CN109294600A - A kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnace and its application method - Google Patents
A kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnace and its application method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109294600A CN109294600A CN201811486993.2A CN201811486993A CN109294600A CN 109294600 A CN109294600 A CN 109294600A CN 201811486993 A CN201811486993 A CN 201811486993A CN 109294600 A CN109294600 A CN 109294600A
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- Prior art keywords
- porcelain boat
- storehouse
- furnace body
- sealing cover
- air inlet
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- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000006101 laboratory sample Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000238876 Acari Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010054949 Metaplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012983 electrochemical energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015689 metaplastic ossification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B1/00—Retorts
- C10B1/02—Stationary retorts
- C10B1/04—Vertical retorts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Coke Industry (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to chemical industry heating equipment technical fields, it is existing complicated for operation during the experiment for existing tube furnace, the few defect of laboratory sample, it is proposed a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnace and its application method, the device mainly includes heating tubes and quartz ampoule, the heating tube is wrapped on the outer wall of quartz ampoule, the quartz ampoule is open-topped cartridge type pipe, dismountable porcelain boat storehouse frame is equipped with inside quartz ampoule, porcelain boat storehouse frame includes porcelain boat storehouse dish and air inlet pipe, multiple porcelain boat holes are uniformly provided in the porcelain boat storehouse dish, horizontally disposed porcelain boat storehouse dish are arranged and are connected to the outside of air inlet pipe, carbonization furnace interior is connected to by the bottom that the bottom of the air inlet pipe passes through carbonization furnace body with outside；The sealing cover side and the external side of carbide furnace are rotatablely connected, and the sealing cover other side is realized with carbonization furnace body by lock and locked.The present apparatus has the characteristics that structure is simple, easily operated, strong applicability, batch experiment.
Description
Technical field:
The invention belongs to chemical industry heating equipment technical fields, and in particular to a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnaces
And its application method.
Background technique:
Biomass energy is the important component of renewable energy, has the characteristics that resource and low pollution abundant,
Its development and utilization is current research hotspot.Currently, using the carbon material that biomass is prepared as raw material, because it has than table
Area height, good conductivity, aperture is adjustable, functionalization simple surfaces modification or doping the advantages that, be widely used in multiphase and urge
The application fields such as change, gas absorption and electrochemical energy storage.It practices operating process currently, biomass prepares carbon material and generally mostly uses
Tube furnace, in the actual operation process, tube furnace can generally encounter following problem: 1 common tube furnace charging is to pass through
Expect that bar promotes porcelain boat in boiler tube, the removal method of the porcelain boat after carbonization is that materials bar ticks porcelain boat, or by it is subsequent into
Material porcelain boat, which enters in boiler tube, squeezes out porcelain boat before, in this way, if accidentally operated, will cause laboratory sample and spills
Out, cause to lose, the loading or unloading operation of porcelain boat is complicated；2 existing tube furnace boiler tube inner spaces are than narrow, and experiment can only be put every time
Several porcelain boats are set, batch experiment is such as carried out, carry out that experiment preparation the same sample is repeated several times, when consumption energy consumption；3 is existing general
The both ends of tube furnace are equipped with flange, and flange sleeve has gasket, the sealing cover at tube furnace both ends on boiler tube between flange and boiler tube
It is mounted on boiler tube flange, and screws down, require to dismantle installation screw one by one with spanner before each charging, discharging,
It operates very troublesome.
Summary of the invention:
The present invention is to overcome drawbacks described above, provides a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnaces, which has
The characteristics of structure is simple, operation is convenient, energy bulk carbon metaplasia substance.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass are carbonized experimental furnaces, comprising: carbonization furnace body and
Support, the support are fixed on the bottom of carbonization furnace body, and the carbonization furnace body is the cylinder that top is equipped with sealing cover, in sealing cover
Outside be equipped with the escape pipe that communicates of carbonization furnace interior, pressure gauge and air outlet valve are equipped on escape pipe；The carbide furnace
Body includes heating tube and quartz ampoule, and the heating tube is wrapped on the outer wall of quartz ampoule, and the quartz ampoule is open-topped cylinder
Type pipe is equipped with dismountable porcelain boat storehouse frame inside quartz ampoule, and porcelain boat storehouse frame includes porcelain boat storehouse dish and air inlet pipe, the porcelain
Multiple porcelain boat holes are uniformly provided in boat storehouse dish, horizontally disposed porcelain boat storehouse dish are arranged and are connected to the outside of air inlet pipe, described
Carbonization furnace interior is connected to by the bottom that the bottom of air inlet pipe passes through carbonization furnace body with outside；The sealing cover side and carbide furnace
External side rotation connection, the sealing cover other side are realized with carbonization furnace body by lock and are locked.
Preferably, multiple through-holes are evenly distributed in the air inlet pipe.
Preferably, the porcelain boat storehouse dish are multiple, and longitudinal gap is arranged in air inlet pipe.
Preferably, every layer of porcelain boat storehouse dish can carry out 360 ° of spins around the axis of air inlet pipe.
Preferably, seal washer is equipped between sealing cover and quartz ampoule.
A kind of application method of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnaces, comprising the following steps:
Step S1, it places sample: when gauge hand is directed toward zero, opening sealing cover, take out porcelain boat storehouse frame, sample will be housed
The porcelain boat of product is placed in porcelain boat hole, and then porcelain boat storehouse frame is mounted on the air inlet of quartzy bottom of the tube, shuts sealing cover, and
It is locked with lock；
Step S2, it vacuumizes and inflates
Step S2-1, it vacuumizes: ensuring that charge valve is in close state with air outlet valve, open vacuum pumping valve and vacuum pump is opened
It closes, observation gauge hand variation is inflated operation when gauge hand is negative pressure；
Step S2-2, it inflates: closing vacuum pumping valve and vacuum pump switch, open the pressure reducing valve on inert gas steel cylinder and fill
Air valve, slowly adjusting gas flow, when gauge hand opens outlet when slowly going back up to the position of normal pressure or micro-positive pressure
Valve, it is ensured that pipeline and entire carbonization furnace body are full of inert gas always；
Step S3, heating carbonization is carried out；
Step S4, it samples: after the in-furnace temperature for the furnace body that is carbonized is down to room temperature, closing the inflation on inert gas steel cylinder
Valve opens sealing cover, takes out porcelain boat storehouse frame, is mounted on quartz ampoule bottom after the porcelain boat taking-up equipped with sample, then porcelain boat storehouse frame
Behind portion, sealing cover is closed and uses lock by itself and carbonization furnace body locking, to test use next time.
Preferably, negative pressure described in step S2-1 refers to -0.08Kpa.
Preferably, micro-positive pressure described in step S2-2 refers to 0-0.08Kpa.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1, the present apparatus may be implemented once to be carbonized the purposes of multiple porcelain boat samples by the way that the porcelain boat storehouse frame of multilayer is arranged, sufficiently
Batch processing is carried out using the space of carbonization furnace interior, saves experimental period；
2, by opening up porcelain boat hole in every layer of porcelain boat storehouse dish, i.e., convenient to play the role of positioning to porcelain boat, and facilitate porcelain
The charging and discharging of boat, it is easy to operate, and not will lead to sample loss；
3, in order to which the porcelain boat for making every layer on the frame of porcelain boat storehouse can be realized uniform gas distribution, the present apparatus has opened up more in air inlet pipe
A through-hole；
4, by using the design of lock, sealing cover and carbonization furnace body are attached, instead of existing general tube furnace
Flange and sealing cover between screw means connection type, make the open and close of sealing cover operate become it is more easy fastly
It is prompt；
5, the present apparatus has the characteristics that structure is simple, easily operated, strong applicability.
Detailed description of the invention:
Fig. 1 is the structural diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the top view of sealing cover；
Fig. 3 is the top view of porcelain boat storehouse frame；
Fig. 4 is the annexation figure of invention when in use；
Wherein: 1 carbonization furnace body, 101 sealing covers, 1011 escape pipes, 1012 pressure gauges, 1013 air outlet valves, 1014 lock,
1015 brackets, 102 heating tubes, 103 quartz ampoules, 104 porcelain boat storehouse framves, 1041 porcelain boat storehouse dish, 1042 porcelain boat holes, 1043 air inlet pipe,
1044 through-holes, 2 supports, 3 vacuum pumps, 301 vacuum pumping valves, 4 inert gas steel cylinders, 401 charge valves.
Specific embodiment:
As shown in Figure 1, the present apparatus is a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnaces, comprising: temperature-controlling system, carbonization furnace body
1 and support 2, the support 2 is fixed on the bottom of carbonization furnace body 1, the control of the temperature-controlling system and the sold tube furnace in existing market
Warm system is identical, and the present apparatus is mainly to carry out improvement design to the structure of carbonization furnace body 3.
As shown in Fig. 2, the carbonization furnace body 1 is the cylinder that top is equipped with sealing cover 101, it is equipped on the outside of carbonization furnace body 1
The side of one bracket 1015, the sealing cover 101 rotation connection between the two is realized by bracket 1015 and sealing cover 101；It is close
Realize that quick locking, lock 1014 are existing product with carbonization furnace body 1 by lock 1014 in the other side of capping 1.In sealing cover
101 inside is equipped with sealing ring, and the sealing ring is in contact with carbonization furnace body 1, for guaranteeing the air-tightness of carbonization furnace body 1；?
It is equipped with the escape pipe 1011 communicated with inside carbonization furnace body 1 at the outer side center of sealing cover 101, pressure is equipped on escape pipe 1011
Power table 1012 and air outlet valve 1013.
It include heating tube 102 and quartz ampoule 103 inside the carbonization furnace body 1, the heating tube 102 is wrapped in quartz ampoule
On 103 outer wall, for playing heating and insulation effect to quartz ampoule 103.The quartz ampoule 103 is open-topped cartridge type
Pipe, and when sealing cover 101 and the carbonization lid conjunction of furnace body 1, the opening of quartz ampoule 103 and the seal washer of sealing cover 101 are in close contact.
As shown in figure 3, being equipped with dismountable porcelain boat storehouse frame 104 inside quartz ampoule 103, porcelain boat storehouse frame 104 includes porcelain boat storehouse dish
1041 and air inlet pipe 1043, the air inlet pipe 1043 is the high temperature resistant hard tube body that both ends are equipped with opening, the porcelain boat storehouse dish
1041 be flake, such as round, triangle etc., and 1041 quantity of porcelain boat storehouse dish is more than one, in each porcelain dish Cang Zhou
Multiple porcelain boat holes 1042 are uniformly provided on 1041 surface, each porcelain boat hole 1042 can be used to carry out the bottom of each porcelain boat
Clamping position, such as the porcelain boat hole 1042 can select rectangle aperture.Each horizontally disposed porcelain boat storehouse dish 1041 are longitudinal
Interval is set in air inlet pipe 1043, and every layer of porcelain boat storehouse dish 1041 are connected to the outside of air inlet pipe 1043 and cannot move up and down,
But loading and unloading, every layer of porcelain boat storehouse dish 1041 can carry out 360 ° of spins around the axis of air inlet pipe 1043 for convenience.In quartz ampoule
103 bottom center offers the air inlet for being connected to 1 inside of furnace body that is carbonized with outside, the bottom of the air inlet pipe 1043
Vertical connection is realized with carbonization furnace body 1 in portion one end insertion air inlet.
Multiple through-holes 1044 are evenly distributed in the air inlet pipe 1043, which can make every layer of porcelain boat storehouse dish
Porcelain boat on 1041 obtains uniform gas distribution in carbonisation.
As shown in figure 4, the present apparatus in the change experiment for carrying out biomass as other conventional tube furnace experiment conditions, need
It is equipped with vacuum pump 3 and inert gas steel cylinder 4, the vacuum pump 3 and inert gas steel cylinder 4 pass through pipeline and carbonization furnace body respectively
Air inlet pipe 1403 in 1 is connected to, and is equipped with vacuum pumping valve between vacuum pump 3 and carbonization furnace body 1；Inert gas steel cylinder 4 with
It is carbonized between furnace body 1 equipped with charge valve 4.
The application method of the present apparatus, comprising the following steps:
Step S1, sample is placed: first, it is ensured that temperature at normal temperature, when 1012 pointer of pressure gauge is directed toward zero, is opened close
Porcelain boat storehouse frame 104 is taken out in capping 101, the porcelain boat equipped with sample is placed in porcelain boat hole 1042, then porcelain boat storehouse frame 104
It is mounted on the air inlet of 103 bottom of quartz ampoule, shuts sealing cover 101, and locked with lock 1014；
Step S2, it vacuumizes and inflates
Step S2-1, it vacuumizes: ensuring that charge valve 401 is in close state with air outlet valve 1013, open vacuum pumping valve 301
It is switched with vacuum pump 3, observation 1012 pointer of pressure gauge variation when 1012 pointer of pressure gauge is negative pressure 0.08Kpa, then carries out down
One charge operation；
Step S2-2, it inflates: closing the switch and power supply of vacuum pumping valve 301 and vacuum pump 3, open inert gas steel cylinder 4
On pressure reducing valve, then open charge valve 401, slowly adjusting gas flow (flow will be opened slowly, not open directly too big), when
1012 pointer of pressure gauge when slowly going back up to normal pressure or micro-positive pressure 0-0.08Kpa, open air outlet valve 1013, it is ensured that pipeline and
Entire carbonization furnace body 1 is full of inert gas always；
Step S3, heating carbonization is carried out according to the condition of experimental setup；
Step S4, it samples: after the in-furnace temperature for the furnace body 1 that is carbonized is down to room temperature, closing the decompression on inert gas steel cylinder 4
Valve turns off charge valve 401, opens sealing cover 101, takes out porcelain boat storehouse frame 104, after the porcelain boat equipped with sample is taken out, then
After porcelain boat storehouse frame 104 is mounted on 103 bottom of quartz ampoule, sealing cover 101 is closed and is locked it with carbonization furnace body 1 with lock 1014
Tightly, to test use next time.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these specific embodiments are all based on the present invention
Different implementations under general idea, and scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, it is any to be familiar with the art
Technical staff in the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of, should all cover of the invention
Within protection scope.Therefore, the scope of protection of the invention shall be subject to the scope of protection specified in the patent claim.
Claims (8)
- The experimental furnace 1. a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass are carbonized, comprising: carbonization furnace body (1) and support (2), the support (2) are fixed In the bottom of carbonization furnace body (1), carbonization furnace body (1) is the cylinder that top is equipped with sealing cover (101), in sealing cover (101) Outside be equipped with escape pipe (1011) for communicating inside carbonization furnace body (1), pressure gauge is equipped on escape pipe (1011) (1012) and air outlet valve (1013)；The carbonization furnace body (1) includes heating tube (102) and quartz ampoule (103), the heating tube (102) it being wrapped on the outer wall of quartz ampoule (103), which is characterized in that the quartz ampoule (103) is open-topped cartridge type pipe, Dismountable porcelain boat storehouse frame (104) is equipped with inside quartz ampoule (103), porcelain boat storehouse frame (104) includes porcelain boat storehouse dish (1041) and air inlet pipe (1043) multiple porcelain boat holes (1042), are uniformly provided on the porcelain boat storehouse dish (1041), are horizontally disposed with Porcelain boat storehouse dish (1041) be arranged and be connected to the outside of air inlet pipe (1043), the bottom of the air inlet pipe (1043) passes through carbonization The bottom of furnace body (1) will be carbonized, and furnace body (1) is internal to be connected to outside；On the outside of sealing cover (101) side and carbonization furnace body (1) Rotation connection, sealing cover (101) other side are realized by lock (1014) and carbonization furnace body (1) and are locked.
- The experimental furnace 2. a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass as described in claim 1 are carbonized, it is characterised in that: in the air inlet pipe (1043) multiple through-holes (1044) are evenly distributed on.
- The experimental furnace 3. a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass as claimed in claim 2 are carbonized, it is characterised in that: the porcelain boat storehouse dish It (1041) is multiple, and longitudinal gap is arranged on air inlet pipe (1043).
- The experimental furnace 4. a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass as claimed in claim 3 are carbonized, it is characterised in that: every layer of porcelain boat storehouse dish (1041) 360 ° of spins can be carried out around the axis of air inlet pipe (1043).
- The experimental furnace 5. a kind of more storehouse vertical type biomass as described in claim 1 are carbonized, it is characterised in that: in sealing cover (101) Seal washer is equipped between quartz ampoule (103).
- 6. a kind of application method of more storehouse vertical type biomass carbonization experimental furnaces as claimed in claim 1 to 5, feature exist In, comprising the following steps:Step S1, it places sample: when pressure gauge (1012) pointer is directed toward zero, opening sealing cover (101), take out porcelain boat storehouse frame (104), the porcelain boat equipped with sample is placed in porcelain boat hole (1042), porcelain boat storehouse frame (104) is then mounted on quartz ampoule (103) it on the air inlet of bottom, shuts sealing cover (101), and is locked with lock (1014)；Step S2, it vacuumizes and inflatesStep S2-1, it vacuumizes: ensuring that charge valve (401) is in close state with air outlet valve (1013), open vacuum valve (301) It is switched with vacuum pump (3), observation pressure gauge (1012) pointer variation is inflated when pressure gauge (1012) pointer is negative pressure Operation；Step S2-2, it inflates: closing vacuum valve (301) and vacuum pump (3) switch, open the decompression on inert gas steel cylinder (4) Valve and charge valve (401), slowly adjusting gas flow, when pressure gauge (1012) pointer is slowly going back up to normal pressure or micro-positive pressure Position when open air outlet valve (1013), it is ensured that pipeline and entirely carbonization furnace body (1) always be full of inert gas；Step S3, heating carbonization is carried out；Step S4, it samples: after the in-furnace temperature of the furnace body that is carbonized (1) is down to room temperature, closing the inflation on inert gas steel cylinder (4) Valve (401) is opened sealing cover (101), is taken out porcelain boat storehouse frame (104), after the porcelain boat equipped with sample is taken out, then porcelain boat storehouse frame (104) after being mounted on quartz ampoule (103) bottom, by it and furnace body (1) is carbonized by sealing cover (101) closing and with lock (1014) Locking, to test use next time.
- 7. application method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that: negative pressure described in step S2-1 refers to -0.08Kpa.
- 8. application method as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that: micro-positive pressure described in step S2-2 refers to 0- 0.08Kpa。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811486993.2A CN109294600B (en) | 2018-12-06 | 2018-12-06 | Multi-bin vertical biomass carbonization experiment furnace and application method thereof |
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| CN201811486993.2A CN109294600B (en) | 2018-12-06 | 2018-12-06 | Multi-bin vertical biomass carbonization experiment furnace and application method thereof |
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| CN109294600B CN109294600B (en) | 2024-01-23 |
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