CN1094310A - 人体免疫缺陷性病毒感染用组合式化学疗法 - Google Patents

人体免疫缺陷性病毒感染用组合式化学疗法 Download PDF

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CN1094310A
CN1094310A CN93119207A CN93119207A CN1094310A CN 1094310 A CN1094310 A CN 1094310A CN 93119207 A CN93119207 A CN 93119207A CN 93119207 A CN93119207 A CN 93119207A CN 1094310 A CN1094310 A CN 1094310A
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T·C·梅里根
R·伍德
A·L·戈德斯坦
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Abstract

一种治疗人HIV感染的方法,该法利用协同组 合式化学治疗方案,其中所述方案的成分至少含一种 胸腺素或免疫调节活性片段,其类似物或其衍生物, 至少一种白细胞介素或其活性衍生物,或至少一种 HIV复制或逆转录抑制因子。

Description

概括地说本发明涉及HIV感染人的治疗,尤其涉及使用细胞激动素,免疫应答修饰剂以及抗逆病毒性药物的组合式化学治疗方案。
HIV感染会导致T-助细胞(CD+4细胞)数量的降低,损伤这类细胞的功能,并且发展成免疫缺陷状态。感染过的个体,特别是那些受到严重HIV感染的个体,易患各种机遇性感染和/或恶性肿瘤。当CD4 +细胞数降到200/mm3以下时,机遇性感染发展的危险会变得十分显著,当CD4 +细胞数进一步降低时,危险会持续增长。
1983年,HIV首先由患AIDS及其前驱的与AIDS有关综合症(“ARC”)的病人身上分离出来。当用于本发明时,“HIV”或“人体免疫缺陷性病毒”是指一种导致细胞病变的人类逆病毒,它使人体T-淋巴细胞受到感染,包括HIV-1和HIV-2。虽然AIDS和相关的综合症已经主要在同性恋者,静脉药物使用者、已感染者的血液产品的受血者以及AIDS病人性伙伴和AIDS病人的婴儿中得到证实,但是自1983年以来所得到的HIV-特异性抗体检验已证实大量血清反应阳性的人会有更大的危险患临床HIV疾病。AIDS是极大范围的全球性问题。
除了供实验使用外,目前尚未获得合适的抗-HIV疫苗供预防治疗用。因此,近来的研究集中在治疗形式上。常规疗法在于降低病毒复制以及提供抗机遇性感染的预防措施。
现在唯一被FDA许可的用于人体的抗HIV复制药物是叠氮胸苷(AZT,zidovudine ZDV),Retrovir
Figure 931192072_IMG1
Burroughs Wellcome Co.),二脱氧胞苷(ddc,Hivid
Figure 931192072_IMG2
,Zalcitabine Bristol-Myers,Co.)和二脱氧次黄芏(ddI,Videx ,didanosine,Hoffman,-LaRoche)所有这些药物都是寄生细胞中的逆病毒复制的抑制因子。
如上所述,具有严重HIV感染的病人的免疫系统已严重受损。因此近代研究集中在能增强感染HIV的病人的免疫系统的试剂上。
具有免疫调节特性的多肽是已知的。这些分子分别是指细胞激动素、淋巴因子和生物应答修饰剂,它们包括:(1)白细胞介素(例如IL-1和IL-2,它们是与细胞免疫应答有关的细胞激动素;(2)干扰素(例如IFN-α、-β和γ),它们具有免疫调节和抗病毒两种特性;以及(3)胸腺素(例如胸腺素α1(THN-α1)、一种28氨基酸多肽),它们由胸腺的上皮细胞制造并且是人们已知的T-细胞成熟因子。重组DNA技术和化学肽合成方面的进展已经能够生产出治疗量的所述多肽。
胸腺素的一个主要作用是刺激多能干细胞转化为胸腺细胞和随后刺激胸腺细胞成熟为活化T-淋巴细胞。胸腺素还具有其它一些作用,如对亲和性IL-2受体、IFN-α和r、以及体液抗体的制备过程产生刺激作用。
IL-1能刺激T-细胞的成熟和增殖以及由T-细胞产生IL-2,这些物质与由抗原和免疫球蛋白产生的信号一起以这样一种形式起作用,以致T-细胞活化能实现。由CD4 +细胞产生IL-2对于刺激β-淋巴细胞以增殖和分化成为免疫球蛋白分泌细胞是重要的。另外,IL-2已经显示出能刺激人和实验动物体内产生IFN-γ。
IFN-α已经表明它在体外抗HIV复制是活性的,而且据报导在体内,该多肽配合以叠氮胸苷(zidovudine)(ZDV)在具有卡波齐氏(Kaposi)综合症的HIV病人体内是活性的,除了它们的直接病毒效果外,干扰素也具有免疫调节的功能,如提高天然杀伤细胞(NK)的产生和活化,以及抑制细胞的生长。人们认为IFN-α和-β主要是抗病毒的,而IFN-r主要具有免疫调节功能。
在具有血清反应阳性AIDS或明显AIDS的病人中曾经进行过一些努力以求弄清楚细胞激动素的免疫调节性能,但只取得有限的成果。Sohulof等人曾报导过有关THN-α1和Thymosin        FractionV(胸腺素的粗混合物)在具有降低的助细胞/抑制因子T-细胞比的HIV血清反应阳性的病人身上的Phase        Ⅰ/Ⅱ临床实验。该实验对于确定治疗的效果来说其规模和期限明显不够,而且也未报导有关的效果。
在Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ临床实验中,其中AIDS病人是用IL-α(rIL-2)治疗的,Volberding等人2未观察到免疫状态有改进,因而提出rIL-2在用单一试剂治疗具有晚期AIDS的病人时,没有作用。
Schwartz等人3在10个HIV血清反应阳性的,无症状的,CD4 +大于约400细胞/mm3的病人身中连续输入IL-2并口服ZDV,结果观察到了CD4 +细胞增长明显但是不稳定。更高剂量可同时提高天然杀伤(NK)和淋巴因子活化的杀伤(LAK)细胞的活性。P24抗原血没有提高。淋巴细胞HIV前病毒DNA没有提高。从有关组合式治疗明显AIDS方面的价值中未能得出结论(其评论,可见文献4)。
IL-2本身的使用由于它的循环半衰期短,所以限制了临床应用5,用IL-2治疗HIV病需要连续输注大量的多肽,并且产生不同的免疫增强作用3.4已知用聚乙二醇对rIL-α进行化学修饰在动物模式中能提高其半衰期10-20倍之多5
近来Garaci等人以文摘形式描述了使用THN-α1,IFN-α和ZDV组合式疗法初步结果,其病人感染HIV但无症状,所存在的CD4 +细胞数在100-500/mm3之间。治疗一年以后,相对于接受ZDV加IFN-α的6个病人一组或只接受ZDV的10个病人一组而言,在接受这三种药物的10个病人一组中观察到了CD4 +细胞有很小的提高。
目前对于感染HIV的人来说组合式疗法仍然存在重要的需要该疗法有效且副作用很低地攻击病毒和强化免疫应答系统,这样的治疗模式已被发现并在本文中说明和请求保护。
申请人已发现了一种组合式化学治疗方案适于治疗或预防HIV感染,它包括协同施用免疫系统提高剂量的至少一种胸腺素或免疫调节活性片段,其类似物或其衍生物,免疫系统加强剂量的LL-2或其衍生物和至少一种HIV复制或逆转录抑制因子化合物,因此本发明的一个方面是治疗人类HIV感染的方法,它包括协同施用有效量的至少一种胸腺素或片段,其类似物或其衍生物,至少一种IL-2或其活性衍生物,以及至少一种HIV复制或逆转录抑制因子。
本发明另一方面是涉及一种商业组合物,该组合物分别包含有效量至少一种胸腺素或活性片段,其类似物或其衍生物,至少一种IL-2和/或其活性衍生物,和至少一种HIV复制和/或是转录抑制因子化合物(以单位剂量形式)
本发明的种种方面通过参阅下述描述和所附权利要求书会变得更清楚。
申请者们已发现了一种组合式化学治疗方案,它包括协同(即相同方案)向感染HIV病人施用至少一种免疫系统加强胸腺素或活性片段,其类似物或其组合物,至少一种免疫系统加强IL-2或其活性衍生物,以及至少一种HIV复制或逆转录抑制因子化合物(以有效形式和剂量),结果在该病人体内产生有益的协同临床效应,该组合式疗法较每种药物作为单独治疗形式给药在体内更加有效。
用于本文的术语“胸腺素”将包括任何在胸腺中制成的免疫增效多肽。在其它的多肽和片段当中,它还包括THN-α1和任何免疫调节有效的肽片段、类似物或其衍生物。当用于本文下文时,术语“THN-α”应理解成包括胸腺-α1和任何免疫调节有效的肽片段、衍生物及其类似物。组合式化学治疗方案中的胸腺素部分包含至少含有一种胸腺素作为活性成分的药物,可以以游离形式或以药物可接受盐的形式,这种药剂除了活性物质外,还有适於所选定的给药方法的常规的药物可接受的载体(见Remington′s        pharmaceutical        sciences,mack        publishing        co,Easton,pa,该文编入本文作参考。
获取胸腺素或由市售来源(例如,Alpha        1        Biomedicals,Inc,Foster        City,(A)通过使用肽合成常规方法(例如Merrifield一型合成)或按照USP4,353,821或USP4.612,365中所述方法,这些文献编入本文作为参考
胸腺素可口服或肠胃外使用,后者既可静脉内,皮下也可肌肉内使用,然而最好是皮下使用(S,C)。当THN-α1使用剂量范围约300-约1200μg/m2身体表面积时(作为游离化合物或药物可接受盐,在一种药物可接受的载体中),它是一种有效的免疫增强剂;在配药之前,将冷冻的胸腺制剂溶解于药物可接受的稀释剂中,对一个典型的病人来说,THN-α1最好的给药制度是两次/周皮下注射约1000-约2000μg的胸腺素。所需剂量可依治疗的特定情况、病情的严重性,和所需治疗期限,以及协同给药的本发明组合疗法中的其它药物而变化。对药物使用来说最好的剂量单位形式是每小瓶2mg的冷冻THN-α1,而且该物质通过添加稀释剂而在使用之前重新组成。
包括在本发明组合式化学治疗方案中的是HIV复制的抑制因子。HIV使用酶逆转录酶(“RT”)转录,即复制,将其RNA转录成DNA然后该DNA掺入寄主的基团组中。FDA批准的可用于病人的ZDV、ddc和ddI是嘧啶核苷酸类似物并且能起到多核苷酸链终止区的作用。然而,本专利的范围应包括非一核苷酸,直接HIV RT抑制因子,如Nevirapine及其类似物,这些物质直接与RT的三维结构互相作用并降低其酶活性9。Nevirapine是抑制Hiv-1RT的联吡啶二吖庚因酮(dipyrido-diazepinone)已经由Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals,Ridgefield,CT研制出来。在包括nevirapine的种类中的其它药物包括三环吡啶苯并吖庚因酮类(tricyclic pyridobenzoxazepinones)和二苯并吖庚因酮类(dibenzoxapinones)
将在一种合适的药物剂量单位配方中的ZDV和/或其它嘧啶核苷酸类似物(例如含有50-100mg药物外加惰性载体和填料的胶囊)通过口服向感染HIV的病人给药,此时以有效的逆转录病毒抑制剂量并且根据适合疾病的严重程度和其它临床因素的制度,在组合式化学疗法中ZDV的最佳有效起始剂量是在24小时内口服500mg对于一个70kg的病人,该剂量相应地为每6小时约1.8mg/kg。然而,当将胸腺素和白细胞介素(见下文)配合给药时,按照临床情况和下文所列检验建议对这样一个病人使用较低的日剂量。施用Nevirapine和类似药物剂量范围为50-600mg/天,使用合适的剂量单位例如含约50-600mg的药物外加惰性填料或载体的胶囊,本技术领域的一般技术人员无需过多的实验就能根据病人的临床病情(正如下文讨论的参数)确定剂量。
据报导PEG-IL-2(聚乙二醇以酯链与IL-2连结)相对IL-2本身6来说显示出更好的药物动力学和药物力学。如上所指出的,已经知道与PEG共轭能提高IL-25半衰期10-20倍。在药物可接受的载体(例如在5%蒸馏消毒水中的石旋糖)中重组的天然或重组体IL-2或PEG-IL-2,可经iv或s.c给药。当PEG-IL-2具有延长活性期时,它可通过间歇外部i.v注入。施用PEG-IL-2最好每周或两周(即每两周)在15分钟内以一次i.v注入,此时使用由临床情况确定的日程表。然而,通过s.c途径施用PEG-IL-2也是可行的,这取决于临床情况。就PEG-IL-2而言,当临床病人的CD4 +细胞数低于约400细胞/mm3时,其合适的免疫系统激发剂量范围约为0.1-约50×60IU/m2人身体面积。当协同施用THN-α1和AZT时,尤其是对于那些在高剂量PEG-IL-α下会产生瞬时,但可反复的低血压的病人,PEG-IL-α范围低限(例如约1×106IU/m2)是优选的。IL-2可以约1.5-约12×106IU/m2人身体表面积的剂量通过未稍i.v给药,也可以约0.3-约20×106IU/m2人身体面积的剂量通过s.c给药。在本技术领域内的一般熟练的专业人员均能按感染状态而调节剂量。
方便的药物剂量单位含有冷冻粉末状的IL-2为2-2OIU和PEG-IL-2为1-5IU,该剂量单位使用前用稀释重新组成。
在典型的长期治疗优选方案中,剂量为500mg p.o的每日给药嘧啶核苷酸类似物(ZDV、ddI或ddc)在用PEG-IL-2和THN-α1治疗开始之前4-8周开始,并持续整个第三疗程。i.v注入PEG-IL-2每周三次、每周一次或隔周一次,在约1-3×106IU/m2的水平下持续6-7月,给药频率由CD4 +细胞数确定。以每次注射剂量每周皮下注射THN-α1两次。为了弄清楚组合疗法中不希望有的毒性,人们使用一个月的扦入期,在此期间内将0.4mg的THN-α1与约1-3×106IU/m2的FEG-IL-2一块使用。假若未观察到显著毒性时,THN-α1的剂量可提高至每次注射1.6mg,并且在整个治疗期都保持在这个水平上。
用于本文所描述的组合式化学治疗方案中的药物可以组合在商业药物组合物中,该组合物是由合适的药物剂量单位每种药物以特殊组合形式组成。例如,在上述最佳方案中,该药物组合物可以含有100mgZDV胶囊,含有足以提供1-3×106IU/m2人身体表面积的PEG-IL-2量(例如1-5IU)的小瓶,和含1-2mgTHN-α1的小瓶。其它剂量单位可按需要加入该药物组合物中,例如,含2-20IU的IL-2小瓶,含ddc或ddI的小瓶,以及含Nevirapine或其它RT抑制因子的小瓶。
病态显示器的测量可周期性地在病人身上进行,包括:淋巴细胞亚群(lymphocyte subset)(包括活化T4(CD4)、T8和NK淋巴细胞、和单核细胞的数量);HIV-特异细胞毒性;淋巴细胞在应答具有标准抗源(如强直类毒素或假丝酵母)的外源凝集素(例如Con A)中的增殖;NK和LAK活性;对组ⅡMHC和CDA的自身抗体;IL-2或PEG-IL-2、THN-α1和ZDV的血浆浓度;对THN-α1、IL-2和PEG-IL-2的抗体;血浆中可溶的IL-2受体;HIV-特异性中和抗体滴度;病毒蛋白P24的数量;和通过例如聚合酶链反应确定的HIV原病毒的数量。另外,在功能性免疫应答上的提高和机遇性感染的降低可周期性测定。眼伤害(例如维管枢曲、静脉出芽、色素上皮萎缩、微出血(microhemorages)、小动脉瘤、视网膜边缘上柔软的白色或灰色混浊和静脉周炎)也可作为本发明效果而接受检验,所以这些进行测量的方法和技术在本技术领域内部是标准的。
由于当CD4 +淋巴细胞数低于约200/mm3时,会使95%以上的Pneumocystis carinil(卡氏肺病囊虫)发作(AIDS病人发病和致死的主导原因)产生从而导致流行事件,优选的治疗目的是调节本发明组合式疗法中的剂量和方案,以提高和维持CD4 +细胞数至少在该临界值以上,最好在400细胞/mm3以上,在任何情况下,都可使CD4 +细胞数提高至少超过最低数的10%左右。
参考文献
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Claims (32)

1、一种用于治疗感染HIV的人的药物组合物,包括独立药物剂量单位的至少一种免疫系统强化胸腺素,至少一种免疫系统强化白细胞介素或其活性衍生物,和至少一种HIV复制或逆转录抑制因子,其量对于抗HIV感染的化学疗法或预防是有效的。
2、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述抑制因子选自联吡啶二吖庚因酮(dipyridodiazepinone),三环吡啶苯并吖庚因酮(tricyclic        pyridobenzoxazepinones)和二苯并吖庚因酮(dibenzoxapinones)。
3、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包括THN-α1、IL-2和ZDV。
4、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位含THN-α1、PEG-IL-2和ZDV。
5、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包含THN-α1、IL-2和ddc。
6、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包含THN-α1、PEG-IL-2和ddc。
7、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包含THN-α1、IL-2和ddI。
8、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包含THN-α1、PEG-IL-2和ddI。
9、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包含THN-α1、IL-2和Nevirapine。
10、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述剂量单位包含THN-α1、PEG-IL-2和Nevirapine。
11、一种权利要求3的方法,其中所述THN-α1给药剂量单位是1-2mg s.c,每周两次,IL-2的给药剂量单位是连续末稍i.v注入1.5-12×106IU/m2和ZDV的给药剂量单位是500mg/天 p.o。
12、权利要求3的组合物,其中所述THN-α1的给药剂量单位为1-2mg s.c,每周两次,IL-2的给药剂量单位是s.c 0.3-20×106IU/m2的药丸,每天两次,间隔14天,和以剂量单位给药的ZDV,其制度为500mg/天p.o。
13、权利要求4的组合物,其中所述以剂量单位给药的THN-α1,其制度为1-2mg s.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的PEG-IL-2,其制度为1-3×106IU/m2i.v,两周一次,和以剂量单位给药的ZDV,其制度为500mg/天p.o。
14、权利要求4的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的PEG-IL-2,其制度为1×106IU/m2s.c,间隔7-28天,和以剂量单位给药的ZDV,其制度为500mg/天p.o。
15、权利要求5的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的所述IL-2,其制度为1.5-12×106 IU/m 2 i.v,和以剂量单位给药的所述ddc,其制度每天0.75mgt.i.d,p.o。
16、权利要求6的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的所述PEG-IL-2,其制度为1-3×106IU/m2i.v,两周一次,和以剂量单位给药的所述ddc,其制度为0.75mgt.i.d,p.o。
17、权利要求7的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的IL-2,其制度为1.5-12×106IU/m2i.v,和以剂量单位给药的所述ddI,其给药制度为200mgb.i.d,p.o。
18、权利要求8的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的FHG-IL-2,其制度为1-3×106IU/m2i.v,两周一次,和所述ddI给药制度为每日200mgb.i.d,p.o。
19、权利要求9的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的所述IL-2,其制度为1.5-12×106IU/m2i.v,和以剂量单位给药的Nevirapine,其制度为50-600mg/天。
20、权利要求10的组合物,其中所述THN-α1以剂量单位给药,其制度为1-2mgs.c,每周两次,以剂量单位给药的所述PEG-IL-2,其制度为1-3×106IU/m2i.v,两周一次,和以剂量单位给药的Nevirapine,其制度为50-600mg/天。
21、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述胸腺素是THN-α1。
22、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述白细胞介素是IL-2或PEG-IL-2。
23、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述HIV复制抑制因子是嘧啶核苷酸类似物。
24、权利要求23的组合物,其中所述类似物选自ZDV,ddc和ddI。
25、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述HIV逆转录抑制因子是一种能与所述逆转录酶相互作用从而降低酶活性的化合物。
26、权利要求25的组合物,其中所述化合物是Nevirapine。
27、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述胸腺素药物剂量单位包含1-2mg的冷冻THN-α1。
28、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述白细胞介素药物剂量单位2-20IU的IL-2,或1-5IU的PEG-IL-2。
29、权利要求27的组合物,其中所述免疫系统强化量含有足以提高CD4 +细胞数至少约10%的量。
30、权利要求28的组合物,其中所述免疫系统强化量含有足以能提高CD4 +细胞数至少约10%的数量。
31、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述HIV复制抑制因子药物剂量单位含有100mg的嘧啶核苷酸类似物。
32、权利要求1的组合物,其中所述HIV逆转录抑制因子药物剂量单位含有50mg逆转录抑制因子化合物。
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