can be obtained by means of a rogowski coil.
The specific structural schematic diagram of the self-triggering electrode structure is shown in fig. 4, and a solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube is used as an insulating medium, and the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube are respectively 5mm and 7 mm. The cathode is made of lead, and the anode is made of stainless steel; the cathode is a tapered cylindrical structure, the diameter of the cylindrical structure is 5mm, one end of the cylindrical structure is tapered, the taper angle is 60 degrees, and the cathode is arranged inside the solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube. The anode is in a horn-shaped nozzle structure and is fixed at the same end of the solid polytetrafluoroethylene cylinder and the cone angle. The distance between the conical tip of the cathode and the outlet of the solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube is 5 mm.
The trigger electrode branch is connected in parallel with the cathode branch, and the experiment comprises 8 independent trigger electrodes. Touch and touchThe generator electrodes are connected in parallel, and are connected with the current-limiting resistor R after being connected with the outer side of the solid polytetrafluoroethylene cylinder2Are connected in series. Each trigger electrode has a diameter of 0.16mm and is composed of a bundle of carbon fibers. The carbon fiber bundle passes through the solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube, and the tip protrudes from the inner wall surface of the solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube. The front and side views of the trigger electrode are shown in fig. 4c and 4d, respectively.
By using the experimental system, a series of experiments are performed to test the effect of the self-triggering method provided by the embodiment of the invention.
To distinguish this self-triggering method from the conventional high-voltage breakdown method, voltage-current waveforms typical of the two vacuum breakdown methods are recorded as shown in fig. 5 and 6. For comparison, the X-axis and the Y-axis of the main coordinate systems in the two figures are set to the same scale. While the voltage waveform during triggering is amplified to show its details.
As shown in fig. 5, after the switch SG is closed, the inter-pole voltage waveform of the conventional high-voltage vacuum breakdown method shows a tendency of rapidly increasing and then rapidly decreasing. Under the coaxial electrode structure, the vacuum breakdown voltage reaches over 10 kV. It is surmised that the cathode metal plasma is initiated by field emission and propagates to the anode, causing rapid breakdown of the vacuum gap. When the vacuum breaks down, the arc current begins to increase. At this time, the interelectrode voltage is maintained at the arc voltage (not shown in the drawing since it is less than 200V).
In the self-triggering method proposed by the embodiment of the present invention, there are different establishment mechanisms of the vacuum arc. As shown in fig. 6, when the switch SG is closed, the trigger electrode can generate a planar flashover with the anode under a small voltage, and at this time, the cone tip of the cathode cannot form effective field emission due to a small field intensity. After the surface flashover occurs, the voltage waveform has 200-400V maintaining voltage, after a period of time, the arc triggering is completed, and the voltage is reduced to the arc voltage. It can be concluded that there is a planar flashover between the trigger electrode and the anode during this time, and that the plasma generated by the planar flashover propagates to the region between the cathode and the anode during this time. The time from when the interelectrode voltage starts to rise until it falls to the arc voltage is called the delay time. After the plasma has diffused to the cathode, a vacuum arc is eventually established and the arc current begins to increase. This self-triggering method reduces the electrode breakdown voltage by several hundred volts, which is less than 8% of the vacuum breakdown voltage.
To verify the authenticity of the analysis of the self-triggering process, the discharge phenomena of the two triggering methods under the same discharge conditions were recorded, as shown in fig. 7 and 8, respectively, where the light intensity is represented by a color bar. As can be seen from the figure, the areas of maximum light intensity for both discharge modes appear near the cathode tip. It is generally considered that a region of high intensity of light indicates the most intense discharge. The region of maximum intensity generally indicates the most intense discharge process. Thus, the discharge phenomenon demonstrates that the vacuum arc of both discharge modes is initiated by the cathode tip and is a vacuum metal arc.
When the vacuum arc is established, the current amplitude is determined by the energy of the energy storage capacitor and can exceed tens of amperes. A current limiting resistor R is arranged in the self-triggering electrode structure2In series with the trigger electrode to protect it from damage during discharge. The specific principle is as follows:
before the vacuum arc is formed, there is no electrical connection between the cathode and the anode, and a creeping discharge occurs between the trigger electrode and the anode. Resistance R2The current flowing through the trigger electrode can be limited to avoid excessive current. When the vacuum arc is formed, the cathode and the anode are electrically connected through the plasma, and the cathode-anode branch and the trigger electrode branch become a parallel relation. The trigger electrode is a semiconductor and has higher impedance compared with a cathode made of a metal material. Current limiting resistor R2The resistance of the trigger electrode branch is further increased after the trigger electrode is connected in series. According to the basic law of the circuit, the current of a parallel circuit is inversely proportional to its resistance. Therefore, the current flowing through the trigger electrode branch is far smaller than that of the cathode-anode branch, and the damage of the trigger electrode caused by large current is avoided.
From the above analysis, it can be found that the triggering key of this "self-triggering" method is the creeping discharge process. In order to further explore the influence of electrode parameters on the triggering process, the change of the breakdown characteristic is respectively researched by changing the resistance value of the current limiting resistor and the distance between the cathode and the triggering electrode.
In the experiment, each 80 discharges was taken as a set of data, and the average values of the trigger voltage and the delay time were calculated, and the results are shown in fig. 9 and 10.
As can be seen from FIG. 9, the current limiting resistor R2The resistance value of (a) has an influence on the trigger voltage. When the current limiting resistor is increased, the average trigger voltage is increased. When the current limiting resistor is increased to an extreme resistance value of 100k omega, the trigger voltage is increased to about 3kV, but the self-triggering method can still work normally. It can be concluded that before triggering, the field current flows through the current limiting resistor, which leads to an increase in the trigger voltage due to the voltage dividing effect of the resistor.
As can be seen from fig. 10, as the distance between the cathode and the trigger electrode is gradually increased, the delay time is significantly extended and approximately proportional thereto. It can be concluded that the greater the distance of the cathode from the trigger electrode, the more time is required for the plasma to diffuse to the cathode. In the course of the experiments it was found that an increase in the distance of the cathode from the trigger electrode does not affect the trigger voltage.
During this experiment, experiments related to the self-triggering method were carried out using mainly low-melting lead as the cathode material, and 10 had been reached with this material4Number of reliable triggers above level. The cathode material with high melting point has higher trigger reliability because metal particles are not easy to generate in the discharge process. In addition, after self-triggering tests are carried out on several common cathode materials (such as copper and aluminum), the reliable triggering times can reach 105A rank.
The vacuum arc thruster has a simple structure and high requirement on triggering due to the small mass. The self-triggering method can meet the requirements of the vacuum arc thruster in the aspects of voltage reduction effect, reliability, applicability and the like. In order to investigate the discharge characteristics of the method provided by the invention after being applied to a vacuum arc thruster, the method is compared with the traditional high-voltage breakdown method, and plasma density measurement and thrust specific impulse measurement are carried out at a position 100mm away from an anode nozzle, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1, the "self-triggering" method proposed herein reduces the required voltage at arc generation to below 8% in the high voltage breakdown mode under the same energy storage conditions. Meanwhile, the generation characteristic and the propulsion characteristic of the plasma of the vacuum arc propeller are kept unchanged. Therefore, the self-triggering method provided by the invention can be seen on the basis of reducing the electrode triggering voltage, and the propelling effect of the vacuum arc propeller cannot be influenced. Since the self-triggering method does not need to specially design a triggering circuit, compared with a triggering mode of a spark plug, the self-triggering method provides conditions for further reducing the mass and the volume of the vacuum arc thruster and simplifying the structure.
In summary, the embodiments of the present invention provide a self-triggering method applied to a vacuum arc thruster, where the method includes: selecting a carbon-based material as a trigger electrode; set up from trigger electrode structure, from trigger electrode structure includes: a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode and an insulating medium; the cathode is of a conical cylindrical structure, the anode is of a horn-shaped nozzle structure, the insulating medium is of a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated in the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium; uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes to penetrate through the insulating medium, wherein the tips protrude from the inner surface of the insulating medium; low voltage is applied between the trigger electrode (and the cathode) and the anode, creeping discharge is generated between the trigger electrode and the anode, and then plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode is generated, so that low voltage self-triggering is realized, and vacuum arc is established between the cathode and the anode. The self-triggering method provided by the invention can realize reliable low-voltage triggering under the condition of no external triggering power supply, does not influence the propelling effect of the vacuum arc propeller on the basis of reducing the electrode triggering voltage, further reduces the mass and the volume of the vacuum arc propeller, and provides conditions for simplifying the structure.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: the figures are merely schematic representations of one embodiment, and the blocks or flow diagrams in the figures are not necessarily required to practice the present invention.
The embodiments in the present specification are described in a progressive manner, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from the other embodiments. In particular, for apparatus or system embodiments, since they are substantially similar to method embodiments, they are described in relative terms, as long as they are described in partial descriptions of method embodiments. The above-described embodiments of the apparatus and system are merely illustrative, and the units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and the parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the modules may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the present embodiment. One of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement it without inventive effort.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (8)
1. A self-triggering method for use with a vacuum arc thruster, the method comprising:
selecting a carbon-based material with a micron-sized structure and size and field electron emission characteristics as a trigger electrode;
providing a self-triggering electrode structure, the self-triggering electrode structure comprising: a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode and an insulating medium; wherein,
the cathode is arranged to be of a conical cylindrical structure, the anode is arranged to be of a horn-shaped nozzle structure, the insulating medium is arranged to be of a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated inside the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium; and the number of the first and second groups,
uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes, and penetrating the trigger electrodes into the insulating medium to enable the tips of the trigger electrodes to protrude from the inner surface of the insulating medium;
applying low voltage among the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode, generating surface discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode, further generating plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, realizing low voltage self-triggering, and establishing vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode.
2. The self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster, as recited in claim 1, wherein the selecting the carbon-based material with micron-sized structure size having field electron emission characteristics as the triggering electrode comprises:
according to Fowler-Nordheim's law which expresses the relationship between field emission current density and electric field strength:
wherein the field current density j of the cathodeFEIs a function of the electric field strength E in units of V/m, phi is the work function of the field emission point, t (y) and V (y) are tabulated functions relating to phi and E, in units;
in the formula (1), the field current density jFEThe electric field intensity E is in an exponential function relation, and a slight increase of the electric field intensity can cause a sharp increase of the current density;
according to the above formula, the electric field intensity on the tip surface of the trigger electrode is enhanced, the carbon-based material as the trigger electrode is arranged at a position a predetermined distance from the anode, and the carbon-based material of a filament structure is used.
3. The self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster of claim 2, wherein the step of arranging the carbon-based material as the triggering electrode at a predetermined distance from the anode comprises:
setting a preset distance between the tip of the trigger electrode and the anode to be: 0-5 mm.
4. The self-triggering method for the vacuum arc thruster of claim 1, wherein the cathode is configured as a cylindrical structure with a conical end, the anode is configured as a horn nozzle structure, the insulating medium is configured as a cylindrical structure, the cathode is coated inside the insulating medium, and the anode is fixed at one end of the insulating medium, comprising:
materials from which the cathode is made include, but are not limited to: lead, copper and aluminum;
the anode is made of stainless steel;
the cylindrical diameter of the cathode was set to: 1-20mm, the cone angle of the cone-shaped structure is set as follows: 0-120 degrees, and the distance between the conical tip part and the outlet of the insulating medium is set as follows: 0-20 mm;
selecting a solid polytetrafluoroethylene tube as an insulating medium, setting the inner diameter of the insulating medium to be equal to the cylindrical diameter of the cathode, wherein the difference between the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the insulating medium is as follows: 2-4 mm.
5. The self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster, according to claim 1, wherein the step of uniformly arranging a plurality of trigger electrodes and penetrating the trigger electrodes through an insulating medium so that tips of the trigger electrodes protrude from an inner surface of the insulating medium comprises the steps of:
the trigger electrodes are independent of each other, are connected in parallel, are connected outside the cylinder part of the insulating medium and then are connected with a current limiting resistor R with a specific resistance value2Are connected in series;
the tip of the trigger electrode protrudes from the inner surface of the insulating medium, and under the action of an induction enhancement factor β, the electric field intensity at the emission point of the tip surface of the trigger electrode is increased to reach the critical field intensity of field electron emission;
the critical field strength is as follows: 108V/m。
6. The self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster of claim 5, wherein the current limiting resistor R2A current limiting means for limiting current flow through said trigger electrode prior to formation of a vacuum arc;
the current limiting resistor R2The trigger electrode branch circuit is used for increasing the resistance of the trigger electrode branch circuit after a vacuum arc between the cathode and the anode is formed, and protecting the trigger electrode from being damaged in the discharging process;
the current limiting resistor R2The resistance value range of (1) is set as: 0-100k omega.
7. The self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster of claim 1, wherein the low voltage self-triggering is realized by applying a low voltage between the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode and generating a creeping discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode to generate a plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, and the vacuum arc is established between the cathode and the anode, and the method comprises the following steps:
a plurality of trigger electrodes and a current limiting resistor R2After being connected in series, the power supply is connected with a negative high-voltage end of the power supply;
connecting the cathode with a negative high-voltage end of a power supply, wherein a branch of the trigger electrode connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply is connected with a branch of the cathode connected with the negative high-voltage end of the power supply in parallel;
and connecting the anode with the ground end of an external circuit through a lead.
8. The self-triggering method applied to the vacuum arc thruster of claim 7, wherein the low voltage self-triggering is realized by applying a low voltage between the trigger electrode, the cathode and the anode and generating a creeping discharge between the trigger electrode and the anode to generate a plasma for conducting the cathode and the anode, and a vacuum arc is established between the cathode and the anode, further comprising:
after a low voltage is applied between the trigger electrode and the anode, surface flashover occurs between the trigger electrode and the anode, and surface flashover plasma is generated;
the surface flashover plasma spreads to the region between the cathode and the anode and diffuses to the cathode, so that electrical conduction is established between the cathode and the anode, field emission of the cathode is initiated, metal plasma is generated at the conical tip of the cathode and penetrates through a vacuum gap between the cathode and the anode to form a vacuum arc.
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