CN109355578B - Preparation method of 1000 MPa-level heat-treated wheel - Google Patents
Preparation method of 1000 MPa-level heat-treated wheel Download PDFInfo
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- CN109355578B CN109355578B CN201811530071.7A CN201811530071A CN109355578B CN 109355578 B CN109355578 B CN 109355578B CN 201811530071 A CN201811530071 A CN 201811530071A CN 109355578 B CN109355578 B CN 109355578B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/607—Molten salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/34—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tyres; for rims
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of machine manufacturing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a 1000 MPa-level heat-treated wheel. The technical scheme is as follows: step 1), selecting steel, wherein the steel comprises 0.15-0.20 mass percent of C, 0.7-1.17 mass percent of Si, 1.2-2.2 mass percent of Mn, 0.02-0.06 mass percent of Al, 0.015-0.02 mass percent of P, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities; step 2) manufacturing wheel spokes and wheel rims with qualified sizes by using the selected steel materials and adopting a conventional production process; synthesizing the wheel spoke and the wheel rim into a wheel with qualified size by adopting a conventional production process; step 3) carrying out heat treatment on the wheel, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: firstly, heating the wheel to 790-810 ℃, discharging, cooling to 780-786 ℃ in air, cooling in salt bath to 235-245 ℃, heating to 320-340 ℃, air cooling to below 100 ℃ and hot water washing. The external dimension of the wheel manufactured by the invention meets the standard requirement, and the overall physical property is optimized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of machine manufacturing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a 1000 MPa-level heat-treated wheel.
Background
When a steel wheel is manufactured, the conventional production process of the wheel spoke comprises the following steps: blanking, punching a central hole and a bolt hole, spinning, punching an air hole, expanding the bolt hole and turning; the conventional production process of the wheel rim comprises the following steps: rolling, flash butt welding, rolling, end cutting, rounding, flaring, rolling, expanding and shaping, and inflating a valve hole; the wheel spoke and the wheel rim are manufactured into the wheel through a composite welding process.
At present, high-strength materials used in the traditional manufacturing process of the steel wheel generally adopt materials with the tensile strength of about 400MPa, and the highest material is only about 700 MPa. The main reasons are as follows: firstly, the processing capacity of the equipment is not enough, and secondly, the welding performance of the high-strength material is not good.
The heat treatment is a method for improving the comprehensive mechanical property of the material, if the conventional production and the reheating treatment of the wheel are carried out, the problems of insufficient processing capability of equipment, poor welding performance, concentrated cold processing stress and the like can be solved, but the deformation control difficulty of the heat treatment of the whole wheel is high, the cost of the material suitable for the heat treatment is high, and the heat treatment process specially designed for the wheel production is blank, so the method is not adopted by wheel manufacturers.
It is well known that the dimensional and shape changes of steel during quenching are one of the most difficult problems faced by heat treatment. Compared with the common wheel, the lightweight wheel has thinner wall thickness and relatively weaker deformation resistance. The phase change stress is the main reason of heat treatment deformation, and the thermal stress generated by the difference of the inner layer cooling speed and the outer layer cooling speed during quenching is reasonably utilized, so that the deformation caused by the phase change stress can be counteracted to the maximum extent, and the optimal combination of a group of process parameters such as quenching temperature, cooling speed, cooling amplitude and the like needs to be found. In addition, solving the problems of uneven heating and cooling, selecting a proper cooling medium and improving the conventional wheel production process are all new problems in the wheel heat treatment production process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a preparation method of a 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel, the external dimension of the prepared wheel meets the standard requirement, the overall physical performance is optimized, the tensile strength is 900-.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a 1000 MPa-grade heat-treated wheel comprises the following steps:
step 1), selecting steel, wherein the steel comprises 0.15-0.20 mass percent of C, 0.7-1.17 mass percent of Si, 1.2-2.2 mass percent of Mn, 0.02-0.06 mass percent of Al, 0.015-0.02 mass percent of P, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities;
step 2) manufacturing wheel spokes and wheel rims with qualified sizes by using the selected steel materials and adopting a conventional production process; synthesizing the wheel spoke and the wheel rim into a wheel with qualified size by adopting a conventional production process;
step 3) carrying out heat treatment on the wheel, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: firstly, heating the wheel to 790-810 ℃, discharging, cooling to 780-786 ℃ in air, cooling in salt bath to 235-245 ℃, heating to 320-340 ℃, air cooling to below 100 ℃ and hot water washing.
The preferred scheme of the preparation method of the 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel is that in the step 2), the wall thickness of the wind hole of the wheel spoke is increased by 0.5-1.0mm compared with the wall thickness of the wind hole of the common wheel with the same specification.
The preferred scheme of the preparation method of the 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel is that in the step 2), the wheel rim is subjected to annealing treatment on the welding line after the flash butt welding process.
The preferable scheme of the preparation method of the 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel is that in the step 2), the expansion amount of the expansion shaping process is increased to 1.4% of the blanking size.
The preparation method of the 1000 MPa-grade heat-treated wheel has the preferable scheme that in the step 2), in the synthetic welding process, the welding wire comprises the following components: 0.15 to 0.20% of C, 0.7 to 1.17% of Si, and 1.2 to 2.2% of Mn.
The preferred scheme of the preparation method of the 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel is that in the step 3), the heating furnace is an oxygen-free stepping heating furnace, the distance between the wheel and the distance between the wheel and the furnace wall are more than or equal to 200mm, and the heating and heat preservation time is 20-30 min.
The preparation method of the 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel has the preferable scheme that in the step 3), the wheel is conveyed to the position above a 235-245 ℃ salt bath quenching machine, is 20-30 mm away from the quenching liquid level, is placed horizontally with the radial bottom downward, and is started to ascend at the speed of 30mm/s when the temperature of a rim flange of the wheel in the air is reduced to 780-786 ℃, so that the liquid level of the quenching salt is lifted, the wheel is completely immersed into the quenching salt to 100mm below the liquid level, the wheel rotates around the central axis of the wheel, the rotating speed is 10-15 r/min, and the quenching time is 1-2 min.
The preferred scheme of the preparation method of the 1000 MPa-level heat treatment wheel is that in the step 3), the wheel is quickly transferred to a high-temperature salt bath furnace for heating after being quenched, and the heat preservation time is 30-45 min/mm.
The heat treatment process comprises a quenching stage, a distribution stage and a final cooling stage, wherein after austenitizing, the steel is quenched and cooled to a quenching temperature (between Ms and Mf), and part of the steel is transformed into martensite; then heating to the partitioning temperature, wherein C atoms are diffused to untransformed austenite from the supersaturated martensite through partitioning, so that the martensite transformation temperature Ms point is reduced, and the C atoms become retained austenite after being cooled to room temperature; through the quenching and partitioning process, the steel structure comprises certain residual austenite, so that the steel can keep high tensile strength and high elongation in the stretching process.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the material selected by the invention is different from the second generation high-strength material, has no rare alloy component, has low cost and is particularly suitable for QP process.
2. In the steel, Si is 0.07-1.17, Al is 0.02-0.06, P is 0.015-0.02, Al element can inhibit the precipitation of cementite, the stability of residual austenite is improved, the improvement of mechanical property is facilitated, and Al is used as a solid solution strengthening element and can improve the strength of steel; the solid solution strengthening effect of Si and P elements can improve the strength of steel.
3. The physical properties of all parts are consistent, the tissues are uniform, the content of residual austenite is 15-18%, the performance of a welding affected area in the conventional process is improved, the problem of poor local performance caused by work hardening is solved, the tensile strength is 900-1100MPa, the yield strength is 550-650MPa, the elongation is 22-27%, the yield ratio is 60%, and the product of strength and elongation of weak points is increased from 5700MPa to 24300 MPa.
4. The weight of a single wheel of the wheel manufactured by the invention is reduced by 30-50%, the material consumption and the energy consumption are saved, and the carrying capacity is improved; through fatigue detection, the service life of the wheel can reach more than 150% of the national standard under the test condition that the specified parameters are 150%.
5. The heat treatment step in the present invention: heating the wheel to austenitizing temperature, discharging, slowly cooling the rim of the wheel rim in air to 780-786 ℃, homogenizing the internal structure of the wheel, refining grains, quenching in a salt bath, and uniformly forming lath martensite along the circumference of the wheel due to reduced temperature difference in the quenching process, so that the deformation of the part is avoided, and the final size of the part is ensured to be qualified. The temperature range of 780-786 ℃ must be ensured, and when the temperature is higher than 786 ℃, the martensite structure is generated too violently, so that the part is deformed, and the final size of the part is out of tolerance; under 780 ℃, the martensite structure is generated too little, the strength of the part does not reach the standard, and meanwhile, the temperature difference between the rim and the spoke is increased, the oxidation is aggravated, the quenching uniformity is worsened and the deformation is aggravated due to the overlong detention time in the air.
6. The wall thickness of the wind hole of the wheel spoke is increased by 0.5-1.0mm compared with the wall thickness of the wind hole of the common wheel with the same specification, so that the integral supporting capacity of the wheel is ensured, the rigidity of the wheel is enhanced, and deformation during heat treatment can be prevented; the expansion amount of the expansion shaping process is not less than 1.4% of the blanking size, the elastic deformation coefficient of the material can be reduced, the internal organization structure of the material is strengthened, and the deformation of the wheel during heat treatment is reduced.
7. The phase change stress is the main reason of heat treatment deformation, and the heat stress generated by the difference of the inner layer cooling speed and the outer layer cooling speed during quenching is reasonably utilized, so that the deformation caused by the phase change stress can be counteracted to the maximum extent. According to the invention, through the optimal combination of technological parameters such as quenching temperature, cooling speed, cooling amplitude and the like, a proper cooling medium is selected, the problem of uneven heating and cooling is solved, and the requirements of the wheel heat treatment process are met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a wheel rim;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a wheel spoke;
FIG. 3 is a side view of a wheel spoke;
FIG. 4 is a view of the wheel structure;
FIG. 5 is a metallographic structure micrograph of the product according to the example;
FIG. 6 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of the metallographic structure of the product in the example;
FIG. 7 is a detailed structural view of a product in the example.
Detailed Description
A preparation method of a 1000 MPa-grade heat-treated wheel comprises the following steps:
step 1), selecting steel, wherein the steel comprises 0.19 mass percent of C, 1.13 mass percent of Si, 1.76 mass percent of Mn, 0.04 mass percent of Al, 0.018 mass percent of P, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities; the tensile strength of the steel is 670MPa, and the yield strength is 450 MPa;
step 2) as shown in the figures 1-4, manufacturing a wheel spoke 3 with qualified size by using steel materials and adopting a conventional production process, wherein the thickness of a spoke plate is 9mm, and the thickness of a processed air hole 4 is 5.5 mm; manufacturing a wheel rim 1 with qualified size by using steel by adopting a conventional production process, annealing a welding line after a flash butt welding process, wherein the expansion amount of an expansion process is 25 mm; the wheel spoke 3 and the wheel rim 1 are manufactured into wheels with qualified sizes by adopting a synthesis welding process, and the welding wire comprises the following components: c0.18, Si1.14, Mn 1.74;
step 3) carrying out heat treatment on the wheel, and heating the wheel in an oxygen-free stepping heating furnace at 800 ℃; preserving the temperature for 20 minutes; the wheel is conveyed to the position above a 240 ℃ salt bath quenching machine, the wheel is clamped in place, so that the wheel to be quenched is 20mm away from the quenching liquid level, the spoke bottom is downward, the wheel is horizontally placed, the wheel is waited to be quenched, the temperature of a rim flange 2 of the wheel in the air is reduced to 783 ℃, a quenching salt liquid pump is started at the same time, the liquid level is raised, the raising speed is 30mm/s, the wheel is completely immersed in quenching salt to the position 100mm below the liquid level, a clamping device drives the wheel to rotate around the central axis of the wheel, the rotating speed is 10r/min, and the quenching time is 2 min; and quickly transferring the quenched wheels to a high-temperature salt bath furnace for tempering treatment in a 330 ℃ salt bath, heating and preserving heat for 30 minutes, then cooling to 90 ℃ in air, and washing with hot water.
The tensile strength of the prepared wheel reaches 1010MPa, the yield strength reaches 615MPa, the dynamic balance and the size of a key part are measured in an actual measurement mode and completely meet the technical requirements, and the circumferential run-out is improved before heat treatment; the internal structure is shown in figures 5-7, and is martensite and retained austenite, and the content of the retained austenite is 16%; the lath martensite and the film austenite structure ensure the high strength and the high toughness of the steel; through the whole dissection and comprehensive inspection, the physical properties of all parts are consistent, no welding heat affected zone exists, and the problems of too low elongation rate and the like caused by work hardening do not exist; through fatigue detection, the service life of the wheel still reaches over 150 percent of the national standard under the test condition of adopting the specified parameter of 150 percent, but the weight of the wheel is only equivalent to 65 percent of that of a common wheel with the same specification.
Claims (2)
1. The preparation method of the 1000 MPa-grade heat-treated wheel is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1), selecting steel, wherein the steel comprises 0.15-0.20 mass percent of C, 0.7-1.17 mass percent of Si, 1.2-2.2 mass percent of Mn, 0.02-0.06 mass percent of Al, 0.015-0.02 mass percent of P, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities;
step 2) manufacturing wheel spokes and wheel rims with qualified sizes by using the selected steel materials and adopting a conventional production process; synthesizing the wheel spoke and the wheel rim into a wheel with qualified size by adopting a conventional production process; the wall thickness of the wind hole of the wheel spoke is increased by 0.5-1.0mm compared with the wall thickness of the wind hole of the common wheel with the same specification; the expansion amount of the expansion shaping process is not less than 1.4% of the blanking size;
step 3) carrying out heat treatment on the wheel, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: firstly, heating the wheel to 790-class 810 ℃, discharging, cooling to 780-class 786 ℃ in air, putting into salt bath, cooling and quenching to 235-class 245 ℃, heating to 320-class 340 ℃, air cooling to below 100 ℃ and hot water washing; the heating furnace is an oxygen-free stepping heating furnace, the distance between wheels and the furnace wall is more than or equal to 200mm, and the heating and heat preservation time is 20-30 min; the wheel is conveyed to the position above a 235-plus-245 ℃ salt bath quenching machine, is 20-30 mm away from the quenching liquid level, is horizontally placed with the spoke bottom downward, and is started to enable the quenching liquid level to rise at the speed of 30mm/s when the temperature of a rim flange of the wheel in the air is reduced to 780-786 ℃, the wheel is completely immersed in the quenching salt to the position 100mm below the liquid level, the wheel rotates around the central axis of the wheel, the rotating speed is 10-15 r/min, and the quenching time is 1-2 min; and transferring the quenched wheels to a high-temperature salt bath furnace for heating, wherein the heat preservation time is 30-45 min.
2. The method for preparing the 1000MPa grade heat-treated wheel according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the wheel rim is annealed to the welding line after the flash butt welding process.
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