CN109346851B - Hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating - Google Patents
Hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating Download PDFInfo
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- CN109346851B CN109346851B CN201811139365.7A CN201811139365A CN109346851B CN 109346851 B CN109346851 B CN 109346851B CN 201811139365 A CN201811139365 A CN 201811139365A CN 109346851 B CN109346851 B CN 109346851B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
- H01Q21/064—Two dimensional planar arrays using horn or slot aerials
Abstract
Hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D prints and metal coating relates to waveguide slot array antenna. A metal coating hollow rod wall layer containing a resonant cavity and a metal coating hollow rod wall waveguide feed network layer are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the feed network layer is integrated with a feed network consisting of T, H-type cascaded power dividers, the input end of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating is connected with the feed network through the main feed part of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating, the feed network is connected with the resonant cavity through a coupling slot, and the resonant cavity is connected with the free space through a radiation slot. The antenna has the characteristics of a distributed antenna structure and the processing technology advantages brought by the structure, and realizes a high-performance antenna which is easy to process, low in loss, wide in frequency band and high in gain, so that the antenna has wide application value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a waveguide slot array antenna, in particular to a hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating.
Background
The waveguide slot array antenna has the characteristics of low dielectric loss and radiation loss, so that the waveguide slot array antenna has the performances of high efficiency, compact structure, high power capacity and the like, is easy to realize wide frequency band, high gain and low side lobe performance, and is widely applied to aerospace, radar communication systems and the like. The aperture antenna is formed by opening a long and thin slit on a waveguide wall according to a certain rule, exciting the slit by cutting off a current path on the waveguide wall, and radiating electromagnetic waves transmitted in a waveguide into a free space through the slit.
Common slots are slanted slots that open on the narrow side of the waveguide, transverse and longitudinal slots that open on the wide side of the waveguide, and slanted slots that open in the center of the wide side of the waveguide. The oblique slot on the narrow wall and the longitudinal slot on the wide wall are equivalent to parallel admittance on the transmission line, and the transverse slot and the central oblique slot on the wide wall are equivalent to series impedance on the transmission line (analysis and design of waveguide slot array antenna, university of west ampere electronic technology, school of school).
For the Waveguide slot array antenna, when a larger number of series feeding array elements are used, the bandwidth is reduced due to the influence of the Long-Line effect (Makoto Ando, Yasuhiro TsunemiTsu, Miao Zhang, Jiro Hirokawa and Shusuke Fujii, "Reduction of Long-Line Effects in Single-Layer Slotted Waveguide array With Embedded parallel partial-corporation Feed," IEEE trans. AnTennas sounding, 2010, 58 (7): 2275-. The subarray of the antenna is the most effective method, a multi-level parallel feed network is adopted, and the two-dimensional antenna can be decomposed into a plurality of subarrays by utilizing periodicity, so that the number of series array elements in the subarrays is reduced, the bandwidth of the antenna is improved, and the design difficulty of the antenna is reduced.
The hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna with the metal coating is a novel waveguide form, the basic structure of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna is similar to that of a substrate integrated waveguide, a row of metal coating poles which are periodically arranged on a medium are utilized to replace the metal wall of a traditional waveguide, and electromagnetic waves can be limited to be transmitted forwards in a certain space range. The metal-coated hollow pole wall waveguide is easy to process, light in weight, and has similar propagation characteristics to the rectangular waveguide, compared to the conventional rectangular waveguide. Compared with the traditional substrate integrated waveguide, the most difference is that the metal-coated hollow rod-wall waveguide is not filled with traditional dielectric medium, but is only combined with air, so that compared with the substrate integrated waveguide, the metal-coated hollow rod-wall waveguide has no dielectric loss, and is easier to realize low loss and high efficiency.
Since the waveguide slot array antenna is a relatively large and complex waveguide system, it is difficult or even impossible to manufacture the waveguide slot array antenna on a single piece of metal by common machining methods such as milling or wire cutting. Conventional waveguide slot array antenna fabrication methods divide the antenna structure into several parts and secure them together by bonding techniques such as screw bonding or diffusion welding. However, the antenna manufactured by such a process has not only calibration errors, but also unavoidable air gaps between adjacent metal layers in the antenna structure, and these processing errors are likely to cause electromagnetic wave leakage and multiple reflections in the structure, which are severe enough to significantly reduce the performance of the antenna when operating in the high frequency band (Guan-Long Huang, Shi-Gang Zhou, Tan-Huat Chio, Chow-Yen-Desmunted silicon, and Tat-Soon Yeo, "Wideband Dual-Polarized and Dual-monopulse compact Array for System Applications," IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2016, 13 (8)).
Another approach is to employ emerging 3D printing techniques that have attracted considerable interest to researchers in the electromagnetic field in terms of their flexibility and versatility in manufacturing complex three-dimensional objects, and in terms of their low cost in a short period of time. The whole structure is printed integrally without any assembly, thus avoiding the disadvantages and risks of the traditional mechanical processing and manufacturing, and maintaining good antenna performance (Guan-Long Huang, Shi-Gang Zhouuand Tan-Huat Chio's ' high-efficiency Self-Compact monopulse antenna System With Integrated comparative network for RF Industrial Applications, ' IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2017, 64 (1)). However, the 3D printing technology generally uses two types of materials, i.e., non-conductive plastic (polymer, thermoplastic), metal or metal alloy, when manufacturing structures like substrate integrated waveguides, but due to the limitation of the current 3D printing technology, no matter which material is used, the unevenness of the surface is difficult to avoid, and in the millimeter wave band, the unevenness of the surface seriously affects the device performance, so the post-polishing treatment of the surface is very important. Post-polishing processes, such as aluminum metallization, are often performed with electrolytic metal plating. However, surface plating is difficult to achieve in devices with complex and invisible internal structures, and any uneven plating will also affect device performance. Therefore, designing a simple device structure for easy plating solution flow coverage is increasingly gaining attention in the antennas manufactured by the current 3D printing technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and the unconsidered points of the conventional waveguide slot array antenna, and provides a hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating, which has the advantages of easiness in processing, low loss, wide frequency band, high gain and the like, and can be widely used for high-speed wireless communication, 5G communication and near field communication.
The invention is provided with a metal coating hollow rod wall layer containing a resonant cavity and a metal coating hollow rod wall waveguide feed network layer in sequence from top to bottom; the feed network layer is integrated with a feed network consisting of T, H-type cascaded power dividers, the input end of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating is connected with the feed network through the main feed part of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating, the feed network is connected with the resonant cavity through a coupling slot, and the resonant cavity is connected with the free space through a radiation slot.
The distance between the metal coating layer hollow rod wall waveguide feed network layer and the adjacent coating layer metal rods in the metal coating layer hollow rod wall layer is not less than 0.15 mm.
The resonant cavity can be a hollow structure resonant cavity formed by surrounding periodically arranged cladding metal rods.
The coupling slits can adopt coupling slits formed by periodically arranged radiation slit sub-arrays. The radiation slits may be a sub-array of periodically arranged radiation slits. The width of the coupling gap and the width of the radiation gap are both not less than 0.15 mm.
The main feed part couples energy into a feed network, enters an antenna structure, and is fed to each radiation slot, the main feed part comprises a main waveguide and a transition waveguide, the width of the main waveguide can be set to be 3.80mm, the offset of a central axis of the main waveguide relative to a short-circuit end of the transition waveguide can be set to be 1.08mm, and the width of the transition waveguide can be set to be 2.94 mm.
The invention reasonably selects the parameters of the cladding metal rods of each part, so that the cladding metal rods form a feed network and a resonant cavity in the air, can effectively avoid medium loss, and utilizes the characteristic of the hollow rod wall waveguide structure which is convenient for 3D printing and metal electroplating processes, thereby not only avoiding the processing error generated by the traditional processing process, but also greatly reducing the processing period, difficulty and cost of the antenna, and further realizing the antenna structure with low loss, easy processing, wide frequency band and high gain. And each output port of the feed network is connected with the radiation gap subarrays through the resonant cavity, so that the excitation amplitude and the phase of the radiation gap in each subarray can be adjusted, the weighted distribution of the arrays is easy to realize, and the good broadband characteristic of the antenna is kept.
The invention adopts center back feed type feed, and the feed network adopts a cascade T, H type power divider. Electromagnetic waves are coupled into the feed network through the main feed part, then fed into each coupling gap through the feed network, enter each radiating gap subarray through the resonant cavity, and finally are radiated to an external space.
The structure of the metal coating hollow rod wall layer is provided with resonant cavities formed by surrounding periodically arranged coating metal rods, the center of each resonant cavity corresponds to the center of a coupling gap positioned right below the resonant cavity, the resonant cavities are provided with additional resonant points, the matching bandwidth and the radiation bandwidth of a radiation unit are further widened, and the matching bandwidth and the radiation bandwidth of a radiation part and the whole antenna are greatly improved.
The invention discloses a hollow pole wall waveguide (Post-wall waveguide) slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal plating. The main structure of the invention is composed of a hollow pole wall waveguide structure based on 3D printing and metal coating, which is different from the traditional array antenna based on metal wall waveguide and substrate integrated waveguide. In addition, the size and the distance of the metal rods of the coating in the antenna structure and the width and the thickness of the coupling gap and the radiation gap are controlled in the design, so that in the aspect of processing, the waveguide slot array antenna is easy to be integrally processed by combining a 3D printing technology and an electrolytic metal coating technology, compared with the traditional processing technology, the processing difficulty and the processing cost are greatly reduced, and the unavoidable error defect between metal layers in the welding technologies such as the traditional diffusion welding technology and the like and the surface finish defect in the single 3D printing technology are effectively overcome. The invention gives full play to the structural characteristics of the antenna and the processing technology advantages brought by the structure, realizes the high-performance antenna with easy processing, low loss, wide frequency band and high gain, and has wide application value.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an overall sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a front view of the complete structure of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a top view of a straight waveguide section fed by an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a three-dimensional view of a straight waveguide section fed by an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a top view of a T-junction structure of a metal-coated hollow stem wall layer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a top view of an H-junction of a metal-coated hollow stem wall layer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a three-dimensional view of a main feed portion of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a top view of a 2 x 2 radiation sub-array in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 9 is a side view of a 2 x 2 radiation sub-array in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 10 is a top view of a 2 x 2 radiating subarray resonator in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples will further illustrate the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The embodiment is a hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating. A16 x 16 array element structure is selected, and a 2 x 2 array element structure is selected as a radiation sub-array. The array adopts center back feed type feed with the center frequency of 61.5GHz and adopts full parallel feed network feed.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the 16 × 16 antenna is composed of a metal-plated hollow rod wall waveguide feed network layer 2, and a metal-plated hollow rod wall layer 3 containing a resonant cavity 4; the metal coating hollow pole wall waveguide feed network layer 2 integrates a feed network composed of T, H type power distributors in a cascade connection mode, an input end 1 of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating is connected with the feed network through a main feed part 7 of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating, the feed network is connected with a resonant cavity 4 through a coupling slot 5, and the resonant cavity 4 is connected with a free space through a radiation slot 6. Incident electromagnetic waves enter the metal-coated hollow pole wall waveguide feed network layer 2 from the input end 1 of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating through the main feed part 7 of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating, reach each coupling slot 5 through the feed network consisting of the cascaded T, H-type power divider, then enter each radiation slot 6 through the resonant cavity 4 in the metal-coated hollow pole wall layer 3, and finally are radiated to an external space.
In the embodiment, a design method of a hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal plating is adopted, and HFSS simulation software is used to design and analyze the waveguide slot array antenna in a simulation manner. The specific design steps are as follows:
referring to fig. 2, the present invention employs center-fed feed, which couples energy into the feed network through the main feed portion, into the antenna structure, and feeds each radiating slot. Referring to fig. 7, the main feed portion includes a main waveguide and a transition waveguide, a main waveguide width a _ main is set to 3.80mm, a short-circuit end offset a _ off of a central axis of the main waveguide with respect to the transition waveguide is set to 1.08mm, and a transition waveguide width a _ tran is set to 2.94 mm.
According to the periodicity of the antenna feed network and the array element arrangement, the array antenna is integrally divided into subarrays which are connected, wherein each subarray comprises a metal-plated hollow rod wall straight waveguide, T-shaped and H-shaped power distributors and a 2 multiplied by 2 radiation subarray; the straight waveguide of the metal coating hollow pole wall, T-shaped and H-shaped power dividers and the 2 x 2 radiation subarrays are independently designed to reduce the complexity of large-scale antenna design.
1) Determining parameters of the metal-coated hollow rod wall straight waveguide: referring to fig. 3 and 4, the size of the plated metal rod is selected to optimize the electromagnetic wave transmittance in the straight waveguide by optimizing the width of the hollow waveguide of the plated metal rod and controlling the distance between adjacent plated metal rods in the same row. The diameter r _1 of the plated metal rod in the straight waveguide is set to be 0.40mm, the distance d _1 between the plated metal rods in the same row is set to be 0.40mm, the reflection is optimized, the requirements of a processing technology and the effective transmission of electromagnetic waves are met, the width w _1 of the straight waveguide of the hollow rod wall of the metal plated layer is set to be 3.21mm, and the height h _1 is set to be 1.20 mm.
2) Determining parameters of a plating layer metal rod required by a T-type power divider and an H-type power divider in a feed network: referring to fig. 5 and 6, the reflection of the T-shaped power divider is adjusted by three additional sets of metal rods. The widths of the straight waveguide parts of the metal-plated hollow rod walls in the T-shaped power divider and the H-shaped power divider are also set as w _ 1. For the T-shaped power distributor, the window width w _2 is set to be 3.29mm, w _3 is set to be 3.15mm, two additional metal rods are arranged at the bifurcation of the T-shaped power distributor, in order to ensure the fluidity of the electroplating solution in the electroplating process, one of the metal rods and the metal rod of the straight waveguide part of the metal-coated hollow rod wall positioned at the central axis are combined into one large metal rod, the offset o _1 of the large metal rod is set to be 0.60mm, and the offset o _2 of the metal rod independent of the outer side is set to be 1.18 mm. For the H-type power divider, redesign is needed on the basis of combining the last two T-type power dividers, the window width w _4 is set to 3.112mm, w _5 is set to 3.158mm, the metal rod offset o _3 is set to 0.731mm, and o _4 is set to 0.633 mm.
3) Design of 2 × 2 radiation subarrays: the straight waveguide part of the metal coating hollow rod wall in the H-shaped power divider is separated, a coupling gap, a resonant cavity and a 2 x 2 radiation subarray are added, and two pairs of periodic boundary conditions are used outside an uppermost air box to simulate the coupling influence between adjacent gaps. The method comprises the following steps:
(1) referring to fig. 8 and 9, a 2 x 2 radiating subarray is placed in the subarray above the resonator, and the spacing d _2 between adjacent radiating array elements is set to 4.20 mm. The radiation slit thickness t _1 is set to 0.40mm in consideration of the convenience of processing. The wider width w _6 of the radiation gap is set to be 2.20mm, and the length l _1 of the radiation gap is set to be 3.28mm, so that the lower quality factor is realized, and the bandwidth characteristic of the subarray is improved.
(2) Referring to fig. 8 and 9, the coupling slot is placed at the edge of the H-type power divider with a large offset p _1 set to 1.205mm from the center of the waveguide and a thickness t _2 set to 0.40 mm. The gap length l _2 is set to be 2.80mm, so that the gap length l _2 can be stronger excited for a resonant cavity and brings a new resonant point, and the bandwidth of the subarray is further optimized.
(3) Referring to fig. 9 and 10, in order to make the coupling slots feed a 2 x 2 radiation sub-array with equal phase and amplitude. The resonant cavity is arranged right above the coupling gap and is of a hollow structure formed by surrounding a plated metal rod. The size of the resonant cavity is optimized, the height h _2 of the resonant cavity is set to be 1.00mm, the length l _3 of the resonant cavity is set to be 7.88mm, the width w _7 of the resonant cavity is set to be 6.80mm, two groups of symmetrical plated metal rods with reasonable intervals are additionally arranged for impedance matching, the offset y _1 of the additionally arranged plated metal rods is set to be 1.00mm, y _2 is set to be 0.40mm, and x _1 is set to be 0.365mm, so that the maximum radiation bandwidth is obtained.
4) Finally, all parts of the antenna are combined into an integral antenna array, parameters such as the length of each slot are changed, the resonance point and the resonance characteristic of the integral antenna are adjusted, and the bandwidth of the antenna is further improved.
Claims (3)
1. The hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating is characterized in that a metal coating hollow pole wall layer containing a resonant cavity and a metallized hollow pole wall waveguide feed network layer are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the metalized hollow pole wall waveguide feed network layer integrates a feed network consisting of T, H type power distributors in cascade connection, the input end of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating is connected with the feed network through the main feed part of the hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna based on 3D printing and metal coating, the feed network is connected with the resonant cavity through a coupling slot, and the resonant cavity is connected with the free space through a radiation slot;
the distance between the metalized hollow rod wall waveguide feed network layer and the metal rods of the adjacent coating layers in the metal coating hollow rod wall layer is not less than 0.15 mm; the widths of the coupling gap and the radiation gap are not less than 0.15 mm; the main feed part comprises a main waveguide and a transition waveguide, the width of the main waveguide is set to be 3.80mm, the offset of the central axis of the main waveguide relative to the short-circuit end of the transition waveguide is set to be 1.08mm, and the width of the transition waveguide is set to be 2.94 mm; the resonant cavity is a hollow structure resonant cavity formed by surrounding periodically arranged cladding metal rods;
the waveguide feed network layer is of a hollow structure formed by surrounding periodically arranged cladding metal rods.
2. The 3D printing and metal plating based hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiation slots are radiation slots periodically arranged by a radiation slot sub-array.
3. The 3D printing and metallization based hollow pole wall waveguide slot array antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein said main feed portion couples energy into a feed network into the antenna structure to feed each radiating slot.
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| US11735827B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 | 2023-08-22 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama | Slotted substrate integrated air waveguide antenna array |
| CN112531355B (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2022-06-17 | 中国电波传播研究所（中国电子科技集团公司第二十二研究所） | +/-45-degree dual-polarized millimeter wave array antenna |
| CN112838379B (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2022-03-29 | 华南理工大学 | Magnetoelectric dipole antenna array based on 3D printing technology |
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