CN108767441B - Full parallel slot array antenna based on single-layer substrate integrated waveguide - Google Patents
Full parallel slot array antenna based on single-layer substrate integrated waveguide Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
Abstract
A full parallel slot array antenna based on single-layer substrate integrated waveguide relates to a waveguide slot antenna. The lower substrate integrated waveguide layer and the upper metal grid layer containing a periodic air cavity are arranged; the substrate integrated waveguide layer and the metal grid layer are connected through the radiation gaps, the substrate integrated waveguide layer is integrated with a feed network formed by cascaded T-shaped power dividers, incident electromagnetic waves enter the substrate integrated waveguide layer from the antenna input end, pass through the feed network formed by the cascaded T-shaped power dividers and reach the radiation gaps, and finally are radiated to an external space through an air cavity in the metal grid layer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a waveguide slot antenna, in particular to a full parallel slot array antenna based on a single-layer substrate integrated waveguide.
Background
The waveguide slot antenna has the characteristics of medium loss and radiation loss, so the waveguide slot antenna has the performances of high efficiency, compact structure, high power capacity and the like, is easy to realize wide frequency band, high gain and low side lobe performance, and is widely applied to aerospace, radar communication systems and the like.
Common slots are slanted slots that open on the narrow side of the waveguide, transverse and longitudinal slots that open on the wide side of the waveguide, and slanted slots that open in the center of the wide side of the waveguide. The oblique slot on the narrow wall and the longitudinal slot on the wide wall are equivalent to the parallel admittance on the transmission line, and the transverse slot on the wide wall and the oblique slot in the center are equivalent to the series impedance on the transmission line.
From the angle of array element spacing, the waveguide slot array can be divided into two forms: resonant slot arrays and non-resonant slot arrays ([1] school Huan Qing, university of west ampere electronic technology, waveguide slot array antenna analysis and design). The resonant array is also called a standing wave array, the spacing between array elements is equal to one half of the guided wave wavelength, when the number of the array elements connected in series is increased, due to the influence of Long Line effect ([2] MakoToAndo, Yasuhiro Tsunemi Tsu, Miao Zhang, Jiro Hirokawa and Shusuke Fujii, "ReducTion of Long Line Effects in Single-Layer slit sliced wave array with WiThane Embedded parallel Waveguide corporation Te Feed," IEEE trans. Antennas Propag, Vol.58, No.7, pp.2275-2280, Jul.2010), the frequency response of the antenna performance is changed greatly and the bandwidth is narrow, and the resonant array is only suitable for designing and realizing small-scale Arrays; the non-resonant slot array is also called as traveling wave array, the distance is not equal to half of the guided wave wavelength,
for waveguide antennas, there are several methods to improve bandwidth: one uses a wider radiation gap, but is susceptible to cross-polarization degradation; the other is to reduce the height of the radiation waveguide, but will raise the metal loss of the waveguide and thus directly reduce the antenna efficiency; a ridge waveguide may also be used instead of a conventional rectangular waveguide, but this significantly increases the antenna design and processing difficulties.
For air waveguides, a common way to improve bandwidth is to divide the antenna into two layers, a lower feed network and an upper radiating section. The lower layer feed waveguide couples energy into the upper layer radiation waveguide through the coupling slots, and for a certain-scale array, the larger the number of the coupling slots, the fewer the slots connected in series in the upper layer, and the wider the bandwidth. The non-resonant array is relatively wide in bandwidth compared to the resonant array.
In The current research, The scholars increase The number of coupling slots at The bottom to 1/4 at The Array scale, that is, each coupling sloT feeds a caviTy-shaped 2 × 2 subarray structure of an upper Layer ([3] y.Miura, j.hirokawa, M.Ando, y.Shibuya, and G.yoshida), "Double-Layer Full-waveguide-Feed-parallel Hollow-waved linear Array Antenna in The 60-GHz Band," IEEE trans.Antennas Propag, vol.59, No.8, pp.2844-2854, Aug.tra 2011; "U.Zaman and P. -S.Kildal," Windel-beam slab-waveguide-in-Tenn, and P., "T.Tennarrarrays having a length-Layer-waveguide-in-waveguide The bandwidth of the antenna with the 2 × 2 subarray structure becomes the optimal bandwidth which can be achieved by the air waveguide. Although the parallel structure is easy to realize amplitude and phase distribution, continuous amplitude distribution cannot be realized because 4 gaps in the 2 x 2 sub-array are excited in the same amplitude and phase.
There is no cut-off wavelength in The coaxial line due to transmission of TEM mode, so if a fully parallel array antenna is to be implemented with a flat coaxial waveguide (6 ] MakoTo Sano, Jiro Hirokawa, MakoToAndo, "Single-layer corpora te-fed slot array in The 60-GHz Band Using Hollow RecTangular waveguide coaxial lines," IEEE trans. antenas pro., vol.62, No.10, pp.5068-5076oct.2014), The size requirement is only limited to reducing transmission loss and improving power capacity, in The current research, some researchers have implemented a fully parallel waveguide slot array antenna based on a flat coaxial, but The processing of The flat coaxial is complicated, The axial center of The flat coaxial is fixed, and The overall characteristics of The antenna are limited. So that the bandwidth performance of the antenna is not improved well. But the single-layer structure greatly reduces the sectional dimension of the waveguide, and has great breakthrough on the miniaturization aspect of the antenna.
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) is a new waveguide form that uses a row of metal vias punched in a medium to replace the metal walls of a conventional waveguide, and can confine electromagnetic waves to propagate forward within a certain spatial range. The Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) integrates various advantages of a microstrip line and a rectangular waveguide, and is easy to integrate and high in efficiency. Compared with the traditional rectangular waveguide, the Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) has the advantages of more compact structure, light weight, small volume and similar propagation characteristics with the rectangular waveguide, and has the disadvantages of slightly increasing metal loss and dielectric loss, but still realizing higher antenna efficiency and quality factor in the millimeter wave frequency band. The antenna is more and more emphasized in the current antenna design, after the circuit and the antenna formed by the Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) are designed, the performance of the circuit and the antenna can be adjusted according to the design by adjusting the size of the metal through hole, and the debugging is more convenient compared with the rectangular waveguide.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the conventional waveguide slot array antenna and provides a full parallel slot array antenna based on a single-layer substrate integrated waveguide.
The invention is provided with a lower substrate integrated waveguide layer and an upper metal grid layer containing a periodic air cavity; the substrate integrated waveguide layer and the metal grid layer are connected through the radiation gaps, the substrate integrated waveguide layer is integrated with a feed network formed by cascaded T-shaped power dividers, incident electromagnetic waves enter the substrate integrated waveguide layer from the antenna input end, pass through the feed network formed by the cascaded T-shaped power dividers and reach the radiation gaps, and finally are radiated to an external space through an air cavity in the metal grid layer.
And each output port of the feed network is directly connected with each radiation slot.
The bottom surface of the metal grid layer can be provided with at least 2 choke grooves, so that the influence of surface waves and leakage wave loss caused by gaps between the upper metal grid layer and the lower Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer can be effectively inhibited.
The radiation gap can be provided with a metal column, and the matching bandwidth and the radiation bandwidth of the radiation unit are further widened by increasing the resonance point.
The substrate integrated waveguide layer has higher dielectric constant and extremely low loss angle, can greatly shorten the width of the required feed waveguide while reducing the dielectric loss, and skillfully arranges a feed network in the single-layer substrate integrated waveguide through a common metal column, thereby realizing an antenna structure which is fully connected in parallel, has low section and is easy to process. And each output port of the feed network is directly connected with each radiation slot, so that the excitation amplitude and the phase of each radiation slot can be freely controlled, low side lobe or special beam forming is easy to realize, and the good broadband characteristic of the parallel feed antenna is kept.
The invention adopts center back feed type feed, electromagnetic wave enters the substrate integrated waveguide layer from the standard waveguide through the coupling slot positioned in the center of the Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer, namely, the electromagnetic wave enters the feed network, the feed network adopts cascaded T-shaped power dividers, and the structural symmetry ensures that the lengths and phases of the feed lines from a feed point to each radiation slot are equal, thereby ensuring the broadband characteristic of the antenna.
The whole antenna is excited by traveling waves, the structure of the upper metal grid layer is provided with air cavities which are periodically arranged, the center of each air cavity corresponds to the center of a radiation gap which is positioned right below the air cavity, the coupling effect between adjacent gaps is inhibited by the air cavities, and the matching bandwidth and the radiation bandwidth of the radiation gap and the whole antenna are greatly improved. The upper metal grid layer of the full-parallel slot array antenna based on the single-layer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) can be simply fixed with the lower Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer through screws after being processed by a numerical control machine tool and other industries, special process treatment such as lamination or welding is not needed, and the processing difficulty and cost of the antenna are greatly reduced. On the basis, a plurality of choke grooves are additionally arranged on the bottom surface of the metal grid, so that the influence of surface waves and leakage wave loss caused by gaps between an upper metal grid layer and a lower Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer are effectively inhibited.
An inductive metal column is added at each radiation gap, and the matching bandwidth and the radiation bandwidth of the radiation unit are further widened by adding resonance points.
When the invention is designed, V-band standard waveguide center feedback type feed can be adopted at an inlet, energy is coupled into the substrate integrated waveguide through the coupling gap and fed to each radiation gap.
According to the periodicity of the antenna feed network and the array element arrangement, the array antenna is integrally divided into two sub-arrays which are connected, wherein the two sub-arrays comprise a T-shaped power divider and a 2 multiplied by 2 radiation sub-array; the T-shaped power divider and the 2 x 2 radiation subarrays are independently designed to reduce the complexity of large-scale antenna design, and the specific design is as follows:
1) determining parameters of a T-shaped power divider required by a feed network: the reflection of the T-shaped power divider is adjusted by a set of metal posts added within the main waveguide. The basic parameters of the T-shaped power divider are determined. The required feed network is realized by adopting a plurality of cascaded T-shaped power dividers, and the first-stage T-shaped power dividers can be independently designed due to simple structures from inlets.
2) Design of 2 × 2 radiation subarrays: and the last two stages of T-shaped power distributors have compact structures, small electric size between adjacent gaps, and influence of a higher-order mode cannot be ignored, so that the original parameters cannot meet the low-reflection requirement under a complex mode. According to the periodicity of the antenna feed network and the array element arrangement, the last two stages of T-shaped power dividers can be separated, a radiation gap and an air cavity are added, and two pairs of periodic structures are externally used for simulating the coupling influence between adjacent gaps, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) for the last two stages with relatively compact structures, the parameters of the T-shaped power divider are used as the original parameters of the H-shaped subarray, and the parameters of the matched metal columns are finely adjusted when gaps are not added, so that the reflection of the feed part is as small as possible.
(2) The feed terminal is a 1 x 1 subarray, and a metal column is added below the slot, so that the bandwidth of the radiation part is improved, the position and offset of the metal column are adjusted, and the bandwidth of the antenna is optimized.
(3) The air cavity is added above the radiation gap, so that the size and offset of the gap are adjusted while the coupling effect between adjacent gaps is effectively inhibited, and the length, width and height of the air cavity enable resonance points to be uniformly distributed in the whole frequency band, and the maximum radiation bandwidth is obtained.
(4) And (3) taking the parameter of the step (1) as an initial parameter of the feed network, adding a radiation gap at a waveguide wavelength which is about 1/4 away from the terminal of each feed network, and adding an air cavity above the radiation gap. And (5) initial parameters of the gap and the air cavity are shown in step (2), and parameters of the feed network and the radiating unit are finely adjusted to continuously optimize reflection.
Finally, the antenna is formed by simply fixing and assembling two parts, namely a metal grid layer and a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer, through screws, an air gap may exist between the two parts due to untight combination, and in order to effectively reduce leakage wave loss caused by the gap and caliber distribution disorder caused by surface waves, a plurality of choke groove structures are further introduced into the metal grid layer. In the specific simulation: after the metal grid layer is lifted, an air layer is added between the two layers to simulate the untight condition during connection, a choke groove is dug at the bottom side of the metal grid layer, and the size of the choke groove is adjusted to offset the influence of the air layer.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a side view of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a top perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a top view of a central feedback section of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a three-dimensional view of a central feedback section of an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a top view of a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer T-junction structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a top view of a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer H-junction structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a top view of a 1 × 1 sub-array of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a three-dimensional view of a 1 × 1 sub-array of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a top view of a fully parallel fed portion of an embodiment of the present invention (one of the feed paths is dashed).
Fig. 11 is a top view of a metal grid layer of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a bottom view of a metal grid layer of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 13 is a graph of the effect of the presence of an airless cavity on the bandwidth of a 2 x 2 sub-array antenna of a fully parallel slot array antenna with a single-layer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW).
Detailed Description
The following examples will further illustrate the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The embodiment is a full parallel slot array antenna based on a single-layer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW). A16 x 16 array element structure is selected, the array antenna works in a V wave band, and a center back feed type feed with the center frequency of 61.5GHz is adopted.
Referring to fig. 1-3, the 16 × 16 antenna is composed of a lower substrate integrated waveguide layer 2 (thickness h is 0.762mm) and an upper metal grid layer 3 (thickness t) containing periodic air cavities 4c1.24mm) integrated waveguide layer and metal on a substrateThe grid layers are connected through a radiation slot 5 (thickness T is 35um), and the substrate integrated waveguide layer of the lower layer integrates a feed network consisting of cascaded T-shaped power dividers. Incident electromagnetic waves enter the substrate integrated waveguide layer 2 from the antenna input end 1, reach the radiation slots 5 through a feed network consisting of cascaded T-shaped power dividers, then pass through the air cavities 4 in the metal grid layer, and finally are radiated to an external space.
In this embodiment, a design method of a full parallel slot array antenna of a single-layer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) is adopted, and HFSS simulation software is used to design and analyze the waveguide slot array antenna. The specific design steps are as follows:
referring to fig. 2, energy is coupled into the substrate integrated waveguide through the coupling slot to each radiation slot by feeding the input port with a V-band standard waveguide. Referring to fig. 4 and 5, the coupling slot length is wfa1.35mm, width lfa＝2.73mm。
According to the periodicity of the antenna feed network and the array element arrangement, the array antenna is integrally divided into two sub-arrays which are connected, wherein the two sub-arrays comprise a T-shaped power divider and a 2 multiplied by 2 radiation sub-array; the T-shaped power divider and the 2 x 2 radiating sub-array are designed independently to reduce the complexity of large-scale antenna design.
1) Determining parameters of a T-shaped power divider required by a feed network: the reflection of the T-shaped power divider is adjusted by an additional set of metal posts. The basic parameters of the T-shaped power divider are determined. See fig. 6 and 7, wherein the window width wt1.74mm, offset o of metal columnt0.86 mm. The basic parameters of the T-shaped power divider are determined. The required feed network is implemented using several cascaded T-shaped power splitters, see fig. 10, where one feed path is shown as a dashed line. From the inlet, the first several stages of T-shaped power dividers can be designed independently due to simple structure.
2) Design of 2 × 2 radiation subarrays: and the last two stages of T-shaped power distributors have compact structures, small electric size between adjacent gaps, and influence of a higher-order mode cannot be ignored, so that the original parameters cannot meet the low-reflection requirement under a complex mode. According to the feed network of the antenna and the periodicity of the array element arrangement, the last two stages of T-shaped power dividers can be separated, and two pairs of periodic structures are used outside to simulate the coupling influence between adjacent slots by adding a radiation slot and an air cavity. The method comprises the following steps:
(1) referring to fig. 6 and 7, for the last two stages, which are relatively compact, the parameters (w) of the T-shaped power dividert，ost) And as the original parameters of the subarray, the parameters of the matched metal columns are finely adjusted when no gap is added, so that the reflection of the feed part is as small as possible. The offset of the tuning metal posts in the figure is oh1＝0.68mm,oh20.38mm, the window width of the H-shaped knot is wh1＝1.7mm,wh2＝1.88mm。
(2) Referring to fig. 8 and 9, the feed ends are 1 × 1 sub-arrays, metal posts are added below the slots, the bandwidth of the radiation part is improved, the position of the metal posts and the offset l are adjusted to 0.35mm, and the bandwidth of the antenna is optimized.
(3) Referring to fig. 13, the metal grid layer above the radiation slot has a periodic air cavity structure, and the center of each air cavity coincides with the center of the slot below the air cavity, so that the slot size and offset are adjusted while effectively suppressing the coupling effect between adjacent slots, and the length, width and height of the air cavity enable the equivalent impedance generated by the slot and the cavity to be approximately equal to the characteristic impedance of the waveguide within a certain bandwidth range, so that the resonance points are uniformly distributed in the whole frequency band to obtain the maximum radiation bandwidth. The effect of the presence of an airless chamber in the radiating portion is shown in FIG. 13, the length l of the rear air chamber being optimizedc1.24mm, width wc2.19mm, height tc＝3.52mm。
(4) And (3) taking the parameter of the step (1) as an initial parameter of the feed network, adding a radiation gap at a waveguide wavelength which is about 1/4 from the terminal end of each feed network, and adding an air cavity above the radiation gap. And (5) initial parameters of the gap and the air cavity are shown in step (2), and parameters of the feed network and the radiating unit are finely adjusted to continuously optimize reflection.
Referring to fig. 11 and 12, the final antenna is formed by simply fixing and assembling two parts, namely a metal grating layer and a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) layer, through screws 6, air gaps may exist between the two parts due to loose combination, and in order to effectively reduce leakage wave loss caused by the gaps and caliber distribution disorder caused by surface waves, a plurality of choke groove structures are further introduced into contact surfaces of the metal grating layer and a lower feed network layer based on the substrate integrated waveguide. In the specific simulation: after the metal grid layer is lifted, an air layer is added between the two layers to simulate the untight condition during connection, a choke groove is dug at the bottom side of the metal grid layer, and the size of the choke groove is adjusted to offset the influence of the air layer. Calculation and simulation results show that the influence of air gaps can be counteracted when the depth and the width of the choke groove are 1 mm.
Claims (2)
1. The full parallel slot array antenna based on the single-layer substrate integrated waveguide is characterized by being provided with a lower substrate integrated waveguide layer and an upper metal grid layer containing a periodic air cavity; the substrate integrated waveguide layer is connected with the metal grid layer through the radiation gaps, the substrate integrated waveguide layer is integrated with a feed network formed by cascaded T-shaped power dividers, incident electromagnetic waves enter the substrate integrated waveguide layer from the antenna input end, pass through the feed network formed by the cascaded T-shaped power dividers and reach the radiation gaps, and then pass through an air cavity in the metal grid layer to finally radiate to an external space; the center of each air cavity corresponds to the center of a radiation gap positioned right below the air cavity;
the bottom surface of the metal grid layer is provided with at least 2 choke grooves;
the feed network is a single-layer structure, 16 x 16 rectangular radiation slots are uniformly distributed on the upper surface of the substrate integrated waveguide layer, a 7-stage T-shaped power divider passes through each rectangular radiation slot from the feed inlet, and the path length from the inlet to each radiation slot is the same.
2. The full parallel slot array antenna based on single-layer substrate integrated waveguide as claimed in claim 1, wherein: metal posts are introduced at the end of each feed path of the feed layer opposite the rectangular slot.
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| CN110502792B (en) * | 2019-07-23 | 2022-05-03 | 电子科技大学 | Method and device for realizing wireless energy transmission based on metal grid cavity structure |
| CN111668593A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-15 | 厦门大学 | E-plane waveguide full-parallel feed broadband high-gain slot antenna and design method |
| CN112003018A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2020-11-27 | 维沃移动通信有限公司 | Electronic device |
| CN113097743B (en) * | 2021-03-17 | 2022-10-21 | 南京理工大学 | Single-layer realizable high-aperture-efficiency parallel-fed waveguide slot array antenna |
| CN113193347B (en) * | 2021-04-14 | 2022-05-03 | 电子科技大学 | Dual-beam cavity-backed antenna based on artificial electromagnetic structure and cavity odd-mode excitation |
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