CN109359623B - Hyperspectral image migration classification method based on depth joint distribution adaptive network - Google Patents
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Abstract
A hyperspectral image migration classification method based on a depth joint distribution adaptive network comprises the following steps: inputting hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain, and performing characteristic normalization and dimension unification; combining the characteristics of the source domain and target domain hyperspectral images; constructing an edge probability distribution adaptation network, and performing edge probability distribution adaptation of the source domain and target domain hyperspectral images; selecting training samples of hyperspectral images of a source domain and a small number of target domains according to a one-to-many classification principle; constructing a conditional probability distribution adaptation network, and performing conditional probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain; and performing one-to-many classification on the hyperspectral images of the target domain. The invention provides a depth-based joint distribution adaptation network, which realizes the characteristic adaptation of the high-spectrum images of the source domain and the target domain and reduces the joint probability distribution difference of the source domain and the target domain; meanwhile, the one-to-many classification model is adopted, so that the distinguishing performance between classes is improved, and the accuracy of the migration and classification of the hyperspectral images is further improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of remote sensing image processing, and particularly relates to hyperspectral image migration classification based on a depth joint distribution adaptive network.
Background
The hyperspectral image has high spectral resolution and wide wave band coverage range, and the obtained feature target spectrum detail information is rich, thereby being beneficial to fine feature analysis. The hyperspectral image classification is an important content for the hyperspectral image interpretation and is widely applied to the fields of mineral exploration, vegetation investigation, agricultural monitoring and the like. Due to the fact that the hyperspectral image is large in data quantity and redundancy exists, the same target has spectrum difference on different data, and the classification effect is affected.
The hyperspectral image classification is a process of classifying the characteristics of the acquired target spectral signals and the like by analysis, and a supervised classification method is mainly adopted. The supervised classification models all need a large number of training samples to obtain excellent classification results. Usually, training samples are obtained by manual labeling, which requires a large labor cost. In practical application, a new marked sample of remote sensing data is not easy to obtain. In order to realize automatic classification, the new remote sensing data should be classified by using a classifier trained by other data. However, in the hyperspectral image classification process, the data migration capability of the classifier is affected due to different factors such as sensors and waveband coverage. A classifier trained on one data set has a higher classification accuracy on that data, but hardly achieves the same effect on other data.
Aiming at the problem of limited data migration capability in hyperspectral image migration classification, a domain adaptation model based on migration learning is proposed to reduce the influence of different sensor data differences. For example, Kernel-based domain-invariant feature selection in hyperspectral images for transfer learning, published by IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, volume 54, 5, of 2016 C.et al, proposes a method for domain-invariant feature selection based on nuclear learning, in which the stability of data migration is measured by calculating the distance of conditional probability distributions of source and target domains in the regenerated nuclear Hilbert space, and experiments prove the effectiveness of feature selection. In 2018, published in volume 56 and phase 10 of IEEE Transactions on science and motion Sensing, Deep feature alignment neural networks for domain adaptation of hyperspectral data, a Deep convolution cyclic neural network was proposed to perform feature learning and domain adaptation of source domain and target domain hyperspectral images, and experiments prove that the method can improve the precision of target domain hyperspectral image classification by using information of the source domain. The method does not analyze the joint probability distribution of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain, and does not effectively utilize the joint probability distribution of data to further improve the migration classification effect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a model capable of obtaining a better migration classification effect, and provides a hyperspectral image migration classification method based on a depth joint distribution adaptive network.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the hyperspectral image migration classification method based on the depth joint distribution adaptive network comprises the following steps:
(1) inputting hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain, and performing characteristic normalization and dimension unification:
(1a) respectively normalizing the spectral characteristics of the two hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain to enable the spectral characteristics to be distributed between 0 and 1;
(1b) if the spectral dimensions of the two hyperspectral images are different, zero padding is carried out on the hyperspectral images with low dimensions, so that the hyperspectral images with low dimensions and the hyperspectral images with high dimensions are unified in dimension;
(2) combining the characteristics of the source domain and target domain hyperspectral images:
(2a) respectively vectorizing the spectral characteristics of the source domain hyperspectral image and the target domain hyperspectral image;
(2b) combining the spectral characteristics of the source domain and the target domain into a vector set;
(3) constructing a three-layer marginal probability distribution adaptation network, and carrying out marginal probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain:
(3a) constructing a first layer of edge probability distribution adaptation network by utilizing a linear denoising encoder and a nonlinear encoder, solving the weight of the linear denoising encoder, and adapting the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain;
(3b) constructing a second layer edge probability distribution adaptation network by utilizing a linear denoising encoder and a nonlinear encoder, solving the weight of the linear denoising encoder, and adapting the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain;
(3c) constructing a third layer edge probability distribution adaptation network by utilizing a linear denoising encoder and a nonlinear encoder, solving the weight of the linear denoising encoder, and adapting the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain;
(4) selecting training samples of hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain according to a one-to-many classification principle:
classifying the class C, selecting a source domain hyperspectral image sample and p% of a target domain hyperspectral image sample, forming C training sample sets according to a one-to-many classification principle, wherein each training set sample label belongs to the class or does not belong to the class, and the sample characteristic is a characteristic output by an edge probability distribution adaptation network;
(5) c three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptation networks are constructed, and the conditional probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain is carried out:
(5a) respectively initializing the weight and the offset parameter of the C three-layer conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and respectively pre-training the C networks layer by utilizing each training sample set;
(5b) after pre-training, the implicit output of the third layer conditional probability distribution adaptation network is used as the optimized sample characteristic;
(5c) in each network, a softmax classifier is connected after the third layer of conditional probability distribution adaptation network, characteristics and class labels after the training samples are optimized are input into the classifier, and the weight and the bias parameters of the softmax classifier are optimized;
(5d) fine-tuning the C conditional probability distribution adaptation networks from the top layer to the bottom layer, and further optimizing parameters of each network;
(6) performing one-to-many classification on the hyperspectral image of the target domain:
(6a) respectively inputting a test sample set of a target domain hyperspectral image into C conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, wherein the optimized characteristics of the networks are implicit output of a third layer of conditional probability distribution adaptation networks;
(6b) classifying the test samples by using the trained C softmax classifiers to obtain prediction probabilities of the test samples belonging to and not belonging to each class;
(6c) comparing the prediction probabilities belonging to each category, and taking the category corresponding to the maximum probability as the prediction label of each sample;
(6d) and outputting a classification result graph of the hyperspectral image of the target domain according to the prediction label vector and the spatial position of the test sample.
Compared with the prior art, the invention mainly has the following advantages:
firstly, the invention provides a deep joint distribution adaptation network, which respectively utilizes an edge probability distribution adaptation network and a conditional probability distribution adaptation network to realize the characteristic adaptation of the hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain and reduce the joint probability distribution difference of the source domain and the target domain.
Secondly, the method utilizes the source domain samples and a small amount of target domain samples to train and learn the classifier, thereby reducing the requirements of the target domain training samples; meanwhile, a one-to-many classification model is adopted, and the distinguishing performance between classes in the classes is improved and the migration classification precision is improved by learning a plurality of classifiers for two-classification.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an implementation of hyperspectral image migration classification;
FIG. 2 is source domain Pavia University hyperspectral data;
FIG. 3 is target domain Pavia Center hyperspectral data;
FIG. 4 is a graph of classification results without migration using a one-to-many softmax classifier;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the classification results using the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the following examples and accompanying drawings.
According to fig. 1, the hyperspectral image migration classification method based on the depth joint distribution adaptive network comprises the following steps:
(1) reading hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain, and performing characteristic normalization and dimension unification:
(1a) respectively carrying out linear normalization on the spectral characteristics of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain, so that the spectral characteristics are distributed between 0 and 1;
(1b) if the spectral dimensions of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain are different, zero padding is carried out on the hyperspectral images with low dimensions, so that the hyperspectral images with low dimensions are unified with the hyperspectral images with high dimensions;
(2) combining the characteristics of the source domain and target domain hyperspectral images:
(2a) quantizing the spectral feature vector of the source domain hyperspectral image into XSQuantizing the spectral feature vector of the hyperspectral image of the target domain into XT；
(2b) Combining spectral features of a source domain and a target domain into a vector set X ═ XS XT]；
(3) Constructing three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and carrying out edge probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain:
(3a) constructing a first layer edge probability distribution adaptation network by utilizing a linear denoising coder and a nonlinear coder:
for sample xiObtaining M disturbed versions by randomly setting zero to each dimension characteristic, wherein the mth disturbed version is x'i,m(ii) a Pair x 'by a Linear De-noising encoder'i,mThe linear implicit rays are to be restored to original,
the objective equation for optimizing the weight W is as follows:
wherein the first term is an average reconstruction error, the second term is an edge penalty term, lambda represents a balance factor, NSAnd NTRespectively representing the sample numbers of the source domain hyperspectral image and the target domain hyperspectral image, wherein N is the total sample number, namely N is equal to NS+NT(ii) a Let the perturbed sample matrix X'm＝[x′1,m,x′2,m,…,x′N,m]Original copy matrix of M times
M perturbed sample matrix combinations X '═ X'1,X′2,…,X′M]Thus, the above formula objective equation is converted into
Wherein D represents a disparity index matrix defined as
Thus, the linear de-noising encoder weight W has the following closed solution:
then, a nonlinear encoder is adopted to carry out nonlinear implicit reflection on the characteristics, and the formula is as follows
Here, the first and second liquid crystal display panels are,
representing an output of the first tier edge probability distribution adaptation network;
(3b) according to the step (3a), a linear de-noising encoder and a non-linear encoder are utilized to construct a second layer edge probability distribution adaptation network, the weight of the linear de-noising encoder is solved, the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain are adapted, and the output of a second layer network is obtained
(3c) According to the step (3a), a third layer edge probability distribution adaptation network is constructed by utilizing a linear denoising encoder and a nonlinear encoder, the weight of the linear denoising encoder is solved, the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain are adapted, and the output of a third layer network is obtained
(4) Selecting training samples of hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain according to a one-to-many classification principle:
classifying 9 classes, selecting 500 samples of each class of the source domain hyperspectral image and 1% of samples of each class of the target domain hyperspectral image, forming 9 training sample sets according to a one-to-many classification principle, wherein the labels of the samples in each training sample set belong to the class (represented as 1) and do not belong to the class (represented as 0), and the sample characteristics are output of a third-layer network
(5) Constructing 9 three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and performing conditional probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain:
(5a) initializing the weight and the bias parameters of the three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptive networks, and pre-training each layer of network layer by utilizing a c training sample set; the encoding process and the decoding process of the k-th layer conditional probability distribution adaptation network are as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
and
representing the input, implicit representation, and output, respectively, of the k-th layer network, f (-) and g (-) being nonlinear functions of encoding and decoding, respectively,
and
are respectively the right of the encoding processThe weight and the offset are added, and the weight and the offset are added,
and
weight and bias for the decoding process, respectively, representing S (source domain) or T (target domain);
the target equation for the pre-training weights and bias parameters is:
wherein the first term represents the average reconstruction error on the training samples, the second term is a weight penalty term to prevent the weight from being too large,
Ntrainrepresenting the number of training samples, and lambda' representing a weight penalty factor; solving the above formula by using a back propagation algorithm;
(5b) implicit output of third-layer conditional probability distribution adaptation network after pre-training
As optimized sample features;
(5c) connecting a softmax classifier after the third layer of conditional probability distribution adaptation network, inputting the optimized features and class labels of the training samples into the classifier, and optimizing the weight and bias parameters of the softmax classifier;
(5d) fine-tuning the conditional probability distribution adaptive network from the top layer to the bottom layer, and further optimizing parameters of each network; the target equation for reverse fine tuning the entire network weight and bias parameters is:
wherein the first term is the total reconstruction error of the coding layer and the second term is a conditionA penalty term for reducing the difference of the conditional probability distribution of the source domain and the target domain samples;
and
respectively counting samples of a c-th source domain hyperspectral region and a target domain hyperspectral region; similarly, solving the above formula by using a back propagation algorithm to obtain parameters of each layer of the trimmed conditional probability distribution adaptive network and the softmax classifier;
(5e) according to the steps (5a) - (5d), training by utilizing 9 training sample sets respectively to obtain 9 three-layer conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and realizing the conditional probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain;
(6) performing one-to-many classification on the hyperspectral image of the target domain:
(6a) inputting a test sample set of a hyperspectral image of a target domain into a c conditional probability distribution adaptation network, wherein the characteristic after network optimization is the implicit output of a third layer of conditional probability distribution adaptation network
(6b) Classifying the test samples by using a trained softmax classifier to obtain the prediction probability belonging to the class c:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
and
partial weights and offsets corresponding to the softmax classifier, respectively;
(6c) according to the steps (6a) - (6b), respectively inputting the test sample set of the target domain hyperspectral image into 9 conditional probability distribution adaptation networks and softmax classifiers to obtain the probability of the sample belonging to each category;
(6d) comparing the prediction probabilities belonging to each category, and taking the category corresponding to the maximum probability as the prediction label of each sample, as follows
(6e) And outputting a classification result graph of the hyperspectral image of the target domain according to the prediction label vector and the spatial position of the test sample.
The technical effects of the invention are explained by simulation experiments as follows:
1. simulation conditions and content
The experimental data of the invention are Pavia University hyperspectral data and Pavia Center hyperspectral data, which are both obtained by a ROSIS sensor. As shown in fig. 2, the size of the source domain Pavia University hyperspectral data is 610 × 340 pixels, 103 bands, fig. 2(a) is an image synthesized by 57 th, 34 th and 3 rd bands, and fig. 2(b) is a corresponding real terrain labeling map, which has 9 types including asphalt, grass, gravel, trees, metal plates, soil, asphalt, bricks and shadows. As shown in fig. 3, the target domain Pavia Center hyperspectral data has a size of 1096 × 715 pixels and 102 bands, fig. 3(a) is an image synthesized by 57 th, 34 th and 3 rd bands, and fig. 3(b) is a corresponding real ground object labeled map, and has 9 types including water, tree, grass, brick, land, asphalt, tile and shadow. Fig. 4 is a result chart of classification of a Pavia Center hyperspectral image without migration by using a one-to-many softmax classifier, fig. 5 is a result chart of migration classification of a Pavia Center hyperspectral image by using the method of the invention, and table one shows the correspondence between training samples of a source domain and a target domain and the classification precision comparison thereof. In simulation experiments, the method and the comparison method are both realized in Matlab R2017a by programming.
2. Analysis of simulation results
Table-classification accuracy comparison
As can be seen from the table I, the deep joint distribution adaptive network of the invention is adopted to carry out migration classification to classification without migration, so that higher classification precision is obtained, and the effectiveness of the method of the invention in migration classification is proved. Comparing fig. 4 and fig. 5, it can be known that the classification result graph of the method of the present invention has fewer misclassification points and is closer to the real ground object label graph. In a word, the method can effectively improve the migration and classification effect of the hyperspectral images.
Claims (1)
1. A hyperspectral image migration classification method based on a depth joint distribution adaptive network is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) reading hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain, and performing characteristic normalization and dimension unification:
(1a) respectively carrying out linear normalization on the spectral characteristics of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain, so that the spectral characteristics are distributed between 0 and 1;
(1b) if the spectral dimensions of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain are different, zero padding is carried out on the hyperspectral images with low dimensions, so that the hyperspectral images with low dimensions are unified with the hyperspectral images with high dimensions;
(2) combining the characteristics of the source domain and target domain hyperspectral images:
(2a) quantizing the spectral feature vector of the source domain hyperspectral image into XSQuantizing the spectral feature vector of the hyperspectral image of the target domain into XT；
(2b) Combining spectral features of a source domain and a target domain into a vector set X ═ XS XT]；
(3) Constructing three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and carrying out edge probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain:
(3a) constructing a first layer edge probability distribution adaptation network by utilizing a linear denoising coder and a nonlinear coder:
for sample xiObtaining M disturbed versions by randomly setting zero to each dimension characteristic, wherein the mth disturbed version is x'i,m(ii) a Pair x 'by a Linear De-noising encoder'i,mThe linear implicit rays are to be restored to original,
the objective equation for optimizing the weight W is as follows:
wherein the first term is an average reconstruction error, the second term is an edge penalty term, lambda represents a balance factor, NSAnd NTRespectively representing the sample numbers of the source domain hyperspectral image and the target domain hyperspectral image, wherein N is the total sample number, namely N is equal to NS+NT(ii) a Let the perturbed sample matrix X'm＝[x′1,m,x′2,m,…,x′N,m]Original copy matrix of M times
M perturbed sample matrix combinations X '═ X'1,X′2,…,X′M]Thus, the above formula objective equation is converted into
Wherein D represents a disparity index matrix defined as
Thus, the linear de-noising encoder weight W has the following closed solution:
then, a nonlinear encoder is adopted to carry out nonlinear implicit reflection on the characteristics, and the formula is as follows
Here, the first and second liquid crystal display panels are,
representing an output of the first tier edge probability distribution adaptation network;
(3b) according to the step (3a), a linear de-noising encoder and a non-linear encoder are utilized to construct a second layer edge probability distribution adaptation network, the weight of the linear de-noising encoder is solved, the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain are adapted, and the output of a second layer network is obtained
(3c) According to the step (3a), a third layer edge probability distribution adaptation network is constructed by utilizing a linear denoising encoder and a nonlinear encoder, the weight of the linear denoising encoder is solved, the spectral characteristics of a source domain and a target domain are adapted, and the output of a third layer network is obtained
(4) Selecting training samples of hyperspectral images of a source domain and a target domain according to a one-to-many classification principle:
classifying 9 classes, selecting 500 samples of each class of the source domain hyperspectral image and 1% of samples of each class of the target domain hyperspectral image, forming 9 training sample sets according to a one-to-many classification principle, wherein the labels of the samples in each training sample set belong to the class to which the sample belongs and do not belong, the labels of the samples in each training sample set belong to the class to which the sample belongs are expressed as 1, and the labels of the samples in each training sample set do not belong to the class to which theThe class of the sample belongs to is represented as 0, and the sample characteristics are output of a third-layer network
(5) Constructing 9 three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and performing conditional probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain:
(5a) initializing the weight and the bias parameters of the three layers of conditional probability distribution adaptive networks, and pre-training each layer of network layer by utilizing a c training sample set; the encoding process and the decoding process of the k-th layer conditional probability distribution adaptation network are as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
and
representing the input, implicit representation and output of the k-th network, respectively, f (-) and g (-) being nonlinear functions of encoding and decoding, respectively, W1 kAnd
respectively the weight and the bias of the encoding process,
and
weight and bias of decoding process, respectively, representing S(source domain) or T (target domain);
the target equation for the pre-training weights and bias parameters is:
wherein the first term represents the average reconstruction error on the training samples, the second term is a weight penalty term to prevent the weight from being too large,
Ntrainrepresenting the number of training samples, and lambda' representing a weight penalty factor; solving the above formula by using a back propagation algorithm;
(5b) implicit output of third-layer conditional probability distribution adaptation network after pre-training
As optimized sample features;
(5c) connecting a softmax classifier after the third layer of conditional probability distribution adaptation network, inputting the optimized features and class labels of the training samples into the classifier, and optimizing the weight and bias parameters of the softmax classifier;
(5d) fine-tuning the conditional probability distribution adaptive network from the top layer to the bottom layer, and further optimizing parameters of each network; the target equation for reverse fine tuning the entire network weight and bias parameters is:
the first term is the total reconstruction error of the coding layer, and the second term is a conditional penalty term and is used for reducing the difference of the conditional probability distribution of the source domain samples and the target domain samples;
and
respectively counting samples of a c-th source domain hyperspectral region and a target domain hyperspectral region; similarly, solving the above formula by using a back propagation algorithm to obtain parameters of each layer of the trimmed conditional probability distribution adaptive network and the softmax classifier;
(5e) according to the steps (5a) - (5d), training by utilizing 9 training sample sets respectively to obtain 9 three-layer conditional probability distribution adaptation networks, and realizing the conditional probability distribution adaptation of the hyperspectral images of the source domain and the target domain;
(6) performing one-to-many classification on the hyperspectral image of the target domain:
(6a) inputting a test sample set of a hyperspectral image of a target domain into a c conditional probability distribution adaptation network, wherein the characteristic after network optimization is the implicit output of a third layer of conditional probability distribution adaptation network
(6b) Classifying the test samples by using a trained softmax classifier to obtain the prediction probability belonging to the class c:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
and
partial weights and offsets corresponding to the softmax classifier, respectively;
(6c) according to the steps (6a) - (6b), respectively inputting the test sample set of the target domain hyperspectral image into 9 conditional probability distribution adaptation networks and softmax classifiers to obtain the probability of the sample belonging to each category;
(6d) comparing the prediction probabilities belonging to each category, and taking the category corresponding to the maximum probability as the prediction label of each sample, as follows
(6e) And outputting a classification result graph of the hyperspectral image of the target domain according to the prediction label vector and the spatial position of the test sample.
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